Charles Sumner: his complete works, volume 10 (of 20)

FOOTNOTES

[1] This Introduction is copied from the pamphlet edition published in New York by the Young Men’s Republican Union.

[2] Speech on the King’s Message relative to the Affairs of Portugal, December 12, 1826: Speeches, Vol. VI. p. 79.

[3] Papers relating to Foreign Affairs, 1861, p. 84: Executive Documents, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 1.

[4] Debate on the Queen’s Proclamation, May 16, 1861: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. CLXII. col. 2084.

[5] The cynical frankness of Earl Russell reveals the prominence of this consideration. In autobiographical comments, at a later day, he says: “During the discussion of the questions relating to the Alabama and the Shenandoah, it was the great object of the British Government to preserve for the subject the security of Trial by Jury, and for the nation the legitimate and lucrative trade of ship-building.”—Selections from Speeches of Earl Russell, 1817 to 1841, and from Despatches, 1859 to 1865, with Introductions by Earl Russell, Vol. II. p. 266.

[6] “Apud Agathiam legimus, hostem esse qui faciat quod hosti placet.”—Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Lib. III. cap. xvii. § 3, 2.

[7] Mr. Seward to Mr. Adams: Executive Documents, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 8, pp. 2, 3.

[8] Lord Lyons to Mr. Seward, October 14, 1861: Papers relating to Foreign Affairs, 1861, p. 169: Executive Documents, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 1.

[9] Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. C. col. 714.

[10] Spectator, January 4, 1862, p. 17.

[11] Sir Walter Scott, in correspondence with his friend Ellis, undertook to explain how a whole edition of Godwin’s Life of Chaucer had vanished, by conjecturing, that, “as the heaviest materials to be come at, they have been sent on the secret expedition, planned by Mr. Phillips and adopted by our sapient Government, for blocking up the mouth of our enemy’s harbors.”—Letter to George Ellis, Esq., March 19, 1804: Lockhart’s Life of Scott, Vol. I. p. 414.

[12] Letter to Lord Mulgrave, April 3, 1809: Autobiography of a Seaman, Vol. I. pp. 363, 364.

[13] Earl of Malmesbury, Speech in the House of Lords, February 5, 1863: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. CLIX. col. 53.

[14] Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, Vol. X. col. 695.

[15] Letter of January 17, 1863: Correspondence relating to the Civil War in the United States, pp. 51, 52: Parliamentary Papers, 1863, Vol. LXXII.

[16] Earl Russell to Mr. Stuart, October 10, 1862: Correspondence respecting Instructions given to Naval Officers of the United States in regard to Neutral Vessels and Mails, p. 5: Parliamentary Papers, 1863, Vol. LXXII.

[17] See, post, Appendix, p. 490.

[18] Earl Russell to Lord Lyons, April 24, 1863: Correspondence respecting Trade with Matamoras, p. 1: Parliamentary Papers, 1863, Vol. LXXII.

[19] Wicquefort, L’Ambassadeur et ses Fonctions, Liv. II. sec. 11.

[20] “La neutralitÉ n’existe plus dÈs qu’elle n’est pas parfaite.”—RÉponse du Comte de Bernstorff À M. Hailes, EnvoyÉ Britannique À Copenhague, le 28 Juillet, 1793: Cussy, Phases et Causes CÉlÈbres du Droit Maritime des Nations, Tom. II. p. 177.

[21] Speech on the Repeal of the Foreign Enlistment Bill, April 16, 1823: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 2d Ser., Vol. VIII. col. 1036.

[22] The Ways and Means whereby an Equal and Lasting Commonwealth may be suddenly introduced and perfectly founded, with the free Consent and actual Confirmation of the Whole People of England. Feb. 6, 1659. First printed at London 1660. Harrington, Oceana and other Works, (London, 1747,) pp. 539, 540, xlv.

[23] De Rerum Natura, Lib. II. 6.

[24]

“Homo sum: humani nihil a me alienum puto.”

Terence, Heaut., Act I. Sc. i. 25.

[25] The recent British Foreign Enlistment Act, passed August 9, 1870, entitled “An Act to regulate the conduct of her Majesty’s subjects during the existence of hostilities between foreign states with which her Majesty is at peace,” makes it illegal, if any person within her Majesty’s dominions “builds, or agrees to build, or causes to be built, any ship, with intent, or knowledge, or having reasonable cause to believe that the same shall or will be employed in the military or naval service of any foreign state at war with any friendly state.” (Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, transmitted to Congress December 5, 1870, p. 159.) Lord Westbury, an ex-Chancellor, said in the House of Lords, March 27, 1868, “It was not a question whether armed ships had actually left our shores, but it was a question whether ships with a view to war had been built in our ports by one of two belligerents.”—Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. CXCI. col. 346.

[26] United States v. Quincy, 6 Peters, S. C. R., 465, 466.

[27] The Gran Para, 7 Wheaton, R., 471; also four other cases in same volume.

[28] Speech on Repeal of the Foreign Enlistment Bill, April 16, 1823: Speeches, Vol. V. p. 51.

[29] American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 22.

[30] Mr. Jefferson to M. Ternant, May 15, 1793: Ibid., p. 148.

[31] Wharton’s State Trials, p. 50.

