The vowels are pronounced (approximately) as in German. The accent indicates a long vowel.

almirah, cupboard.

ayah, nurse, lady's-maid.

badmÁsh, bad character, hooligan.

bakr-id, Mohammedan festival in honour of Abraham's intended sacrifice of Ishmael (not Isaac, as in the Bible story).

bang, or bhang, an intoxicating drink.

banijÁrÁ, trader.

bariya, swordgrinder.

bas, enough.

bÁzÁr, market-place.

begam, lady of rank (MusalmÁn).

bhatiyÁrÁ, innkeeper.

bhisti, water-carrier.

chapÁti, thin unleavened cake.

chaprÁsi, messenger.

charpoy, bedstead.

chit, note.

chogah, sleeveless cloak of camel's hair.

chup, silence!

dafadÁr, sergeant of cavalry (native).

darbÁr, king's court, levÉe.

darwÁn, doorkeeper.

dasturi, commission.

dhoti, the cloth garment worn by Hindus.

DÍn, the religious duties of Musalmans; the word is used as their war-cry in fighting against infidels.

dooli, a swinging litter.

eo, hail!

fakir, Mohammedan religious mendicant.

Feringhi, European.

galÁ, throat.

ghi, clarified butter.

Gujars, a tribe of robbers.

hakim, doctor.

hazur, lord.

hilo mat, don't move.

jaldi karo, quickly do; hurry up.

jamÁdÁr, lieutenant of cavalry (native).

jasail, Pathan musket.

-ji, affix implying affection = dear.

jin, spirit, goblin.

kÁfir, unbeliever.

kala pani, black water, the sea.

kÁsid, courier.

khabar, news.

KhÁn, prince; a title commonly added to Pathan names.

khÁnsÁmÁn, butler, head servant.

khitmutgar, table servant.

koss, about two miles.

kotwÁl, chief of the police; kotwÁli, police head-quarters.

lÁkh, 100,000.

lathi, stick, club; lathi-wallah, man armed with a club.

lotah, brass pot.

mÁdi, toddy extracted from the cocoa-palm.

maulavi, learned Musalman and spiritual guide.

mirzÁ, prefixed to Mogul names = prince.

mlecha, or mlechchha, foreigner.

mullah, official who leads the prayers in a mosque.

munshi, writer, secretary.

nÁik, corporal.

nassar, or nazar, offering by an inferior to a superior.

pagri, turban.

palki, palanquin, closed carriage borne on poles.

PathÁn, Afghan, whether in Afghanistan or immigrant in India.

PeshwÁ, prime minister and actual sovereign of the MarÁthÁ kingdom.

pice, copper coin = quarter anna = about one farthing.

pulao, a savoury stew.

Purbiya, man from Eastern Bengal.

rÁj, rule.

risÁldÁr, officer commanding troop of horse.

ryot, peasant.

sahib-log, the sahib people = British.

sais, groom.

sÁrbÁn, camel-driver.

sayid, descendant of Ali, son-in-law of Mahomet.

serai, inn.

shigram, carriage.

shikÁri, hunter.

Shiva, third person of the Hindu trinity.

shroff, banker.

sirkar, or sarkÁr, government.

sowar, or sawÁr, trooper.

sÚar kÁ bachcha, son of a pig.

subahdÁr, high officer.

talwÁr, sword.

tamÁshÁ, entertainment, jollification.

wallah, an affix denoting a person closely connected with the thing expressed by the word to which it is affixed—competition wallah = candidate; palki-wallah = palki-bearer.

zamindar, landowner.