A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z

Abitene, 194
Accomplishments, early Roman, 34
“Accountants,” 276
AchÆan League, 55, 202
Achaia, 193, 202
Actium, Battle of, 129, 166, 184, 188, 202, 240
Actors, 137
Acts of the Apostles, 200
Aden, 204
Adherbal, 91
Adiabene, 267
Adige, 220
Admirals, 187
Adriatic fleet, 186, 187
Adultery, law against, 226
Advertisements, 285
Ædiles, 30, 32, 134
Ædui, 262
Æsopus (actor), 132
Aetius, 314
Ætolian cavalry, 55
Afranius, 123
Africa, province of, 59, 193, 208, 283;
diocese, 312
Agathocles, 45, 61
Agedincum, 212
Agri Decumates, 264
Agricola, Julius, 260, 261
Agriculture, early Roman, 36, 70
Agrippa, General under Augustus, 165;
intended successor to Augustus, 174, 175,
disciplinarian, 183,
overlord in Asia, 195,
Herod and, 205;
and the worship of Jehovah, 207;
and the conquest of Spain, 221;
married to Julia, 227, 228,
temple erected by, 251
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 129
Agrippa Postumus, 229
Agrippina, 224
Agrippina, (mother of Nero), 256, 272
Alani, 307
Alba Longa, 25
Albinus, Spurius, 92
Alcamenes, 156
Alcantara, Bridge of, 294
Alemanni, 309
Alesia, 116
Alexander the Great, 1, 6
Alexandria, CÆsar at, 122,
and convention in literature, 151;
rivalry with Rome, 202, 282,
Jews in, 268
“Alimenta,” 276
Aliso, 216
“Allies and friends,” 28, 60
Alme, 216
Alpes CottiÆ, 194
Alpes MaritimÆ, 194
Alpine tribes, 220
Alps, the, Hannibal’s march, 50,
roads over, 220
Amazons, 258, 307
Amphitheatre, the Grand, 282
Amphitheatre displays, 74;
butchery, 137
Amphitheatres, 243, 279;
in Britain, 261
Ampsaga, river, 208
Amusements, 136, 279
“Analecta,” 137
Anchises, 224
Ancus Martius, 19
Ancyra, 199
Ancyran monument, 188
Andernach, 264
Andronikos, 74
Anglesey, 259, 260
Anna Perenna, 36, 39
Antinous, 293
Antioch, 247, 267, 268, 282
Antiochus of Syria, 54, 55
Antium, 134
Antonine Constitution, 299
Antonine Wall, 261
Antonines, the, 277
Antoninus Pius, 262, 271, 277,
column of, 292
Antonius (orator), 104
Antonius, L, 164
Antony, Mark, and CÆsar, 124,
and the succession, 126, 127,
and Octavian (Augustus), 127, 128, 163, 164,
the Triumvirate, 128,
victories, 128,
and Cleopatra, 128, 129, 164, 203,
and Actium, 130,
marriages, 138,
and Cicero, 148
Antony and Cleopatra, coins of, 155
Aosta, 220
Apelles, 296
Apennines, slave refugees, 106
Apicius, 279
Apollo as a Roman god, 79,
temple to, 168
Apollodorus, 266
Apollonia, 201, 202
Apollonius, 290
Appian Way, 34
Appius Claudius, 85
Appius Claudius (censor), 34, 42, 46
Appuleian Laws, 95, 99
Apuleius, 290
AquÆ MattiacÆ (Wiesbaden), 264
AquÆ SextiÆ, 94
Aqueducts, 179, 280, 283, 293
Aquilegia, 220
Aquitania, 210
Arabia, 194, 204, 267
Arabs, 307
Aratus, 234
Arausio (Orange), 94
Arcesilaus, 156, 249
Arch, the, 153, 294
Arch, triumphal, 196
Archelaus, 206
Architecture of the Republic, 151-154,
of the Augustan period, 250-252,
of the Empire, 293-297,
later Roman and early Christian, 316
Arena. See Amphitheatre
Aretine pottery, 159
Areus, 209
Arezzo, 120
Argos, 202
Aristocracy, government by, 71, 72,
debased, 81,
wealth, 132,
Augustus and, 224;
under the Empire, 254
Domitian and the, 274.