[32] Acts 3d Cong. Ch. 37, June 5, 1794: Statutes at Large, Vol. I. p. 381.

[33] Acts 15th Cong. 1st Sess. Ch. 88, April 20, 1818: Statutes at Large, Vol. III. p. 447.

[34] Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, Vol. XL. col. 369, 907, May 13, June 3, 1819.

[35] Ibid., 2d Ser. Vol. VIII. col. 1056, April 16, 1823.

[36] Mr. Forsyth to Mr. Fox, January 5, 1838: Executive Documents, 25th Cong. 2d Sess., H. of R., No. 74, p. 28. President’s Message, January 5, 1838: Ibid., No. 64. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. XL. col. 716, February 2, 1838. Acts 25th Cong. 2d Sess. Ch. 31, March 10, 1838: United States Statutes at Large, Vol. V. p. 212.

[37] Mr. Crampton to Mr. Marcy, April 21, 1854; Count de Sartiges to Mr. Marcy, April 28, 1854: Executive Documents, 33d Cong. 1st Sess., H. of R., No. 103, pp. 2, 4.

[38] Treaty of 1794, Art. 21: United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 127.

[39] Speech on the Consolidated Fund Bill, July 23, 1863: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. CLXXII. col. 1270.

[40] Earl Russell to Mr. Adams, April 16, 1863: Correspondence respecting Enlistment of British Subjects in the Federal Army, p. 2: Parliamentary Papers, 1863, Vol. LXXII.

[41] Treaty of 1794, Art. 7.

[42] Twee Gebroeders, 3 Robinson, R., 165.

[43] Burlamaqui, Principles of Natural and Politic Law, tr. Nugent (London, 1763): Politic Law, Part IV. ch. 3, §§ 21, 22, pp. 255, 256.

[44] Commentaries upon International Law (London, 1854), Vol. I. p. 231.

[45] Lord Lyons to Earl Russell, January 13, 1863: Correspondence relating to the Civil War in the United States, p. 53: Parliamentary Papers, 1863, Vol. LXXII.

[46] M. PrÉvost-Paradol, the eminent writer, and afterwards Minister of France at Washington, justifies this statement. “If the civil war,” says he, “had not broken out, or if the French Government had foreseen the final victory of the North and the reconstruction of the American power, never would the idea of founding a throne in Mexico by European arms have entered into its head.… The fall of the American Republic was, from the beginning of this great trouble, among the aspirations of the French Government, and its most accredited organs made no mystery of it.” Attributing to England the same desire and the same judgment on the probable issue of the war, the distinguished writer says the English Government simply waited events, “in a malevolent neutrality towards the North.”—KÉratry, L’ElÉvation et la Chute de l’Empereur Maximilien: PrÉface de PrÉvost-Paradol.

[47] See, ante, p. 309.

[48] BarbÉ-Marbois, Histoire de la Louisiane, p. 335.

[49] From a despatch of Mr. Benjamin, the Rebel Secretary of State, it seems that the French Emperor embraced Texas in his Mexican plot. (Lawrence, Commentaire sur les ÉlÉments du Droit International, Tom. II. p. 360, Part. II. ch. 1.) In European diplomatic circles it was reported that he had tried to seduce a prince of Portugal by tender of the throne of Mexico with the promise of Texas.

[50] Flassan, Histoire de la Diplomatie FranÇaise, Tom. VII. p 125.

[51] The Mexican crown was voted to the Archduke Maximilian by the Assembly of Notables, 10th July, 1863, and formally tendered to him at Miramar, 3d October, twenty-three days after this speech, but he did not enter the City of Mexico till 12th June, 1864. The new Empire was acknowledged by all the European powers. The United States refused to acknowledge it. The suppression of our Rebellion was followed by the withdrawal of the French troops, and the execution of Maximilian, who was condemned to death and shot by the Mexicans, 19th June, 1867.

[52] Wicquefort, L’Ambassadeur et ses Fonctions, Liv. II. sec. 11.

[53] Speech on the Treaty of Peace with America, April 11, 1815: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, Vol. XXX. col. 525.

[54] L’Ambassadeur et ses Fonctions, Liv. II. sec. 4.

[55] Vol. I. pp. 51-55.

[56] Guizot, History of Oliver Cromwell (London, 1854), Vol. II. p. 210.

[57] Martens, Causes CÉlÈbres (2me Édit.), Tom. II. pp. 40-51.

[58] History of the Rebellion (Oxford, 1826), Book X. Vol. V. p. 409.

[59] Parliamentary History of England, Vol. XV. p. 51 (London, 1763). Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. IV. pp. 622, 623, 624, July 22, 1646.

[60] Burnet, History of his Own Time, Vol. I. p. 81.

[61] Letters of State,—The Protector to Charles Gustavus, and to the Consuls and Senators of Breme, October 26, 1654: Milton’s Prose Works (ed. Symmons), Vol. IV. pp. 375-377.

[62] Secretary Thurloe to Mr. Pell, May 11, 1655: Vaughan’s Protectorate, Vol. I. p. 176.

[63] Letters of State,—The Protector to the Duke of Savoy, May, 1655: Milton’s Prose Works (ed. Symmons), Vol. IV. p. 379.

