§ 1. THE ALPHABET.
| Form. | Name. | Sound. |
| A α | Al'pha | a in man, [arm.1] |
| Β β | Be'ta | b |
| Γ γ | Gam'ma | g in go, [king.2] |
| Δ δ | Del'ta | d |
| Ε ε | Ep'silon | e in met. |
| Ζ ζ | Ze'ta | dz in adze. |
| Η η | E'ta | e in they. |
| Θ ϑ or θ | The'ta | th in thin. |
| Ι ι | Io'ta | i in tin, [machine 3] |
| Κ κ or ϗ | Kap'pa | k |
| Λ λ | Lamb'da | l |
| Μ μ | Mu | m |
| Ν ν | Nu | n |
| Ξ ξ | Xi | x |
| Ο ο | Om'icron | ο in not. |
| Π π | Pi | p |
| Ρ ρ | Rho | r |
| Σ σ, final ς | Sig'ma | s in this. |
| Τ τ | Tau | t in it. |
| Υ υ | U'psilon | u in full. |
| Φ φ | Phi | f |
| χ χ | Khi | kh (German ch.) |
| ψ ψ | Psi | ps |
| Ω ω | O'mega | ο in no. |
§ 2. Notes on the Alphabet.1. α sounds broad, like a in arm, at the end of a word, and before ρ final or ρ followed by a different consonant.2. γ has the nasal sound, like ng in king, before γ, κ, χ, or ξ.3. ι has its long sound, like i in machine, at the end of a syllable.
Every letter is sounded, and, with the above exceptions, invariably the same.
2. ACCENT.
§ 3. Each word, except a very few monosyllables, has one of the following accents written over a vowel in it, which marks the place of the spoken tone. A few small words, called enclitics, generally throw their accent, as an acute, on the last syllable of the preceding word.§ 4. The acute ('), which is the foundation of all the accents, stands on one of the last three syllables. In verbs, with the exception of certain forms, it stands as far toward the beginning of the word as the rules below allow. In other parts of speech it stands on the same syllable as in the ground-form, (that given in the lexicon,) except as required by these rules. When the last syllable has a long vowel or diphthong it stands on the syllable before the last.§ 5. The grave accent (`) is only written in place of the acute on the last syllable when not before a pause, or when unemphatic. It is understood to belong to all other syllables.§ 6. The circumflex (~) is placed on a syllable formed by the combination of two, the first of which had an acute and the second a grave; hence only on the last, or next to the last syllable, and only on a long vowel or a diphthong. When the last syllable has a short vowel, such a penult, if accented, takes the circumflex.
3. BREATHINGS, VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, ETC.
§ 7. A vowel beginning a word takes either the rough breathing, (῾), which is pronounced like h, or else, to show the absence of that, the smooth breathing, (᾿), which has no appreciable sound. Initial ρ and υ always take the rough breathing; and double ρ in the middle of a word takes the smooth breathing on the first, and the rough on the second.§ 8. The vowels are short, (ε and ο,) long, (η and ω,) or doubtful, (α, ι, and υ,) which last, although naturally short, are sometimes lengthened by derivation.§ 9. The diphthongs are as follows:--
| Proper. | With Iota Subscript. | Improper. |
| αι sounds ay | ᾳ = α | ηυ = η and υ |
| ει sounds i | ῃ = η | ωυ = ω and υ |
| οι sounds oy | ῳ = ω | |
| υι sounds we | | |
| αυ sounds ow | | |
| ευ sounds yu | | |
| ου sounds oo | | |
§ 10. In diphthongs the breathing and accent are written over the second vowel. A capital (initial) letter in other cases takes them before it.§ 11. The punctuation marks are the comma, (,), the semicolon, (·), the period, (.), and the interrogation point, (;).