See also Patricians
Aristotle, 290
Armenia, 194, 198, 199, 200, 267, 268
Arminius, 218, 219, 263
Armour of soldiers, 29, 98
Army, professional, as constituted by Marius, 96-99,
and government, 99,
under Augustus, 182,
soldiering becomes a profession, 184,
how constituted, 184,
rate of pay, 185;
distribution of the legions, 185;
pay (finance), 188,
bounties to veterans, 189
Arpinum, 134
Art, Etruscan, 20;
early Roman, 22, 34, 66,
of the Republic, 151-159,
of the Augustan period, 243-252,
of the Empire, Greek influence, 291,
sculpture, 292,
history of, 293,
influence of Antinous, 293,
architecture, 294-297,
painting, 296,
minor arts, 297,
Byzantine, 316
“Art, Roman,” 151, 245
Art collectors under the Republic, 155
Artillery, 280
Artists, 248
Arts, the, and politics, 231
Arusine Plain, 46
“Aryan,” 261, 262,
and the “Latin right,” 299;
and separate unity, 308,
diocese, 312,
deserted, 314
Britannicus, 272
Britons, the, 114
Bronze-work, 297
Brotherhood of man, 302
Brundisium, 145
Bruttium, 45, 47
Brutus and liberty, 33;
as hero, 112,
against CÆsar, 124,
and the assassination of CÆsar, 126,
and the succession, 127,
fall of, 128,
bust of, 157,
as martyr, 173,
and Horace, 237
Budgets under Augustus, 192
Buffer states, 198, 199, 214
Building, early, 19,
materials (houses), 135, 153,
principles of, 153;
brickwork, 294;
villas, 295

Bureaucracy, 171, 181, 270, 272, 276, 278, 310
Burgundians, 212, 213
Byzantine (Constantinople), 313
Byzantine art, 316
Byzantine Empire, the, 313
Cadiz, 49
CÆcilius, 76
“CÆsar” (Emperor), 112
“CÆsar and the Roman People,” cult of, 207
CÆsar Augusta (Saragossa), 221
CÆsar, Gaius Julius, adds Gaul to the Empire, 60,
and the monarchy, 100,
birth and lineage, 109,
as Pontifex Maximus, 109;
and the conspiracy of Catiline, 110,
prÆtor to Spain, 110,
the Triumvirate, 110;
becomes Consul, 110;
conquests of Gaul, 111, 116,
honours paid to, by poets and others, 112,
account of the Gallic Wars, 112;
as historian, 113, 150,
his greatness, 113;
his work, 114,
as a soldier, 116;
and Britain, 117, 150,
and Pompeius, 114, 119,
civil war, 120,
devotion of his men, 121,
conquers at Pharsalus, 121, 122,
in Egypt, 122,
and Cleopatra, 122,
conquests, 122, 123,
supporters, 124,
reforms, 125,
kingship, 125,
slain, 126,
his will, 127,
wealth of, 132,
epileptic, 135,
wives, 138,
and Roman history, 145,
as orator, 149,
his Commentaries, 149,
portraits, 157,
and monarchy, 161,
temple to, 166;
The Commentaries and Germany, 214,
deified, 225,
as poet, 232.