[64] The Protector to Charles Gustavus: Ibid., p. 383.

[65] Morland, History of the Evangelical Churches of the Valleys of Piemont (London, 1658), p. 575. Guizot, History of Oliver Cromwell (London, 1854), Vol. II. p. 219.

[66] Merlin, RÉpertoire Universel et RaisonnÉ de Jurisprudence, art. Ministre Public, Sect. II. xii.

[67] Martens, Causes CÉlÈbres (2me Édit.), Tom. III. p. 196.

[68] Hints for a Memorial to be delivered to Monsieur de M. M.: Works (London, 1801), Vol. VII. pp. 3-5.

[69] Speech of General Fitzpatrick in the House of Commons, March 17, 1794: Hansard, Parliamentary History, Vol. XXXI. col. 37, 38. See also Vol. XXXII. col. 1348 seqq.

[70] Garden, Histoire des TraitÉs de Paix, Tom. VIII. pp. 21-23.

[71] Phillimore’s International Law, Vol. III. pp. 757, 760, 763.

[72] Speech on Intervention in Portugal, June 11, 1847: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. XCIII. col. 466.

[73] Viscount Palmerston to Sir Hamilton Seymour, February 16, 1847: Correspondence relating to the Affairs of Portugal, p. 192: Parliamentary Papers, 1847, Vol. LXVIII.

[74] Phillimore, International Law, Vol. II. p. 676.

[75] Ibid., p. 448.

[76] Ibid., p. 676.

[77] Annual Register for 1856, pp. 236], 237].

[78] Ibid., p. 219].

[79] Montgomery, The West Indies, Part I. 1-4.

[80] Osler’s Life of Exmouth, pp. 298, 333, 432.

[81] Wheaton, History of the Law of Nations, p. 605.

[82] Speech on the Treaty with Spain, February 9, 1818: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, Vol. XXXVII. col. 248.

[83] CongrÈs de VÉrone (2me Édit.), Tom. I. p. 78.

[84] Martens et Cussy, Recueil de TraitÉs, Conventions, etc., Tom. V. p. 440.

[85] Cussy, Phases et Causes CÉlÈbres, Tom. I. p. 157; Tom. II. pp. 362, 363.

[86] Report from Select Committee of the House of Lords on the African Slave-Trade, July 23, 1849: Parliamentary Papers, 1850, Vol. IX. pp. 370-373.

[87] Parliamentary Papers, 1841, Vol. XXX.: Correspondence relating to the Slave-Trade, Class B, Nos. 41, 178, 201; Class C, No. 45; Class D, No. 25.

[88] Parliamentary Papers, 1841, Vol. XXX.: Correspondence relating to the Slave-Trade, Class A, No. 143.

[89] Ibid.: Correspondence, Class B, No. 116.

[90] Ibid.: Correspondence, Class A, No. 143.

[91] Parliamentary Papers, 1842, Vol. XLIII.: Correspondence relating to the Slave-Trade, Class B, Nos. 525, 526.

[92] Ibid.: Correspondence, Class B, No. 120.

[93] Parliamentary Papers, 1842, Vol. XLIII.: Correspondence relating to the Slave-Trade, Class B, No. 47; Vol. XLIV., Class C, Nos. 17-27.

[94] Ibid., Vol. XLIV.: Correspondence, Class D, No. 90.

[95] Parliamentary Papers, 1841, Vol. XXX.: Correspondence relating to the Slave-Trade, Class D, No. 30; 1842, Vol. XLIV., Class D, No. 94.

[96] Ibid., 1841, Vol. XXX.: Correspondence, Class D, No. 27.

[97] Speech in the House of Commons, on the Sugar Duties, May 18, 1841: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. LVIII. col. 654, 655.

[98] Life and Times of Charles James Fox, Vol. I. p. 365.

[99] Speech on the Sugar Duties, February 26, 1845: Speeches (London, 1854), p. 351.

[100] To the United States of North America.

[101] Speech on the Address in Reply to the King’s Speech, February 3, 1825: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 2d Ser., Vol. XII. col. 77, 78.

[102] Art. VI. VII.: United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 16.

[103] Martens, Causes CÉlÈbres, Tom. III. pp. 171, 172.

[104] Speech in the House of Lords, March 15, 1824: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 2d Ser., Vol. X. col. 999.

[105] Speech in the House of Commons, June 15, 1824: Miscellaneous Works (London, 1846), Vol. III. pp. 462, 463.

[106] Art. I. sec. 9.

[107] Art. IV. sec. 3.

[108] Speech at Savannah, March 21, 1861: Rebellion Record, Vol. I., Diary, p. 19, Doc. 48. See, also, A Constitutional View of the Late War between the States, by Alexander H. Stephens, Vol. II. pp. 85, 521, 522.

[109] Message of Governor Bonham: Rebellion Record, Vol. VI. Doc. 157.

[110] “Juris consensu et utilitatis communione sociatus.”—De Republica, Lib. I. c. 25.

[111] De Republica, cited by Augustine, De Civitate Dei, Lib. II. cap. xxi. § 2. See also De Republica, Lib. III. c. 31.

[112] De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Lib. I. Cap. I. § xiv. 1.

[113] Ibid., Lib. III. Cap. III. § ii. 1, 3.

[114] International Law, Vol. I. p. 79.

[115] Amedie, 1 Acton, R., 250.

[116] La Jeune EugÉnie, 2 Mason, R., 451.

[117] Life and Letters of Joseph Story, Vol. I. pp. 357, 359.

[118] “Lex est ratio summa, insita in natura, quÆ jubet ea quÆ facienda sunt, prohibetque contraria.”—De Legibus, Lib. I. c. 6.

[119] System des heutigen RÖmischen Rechts, B. I. c. 2, § 11.

[120] De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Lib. II. Cap. XV. § ix. 10.

[121] Ibid., § xi. 3.

[122] Sallust, Fragm., Lib. IV.: Rex Mithridates Regi Arsaci.

[123] 2 Chron., xix. 2.

[124] Molloy, De Jure Maritimo et Navali (6th edit.), Book I. ch. 4, § 4. Phillimore, International Law, Vol. I. p. 80.

[125] Wicquefort, L’Ambassadeur et ses Fonctions, Liv. I. sec. 3.

[126] Thoughts on French Affairs, 1791: Works (London, 1801), Vol. VII. pp. 11, 12.

[127] Speech on the Address of Thanks, December 14, 1792: Hansard’s Parliamentary History, Vol. XXX. col. 72.

[128] Works, Vol. VI. p. 86.

[129] Miscellaneous Works (London, 1846), Vol. III. pp. 476, 477.

[130] Note Verbale en RÉponse au Memorandum sur les Colonies Espagnoles en AmÉrique du 24 Novembre, 1822: CongrÈs de VÉrone (2me Édit.), Tom. I. p. 93.

[131] Le Droit des Gens, Liv. II. ch. 5, § 70.

[132] Ibid.

[133] Le Droit des Gens, Liv. II. ch. 4, § 56.

[134] Ibid.

[135] Ibid., ch. 12, § 162.

[136] Forbes v. Cochrane et al., 2 Barnwall and Creswell, R., 448, 471.

[137] Wilkie, The Epigoniad, Book I. 403, 404.

[138] Odyssey, tr. Pope, Book IX. 329-332.

[139] Odyssey, tr. Pope, Book X. 133.

Other verses, by Richard Owen Cambridge, the satirist, and contemporary of Dr. Johnson, picture this Slavemonger Government:—

“Polypheme was a cannibal,

And most voracious glutton;

Poor shipwrecked tars he smoused for fish,

And munched marines for mutton.”

[140] Regicide Peace, Second Letter: Works (London, 1801), Vol. VIII. p. 161.

[141] Deuteronomy, xxviii. 65-67. See, ante, Vol. V. pp. 304, 305, where the fate of the Flying Dutchman is predicted for our Disunionists. The remarkable story of Peter Rugg, always on the road, driving furiously, but unable to find his way to Boston, illustrates the same blasted condition. Chaucer foreshadows a similar doom:—

“And breakers of the law, soth to saine,

… after that they been dede,

Shall whirle about the world, alway in paine,

Till many a world be passed out of drede.”

The Assembly of Foules, 78-81.

[142] Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol: Works (London, 1801), Vol. III. p. 144.

[143] Bas v. Tingy, Dallas, R., Vol. IV. pp. 43-45, Chase, J., and Paterson, J.

[144] Despatch, October 12, 1825,—quoted in Speech of Lord John Russell, on the Blockade of Southern Ports, May 6, 1861: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. CLXII. col. 1566.

[145] Statutes at Large, ed. Pickering, Vol. III. p. 20.

[146] American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 494.

[147] Des Droits et des Devoirs des Nations Neutres, Tom. III. pp. 299, 323, 352.

[148] Le Droit Maritime International, Tom. I. pp. 65, 66.

[149] Wheaton’s Elements of International Law, ed. Lawrence, p. 1024.

[150] Speech in the House of Commons, May 6, 1861: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, Vol. CLXII. col. 1566. At a later day, in a communication to Mr. Adams, on the seizure of the steamer Georgia by a United States steamer, Earl Russell said, that “her Majesty’s Government of course expects that a vessel seized under the British flag and claimed by British owners will be brought, with as little delay as possible, for adjudication into the proper Prize Court, in which the claim of one of her Majesty’s subjects will be tried according to those recognized principles of International Law which govern the relations of the belligerent toward the neutral.”—Earl Russell to Mr. Adams, September 6, 1864: Papers relating to Foreign Affairs, Part II. p. 298: Executive Documents, 38th Cong. 2d Sess., H. of R., No. 1.

[151] The Winter’s Tale, Act III. Scene 3: “A Desert Country near the Sea.”

“Our ship hath touched upon

The deserts of Bohemia?”

[152] Phillimore, International Law, Vol. I. pp. 400, 401.

[153] Speech in the House of Lords, May 16, 1861: Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. CLXII. col. 2084.

[154] Hargrave’s State Trials, Vol. V. col. 314, 315.

[155] Annual Message, December 3, 1805: American State Papers, Foreign Affairs, Vol. I. p. 66.

[156] Le Droit des Gens, Liv. IV. ch. 5, § 60.

[157] Proclamation, January 1, 1863: Statutes at Large, Vol. XII., Appendix, p. 1269.