CÆsar, L., 104
CÆsar-worship, 231, 267, 300
CÆsarea, 206, 268
CÆsarion, 122
CÆsars, the, 254
Calabria, 45
Caledonians, the, 261, 262
Caligula (Gaius CÆsar), 253, 268, 269, 271, 272
Callimachus, 239
Callipolis, 286
Calpurnia, 126
Cameos, 249
Campagna, the Roman, 12, 25,
shepherds, 37
Campania, 28, 34, 283
Campanian Road, 134
Campus Martius, 36, 153
Camulodunum (Colchester), 259, 260
Candace, 205
Candlestick, the seven-branched golden, 269
CannabÆ, 310
CannÆ, 51
Canon law, 299
Cantabrians, 220
Capital punishment, 43
Capitol, the, 25, 153, 293, 307
Capitoline Hill, 282
Cappadocia, 194, 267
Capri, 229
Capua, 51
Caracalla, 292, 299, 306
Caradoc, 260
Carbo, 94
Carducci and Catullus, 144
CarrhÆ, 119, 197
Carthage, the early Romans and, 13, 17,
Roman treaty with, 348 B.C., 26,
Pyrrhus and the Carthaginians, 46,
Carthaginian Wars, 47,
First Punic War, 48,
Second Punic War, 49,
and Hannibal, 50,
defeated, 53,
Third Punic War, 57,
siege and destruction, 58,
a province, 59,
colony at, 88;
refounded as colony by Augustus, 208,
Carthaginian invaders of Sicily, 209
Carus, 308
Carving (food), 137
Caspian Sea, 213
Cassius, 112, 126-128, 271
Castle of St. Angelo, 294
Catiline, conspiracy of, 110;
Cicero on, 147
Cato (the Censor), prayer on cutting a grove quoted, 40,
and Carthage, 57,
and slaves, 71;
and luxury, 72,
and prudishness, 80;
policy of, 83
Cato the younger (of Utica), character, 111,
and the end of the Republic, 108, 118;
death, 123,
wives, 138;
and Stoicism, 139,
and the senate, 147;
austerity, 148
Catullus, 104, 142, 232, 243
Caudine Pass, the, 28
Celibacy, tax on, 190, 226
Celtic religion, 221
Celts, the, 115
Censors, 32, 72, 272
Censorship of letters, 232
Census-taking, 32, 167
Ceres, 38, 39
Chalons, Battle of, 314
Chariot-racing, 279, 280, 314
Charlemagne, 112
Chastity, 33
Chatti, 263
Chauci, 216, 263
Cheruscia, 216, 217, 218, 219
Chester, 260
Christianity and CÆsar worship, 201, 300,
conflict with Mithraism, 299;
Rome and the establishment of, 300,
Stoicism and, 300, 302,
confounded with Judaism, 300,
scruples of Christians, 301,
proselytes, 301,
inquisitions and martyrdoms, 301,
Edict of Milan, 302;
hostility of emperors, 302,
monotheism, 303,
rites and saints taken from paganism, 303,
the Church and the Roman political system, 304,
Constantine and, 313,
Rome and the Church, 315
Chronological summary of Roman history, 317-324
Chrysostom, St. John, 316
Church and state, 315
Churches, Christian, 316
Cicero, Latinity of, 9,
the translation of, 10,
and pleading in law, 43,
and Pompeius, 108,
oration on Manilius, 109,
and the conspiracy of Catiline, 110,
policy, 110,
exile, 118, 127,
slain, 128,
his gains as governor of Cilicia, 131,
his wealth, 131, 134,
his houses, 134,
and library, 134,
health, 135,
divorces his wife, 138,
and Plato, 139;
his influence on Latin literature, 144;
his policy and rhetoric, 145,
his character, 145;
creator of Latin prose, 146, 231,
his style, 146,
as a lawyer, 146;
oratory, 147;
political life, 148,
his end, 148,
bust of, 157;
and immortality, 231,
not a client, 232
Cicero, Quintus, 124, 146
Cilicia, a province, 59, 193, 200;
pirate-state at, 106,
Cicero’s gains as governor, 131
Cimbri, the invasion by the, 93;
defeated by Marius, 94
Cincinnatus, 33