[158] Jeremiah, xlvi. 9.

[159] Herodotus, Book III. ch. 114.

[160] “Pax est tranquilla libertas; servitus postremum malorum omnium, non modo bello, sed morte etiam repellendum.”—Cicero, Orat. Philipp. II. c. 44.

[161] Papers relating to Foreign Affairs, 1862-63, Part I. pp. 361, 362: Executive Documents, 38th Cong. 1st Sess., H. of R. No. 1.

[162] Ibid., p. 412.

[163] Ibid., p. 414.

[164] Ibid., p. 418.

[165] Papers relating to Foreign Affairs, 1862-63, Part I. pp. 416, 417.

[166] Charles C. Beaman, Jr., The National and Private Alabama Claims, p. 165.

[167] Papers relating to Foreign Affairs, 1862-63, Part I. p. 419.

[168] Papers relating to Foreign Affairs, 1862-63, Part I., Supplement, p. iv.

[169] On Foreign Jurisdiction and the Extradition of Criminals, p. 65.

[170] Ibid., pp. 59, 60.

[171] Ibid., pp. 66, 73.

[172] Ante, p. 457.

[173] See, also, Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. CLXXI. col. 882, 883.

[174] Papers relating to Foreign Affairs, 1862-63, Part I. p. 434.

[175] Act of March 2, 1867: Statutes at Large, Vol. XIV. pp. 428, 429.

[176] Writings, Vol. VIII. p. 5.

[177] Constitutional History of England (London, 1850), Vol. I. p. 668.

[178] Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, Part IX. May 28, 1655.

[179] Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow (London, 1751), p. 213.

[180] Ibid., p. 221.

[181] Ibid., pp. 221, 222.

[182] Commentaries on American Law (6th edit., 1848), Vol. I. p. 92, note a.

[183] Journal of the Assembly of New York, July 21, 1782.

[184] August 1, 1786: Writings of Washington, ed. Sparks, Vol. IX. pp. 187, 188.

[185] Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vol. III. p. 22.

[186] Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vol. III. p. 44.

[187] Ibid., p. 29.

[188] Yates’s Minutes, June 29, 1787: Ibid., Vol. I. p. 461.

[189] Yates’s Minutes, June 29, 1787: Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vol. I. p. 464.

[190] Letter to Edmund Randolph, April 8, 1787: Madison Papers, Vol. II. p. 631.

[191] Yates’s Minutes, June 30, 1787: Elliot’s Debates, Vol. I. p. 467.

[192] Rushworth’s Historical Collections, Vol. I. p. 562.

[193] Abridgment of American Law, Appendix to Vol. IX. p. 10.

[194] Whitelocke, Notes upon the King’s Writ for Choosing Members of Parliament, ed. Morton, Ch. 96.

[195] Sir William Jones, Ode in Imitation of AlcÆus: Works, Vol. X. p. 389.

[196] Act II. Scene 2.

[197] Commentaries upon International Law, Vol. I. p. 147.

[198] Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs: Works (London, 1801), Vol. VI. pp. 210, 211.

[199] Commentaries, Vol. IV. p. 382.

[200] Commons’ Journals, Vol. X. p. 14, Jan. 28, 1688-9. Lords’ Journals, Vol. XIV. p. 119, Feb. 6, 1688-9.

[201] Speeches, p. 455.

[202] History of England (3d edit., London, 1849), Vol. II. p. 630.

[203] Notes of Debates in the Continental Congress in 1775 and 1776: Works of John Adams, Vol. II. pp. 489, 490.

[204] Autobiography of John Adams: Works, Vol. III. pp. 17, 18, 44, 46.

[205] The Rhode Island Government: Works, Vol. VI. pp. 225-231.

[206] Gorgias, tr. Cary, c. 64.

[207] American Insurance Company v. Canter, 1 Peters, S. C. R., p. 542.

[208] Democracy in America (ed. Bowen, Cambridge, 1863), Vol. II. ch. 26, p. 353, note.

[209] Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 1808, April 24, 1862.—The paper here quoted, entitled “Notes on the Confederacy,” has since appeared in a collection, in four volumes, of Letters and other Writings of Madison, published in 1865 by order of Congress. See Vol. I. pp. 320-328.

[210] Frontinus, De Controversiis, ed. Blume, etc., (Berlin, 1848,) Lib. I. p. 20. Grotius says the same thing: “Et hÆc non minus probabilis videtur nominis territorii origo a terrendis hostibus.”—De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Lib. III. cap. vi. § 4, 2.

[211] Speech on the Confiscation Bill, May 2, 1862: Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 1923.

[212] Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., March 20, 1862, p. 1301.

[213] Ibid., April 10, 1862, pp. 1604, 1605.

[214] Acts of 37th Cong. 2d Sess., Ch. 190, sec. 3: Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. p. 590.

[215] Ibid., Ch. 128: Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. p. 502.

[216] See, ante, Vol. VII. p. 327.

[217] Speeches of Henry Lord Brougham upon Questions relating to Public Rights, Duties, and Interests (Edinburgh, 1838), Vol. II. pp. 233, 234.

[218] Gigantomachia, ver. 32.

[219] Notes and Queries, Vol. IV. p. 443, Dec. 6, 1851.

[220] Ibid., Vol. V. p. 17, Jan. 3, 1852.

[221] Ibid.

[222] Hon. Edward Everett.

[223] Lib. I. 104.

[224] Works of Franklin, Vol. VIII. pp. 537, 538, note.

[225] Notes and Queries, Vol. V. p. 549, June 5, 1852.

[226] Ibid., Vol. V. p. 140. See, also, Ibid., Vol. V. p. 571; Vol. VI. p. 88; Dublin Review for March, 1847, p. 212, note; Quarterly Review for June, 1850, Vol. LXXXVII. p. 17.

[227] Œuvres (Paris, 1808-10), Tom. IX. p. 140.

[228] Œuvres, ed. O’Connor et Arago, (Paris, 1847,) Tom. V. p. 162.

[229] Sparks, Works of Franklin, Vol. VIII. p. 537, note; Mignet, Portraits et Notices Historiques et LittÉraires (2me Édit.), Tom. II. p. 449, note.

[230] Cabanis, Œuvres Posthumes, Tom. V. p. 220.

[231] Letters to Horace Walpole (London, 1810), Vol. III. p. 215.

[232] Ibid., p. 348, 22 Mars, 1778.

[233] Histoire de France pendant le Dix-huitiÈme SiÈcle (5me Édit.), Tom. V. pp. 84, 86.

[234] Œuvres, Éd. O’Connor et Arago, Tom. III. pp. 406, 407.

[235] Capefigue, Louis XVI., Tom. II. pp. 12, 13, 42, 49, 50.

[236] Moore’s Diary of the American Revolution, Vol. I. p. 387, note, February 1, 1777.

[237] Ibid., pp. 503, 504, October 2, 1777.

[238] New Jersey Gazette, December 31, 1777: Ibid.

[239] Moore’s Diary of the American Revolution, Vol. II. p. 5, January 3, 1778.

[240] Anecdotes of Dr. Franklin: Jefferson’s Writings, Vol. VIII. p. 498, note.

[241] Mignet, Portraits et Notices Historiques et LittÉraires (2me Édit.), Tom. II. p. 400.

[242] La Gazette SecrÈte, 15 Jan., 1777. Capefigue, Louis XVI., Tom. II. p. 15.

[243] Discours sur les ProgrÈs successifs de l’Esprit Humain: Œuvres, Tom. II. p. 66.

[244] MÉmoire sur la maniÈre dont la France et l’Espagne devoient envisager les suites de la querelle entre la Grande-Bretagne et ses Colonies, 6 Avril, 1776: Œuvres, Tom. VIII. p. 496.

[245] Correspondance (2de Édit.), Tom. X. p. 96.

[246] Ibid., p. 197.

[247] MÉmoires et Correspondance de Madame D’Épinay (3me Édit.), Tom. III. p. 431.

[248] Lettre À Madame D’Épinay, 25 Juillet, 1778: Correspondance, Tom. II. p. 280.

[249] Ibid., p. 203. See, also, Grimm, Correspondance, Oct., 1776, Tom. IX. p. 285.

[250] Tom. XII. p. 9 (Londres, 1780).

[251] The dictionaries of Michaud and Didot concur in the date of her death; but there is reason to suppose that they are both mistaken.

[252]

“HaÏ du Dieu d’Amour, cher an Dieu des Combats,

Il inonda de sang l’Europe et sa patrie:

Cent mille hommes par lui reÇurent le trÉpas,

Et pas un n’en reÇut la vie.”

Biographie Universelle, Tom. XLVII. p. 67, note, art. Turgot.

[253] See QuÉrard, La France LittÉraire, art. La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt.

[254] MÉmoires de Condorcet, Tom. I. pp. 165-167.

[255] Œuvres de Turgot, Tom. I. p. 416.

[256] Franklin’s Works, ed. Sparks, Vol. V. pp. 123, 124.

[257] Œuvres de Turgot, Tom. I. p. 414; Tom. IX. p. 416. Œuvres de Condorcet, Tom. V. p. 163.

[258] Cabanis, Notice sur Benjamin Franklin: Œuvres Posthumes, Tom. V. p. 261. Mignet, Portraits et Notices (2me Édit.), Tom. II. p. 442. See, also, Morellet, MÉmoires, Tom. I. p. 291.

[259] The triumph of the Republic since this article was written makes this magnificent library National instead of Imperial.

[260] Letter to Miss Lucy Cranch, September 5, 1784: Letters of Mrs. Adams (2d edit.), Vol. II. pp. 55, 56.

[261] Tom. II. p. 83. See, also, p. 337.

[262] Tom. II. p. 465.

[263] Chambelland, Vie du Prince de Bourbon-CondÉ, Tom. I. p. 376.

[264] Capefigue, Louis XVI., Tom. II. p. 49.

[265] Lacretelle, Histoire de France pendant le 18me SiÈcle (2me Édit.), Tom. V. p. 85. The historian errs in putting this success in 1777, before the date of the Treaty; and he errs also with regard to the Court, if he meant to embrace the King and Queen.

[266] Gazette d’Amiens, Avril, 1780: Moore’s Diary of the American Revolution, Vol. II. p. 283.

[267] The account of this unique fÊte, with the verses, was reprinted in America, and is in the collection of the Zenger Club, of New York. Parton, Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. II. pp. 430-434.

[268] Chastellux, Travels in North America, Vol. II. p. 372, January 12, 1783.

[269] MÉmoires sur la Vie privÉe de Marie Antoinette, par Madame Campan, Tom. I. p. 234.

[270] Bulletin de l’Alliance des Arts, 10 Octobre, 1843. See, also, Goncourt, Histoire de Marie Antoinette, p. 221.

[271] Grimm, Correspondance, Tom. XVI. pp. 427, 428.

[272] Louis Blanc, Histoire de la RÉvolution FranÇaise, Tom. VI. p. 316.

[273] Notice sur Benjamin Franklin: Œuvres Posthumes, Tom. V. p. 220.

[274] Morellet, MÉmoires, Tom. I. p. 290. Nothing but Franklin’s eminence could have obtained the place he has in the spiteful work, “Histoire d’un Pou FranÇais, ou l’Espion d’une nouvelle EspÈce, tant en France qu’en Angleterre, contenant les Portraits des Personnages intÉressans de ces deux Royaumes,” which appeared at Paris in 1781. See Chapters VIII. and XIV.

[275] Le Temple du GoÛt, 1, 11, 12: Œuvres (Édit. 1784), Tom. XII. p. 141.

[276] L’Anti-LucrÈce, traduit par M. de Bougainville, (Paris, 1754,) Épistre DÉdicatoire, Discours PrÉliminaire, pp. 2, 16, 91.

[277] Anti-Lucretius, Lib. I. 95-98.

[278] Lib. I. v. 104. Tonandi is sometimes changed to tonantis, and also tonanti.

[279] Works of Franklin, ed. Sparks, Vol. VIII. p. 538, note.

[280] Ibid., p. 537.

[281] Works of Franklin, ed. Sparks, Vol. VIII. p. 539, note.

[282] Œuvres de Turgot, Tom. IX. p. 140.

[283] Works of Franklin, ed. Sparks, Vol. VIII. p. 539, note.

[284] Ibid.

[285] MÉmoires de l’AbbÉ Morellet, Ch. XV. Tom. I. pp. 286 seqq. This chapter was translated some years ago for a Philadelphia periodical, “The Bizarre,” by William Duane, great-grandson of Franklin, and is preserved by Parton, in his “Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin,” Vol. II. pp. 422-429.

[286] Julius, Nordamerikas Sittliche ZustÄnde, Band I. p. 98.

[287] Mr. Slidell never returned to the United States. On his death, in Europe, July, 1871, the London “Daily Telegraph” of August 2d recognized the parallel with Franklin. After remarking that “during the whole of 1862, and the first six months of 1863, it was the general belief of the most far-seeing statesmen in Europe—among them Lord Palmerston and the ex-Emperor of the French—that the Confederate States would succeed in establishing their independence,” this journal proceeds to say: “Mr. Mason and Mr. Slidell were therefore invested, during these brief and halcyon days of Secession’s prosperity, with something of the diplomatic influence which between 1776 and 1783 attached to Benjamin Franklin, when accredited by our insurgent North American Colonies to the French Court.”

[288] Afterwards modified according to the text in the Introduction to these Remarks. Ante, p. 42.

[289] Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. p. 502.

[290] Only a few days before, Mr. Davis, of Kentucky, had touched the same key. After alluding to the aid supplied by the President in enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act, he said: “It matters not who did the deed. It was a noble one, and I only wish the Senator from Massachusetts could even approximate to the true loyalty of such deeds.” Mr. Sumner. “I hope I never shall.” Mr. Davis. “Yes, Sir; and yet you advance to that seat [the seat of the President of the Senate], and, with that treason in your heart and upon your lips, you take the oath to support the Constitution of the United States.”—Congressional Globe, 38th Cong. 1st Sess., p. 179, January 13, 1864.

[291] Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. p. 502.

[292] Art. V.

[293] Ch. VI. § 1.

[294] Ibid.

[295] Bill of Rights, Art. VIII.

[296] Ibid., Art. IX.

[297] Declaration of Rights, Art. VI.

[298] Art. IV.

[299] Art. VIII.

[300] Art. XXV.

[301] State Trials of the United States during the Administrations of Washington and Adams, p. 317, note.

[302] Father of Mr. Bayard, Senator of Delaware, who took part in this debate.

[303] Annals of Congress, 5th Cong., col. 2259, 2260, January 3, 1799.

[304] Ante, Vol. VII. p. 266.

[305] Address to the two Branches of the Legislature, November 11, 1863: Senate Documents, Extra Session, 1863, No. 1, pp. 16, 17.

[306] Address to the two Branches of the Legislature, November 11, 1863: Senate Documents, Extra Session, 1863, No. 1, pp. 18, 19.

[307] Opinions of the Attorneys-General, Vol. XI. pp. 38-40.

[308] See Acts of 38th Cong. 1st Sess., Ch. 124, Sec. 4: Statutes at Large, Vol. XIII. p. 129.

[309] Opinions of the Attorneys-General, Vol. XI. p. 53, July 14, 1864.

[310] Treatise on Statutes (2d edit.), Part II. p. 473.

[311] Dwarris, Treatise on Statutes (2d edit.), Part II. p. 478.

[312] Post, pp. 403-418.

[313] American State Papers, Miscellaneous, Vol. I. pp. 38-43.

[314] Senate Reports, 31st Cong. 1st Sess., No. 12.

[315] Art. IV. Sec. 2, Par. 3.

[316] Hoare’s Memoirs of Sharp, p. 38.

[317] Howell’s State Trials, Vol. XX. col. 82.

[318] Fisher v. Blight, 2 Cranch, S. C. R., 390.

[319] De Laudibus Legum AngliÆ, Cap. XLII.

[320] Commentaries, Vol. II. p. 94.

[321] Constitutional History of England (London, 1829), Ch. XVI. Vol. III. p. 380.

[322] Vindication of the Treaty with Great Britain, No. 2: Papers on Political, Literary, and Moral Subjects, p. 185.

[323] Coke upon Littleton, 42. b.

[324] Law of Nations, Book II. ch. 17, §§ 300, 302.

[325] Congressional Globe, 31st Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, pp. 1583, 1584, August 19, 1850.

[326] Bancroft, History of the United States, Vol. I. p. 175.

[327] Hildreth, History of the United States, Vol. II. p. 428.

[328] Ibid., Vol. III. p. 190.

[329] Letters from America, Historical and Descriptive, comprising Occurrences from 1769 to 1777, inclusive, by William Eddis, late Surveyor of the Customs, &c., at Annapolis, in Maryland, (London, 1792,) pp. 63, 64, 71, 72, 74.

[330] Lives of the Chief Justices, Vol. II. p. 515, note. See, also, Atcheson v. Everitt, Cowper, R., 382.

[331] Speech, December 23, 1790: Speeches in the House of Commons, Vol. IV. p. 131.

[332] Prigg v. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 16 Peters, S. C. R., 611.

[333] Dred Scott v. Sandford, 19 Howard, S. C. R., 407.

[334] No. XLII.

[335] Debates in the Federal Convention: Madison Papers, p. 1447.

[336] Debates in the Federal Convention: Madison Papers, pp. 1447, 1448, 1456.

[337] Debates in the Federal Convention, August 8, 1787: Madison Papers, p. 1263.

[338] Ibid., August 21, p. 1389.

[339] Debates in the Federal Convention, August 22, 1787: Madison Papers, p. 1394.

[340] Ibid., p. 1396.

[341] Debates in the Federal Convention, August 25, 1787: Madison Papers, pp. 1429, 1430.

[342] Ibid., p. 1569.

[343] Elliot’s Debates (2d edit.), Vol. III. p. 453.

[344] Ibid., Vol. IV. p. 176.

[345] Ibid., p. 286.

[346] See, ante, Vol. III. p. 178.

[347] Letter to a Peer of Ireland on the Penal Laws against Irish Catholics; and Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe on the Subject of the Roman Catholics of Ireland: Works (London, 1801), Vol. VI. pp. 292, 375.

[348] Third Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, p. 180.

[349] “Servi peregrini, ut primum GalliÆ fines penetraverunt, eodem momento liberi fiunt.”—De Republica. Lib. I. cap. 5, p. 41 C.

[350] Preamble to Articles of Ordinance.

[351] Karamsin, Histoire de l’Empire de Russie, traduite par MM. St.-Thomas et Jauffret, Tom. I. p. 172.

[352] Art. VIII. [VII.]: Records of the Colony of New Plymouth, Vol. IX. pp. 6, 7. See, also, Charters and General Laws of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay, p. 724.

[353] Jack v. Martin, 14 Wendell, R., 525, 526.

[354] Opinion of Chief Justice Hornblower on the Fugitive Slave Law: The State v. The Sheriff of Burlington, in Habeas Corpus, New Jersey Superior Court, February Term, 1836, p. 5.

[355] Ibid., p. 7.

[356] Works, Vol. V. p. 354.

[357] Congressional Globe, 31st Cong. 1st Sess., pp. 234, 235, January 28, 1850.

[358] New York Daily Times, June 27, 1854. Congressional Globe, 33d Cong. 1st Sess., p. 1516.

[359] Story’s Life and Letters, Vol. II. p. 396.

[360] Debates in the Federal Convention, September 15, 1787: Madison Papers, Vol. III. p. 1595.

[361] 6 Wheaton, R., 407.

[362] 3 Peters, S. C. R., 447.

[363] 8 Ibid., 48.

[364] Vol. II. p. 93.

[365] Pp. 77-79.

[366] Annals of Congress, 15th Cong. 1st Sess., col. 232, March 6, 1818.

[367] Congressional Globe, 31st Cong. 1st Sess., Appendix, p. 1584, August 19, 1850.

[368] Prigg v. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 16 Peters, S. C. R., 616.

[369] Act of September 18, 1850, Sections 4, 6.

[370] Debates in the Federal Convention, August 28, 1787: Madison Papers, Vol. III. p. 1447.

[371] Act of September 18, 1850, Sec. 5.

[372] Deuteronomy, xxiii. 15, 16.

[373] Rev. Theodore Parker, buried in the Protestant Cemetery at Florence.

[374] Preliminary Report on the Eighth Census, 1860, p. 12.

[375] Southern Press, August 8, 1851.

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