Cineas, 46
Cinna (consul), 104
Circus Maximus, 280
Circuses, 243
Cirta, 91
Citizenship, Roman, 27, 30, 299
“City Legion,” 184
City prefect, 182
City-states, the, 6, 27, 69, 278
Civic ardour, 284
Civil law of Rome, 298
Civil service, the, 276
Civil War, First, 120-123
Civil War, Second, 128, 129
Civil wars, restorations after the, 196
Civilisation, early Roman, 34,
under the Republic, 130,
under Augustus, 200
Classical education, 291
Classical literature, the golden age of, 150
Classicism, 9
Claudian, 316
Claudian house, the, 227
Claudian law, 132
Claudian Way, 220
Claudii, the, 24, 42, 72
Claudius, Suetonius on, 162,
forbids Druidism, 211,
his character, 254;
best of the Claudian CÆsars, 255,
and Messalina, 255, 187
Damascus, 268
Danish shores, 213
Dante and CÆsar, 112,
Dante’s debt to Roman poets, 289
Danube, the, 197, 218, 219, 220, 263, 264, 265, 306, 309, 314
Danube frontier, 220
Dead, burial of the, 34
Death, 303
Death-duties, 189
Death-masks, 248
Debtors, punishment of, 43
Decebalus, 265
Decemviri, 42
Decius, 301
Decuriones, 195, 311
“Delation,” 204, 272, 275, 277
Delphi, 101, 201
Delphic Amphictyony, the, 202
Demetrius, 51
Democracy, the Gracchi and, 86, 90,
Julius CÆsar and, 109
Democritus, 139
Denarius, silver,

207
Despotism, benevolent, 311
Development fund, 276
Diana, 38, 39, 238
Diana of Ephesus, Temple of, 201
Dictator, 125
Dill, Dr. Samuel, on Pliny, 279, 284
Dining, 133
Dinner-parties, 136
Dio Cassius, 168, 182
Dio Chrysostom, 290
“Dioceses,” 312
Diocletian, 271, 301, 310, 311
Diocletian, palace of, 316
Diplomacy, Roman, 26
Discipline, Roman, 26, 183,
of army, 97
Divination, Etruscan, 21
Divodurum, 212
Divorce, 80, 136, 226
Docks, 186
Domitian, unpopular, 177,
and Britain, 261,
and imperial expansion, 264,
and Decebalus, 265,
a tyrant, 274,
and the senate, 274,
assassination, 275,
and Titus, 293
Doric architecture, 153,
column, 250
Drama, beginnings, 73,
Greek tragedies translated for Roman stage, 75;
comedies, 75,
under the Republic, 137
Drinking, 136
Druidism, 114, 211, 259
Drusus, 184, 215, 227, 239
Drusus, M. Livius, 102
Dukes (dux), 312
Durocortorum, 212
Dutch horsemen, 184
Dutch shores, 213
Dutch territory, 216
Duties, customs, 212, 273
Duumviri, 195
Dyarchy, the, 177, 275
Eagle, the silver (standard), 98
Eagles, Roman, captured, 197
East, the, and Roman art, 249
Eating, 136
Eburacum (York), 261
Edict of Milan, 302
Edicts, perpetual, 298, 299
Education beginnings, 74,
under the Republic, 132,
in Gaul, 211,
and schools in 200 a.d., 280;
Pliny endows a secondary school, 283,
and schools under the Empire, 285-286
Egnatius Rufus, 180
Egypt allied against Philip of Macedon, 55,
conquered by Octavian (Augustus), 60, 130, 166,
Pompeius and CÆsar in, 122,
private possession of Augustus, 170, 172,
prefect of, 180, 194,
corn-supply, 190;
wealth, 202,
under Augustus, 203;
religion, 203,
taxes, 203;
canals and irrigation, 203,
reservoirs, 204,
position of prefect, 204,
and Greek art, 247;
rebels in the triumph of Aurelian, 307,
a diocese, 312
Elagabalus, 306
Elbe, the, 216, 217, 218
Election posters, 285
Electra (sculpture), 249, 250
Elephantine, Nilometer at, 204
Elephants, 46
Eleusinian mysteries, 55, 231
Emesa, 194, 199;
fetish-stone, 306
Empire-building, 28, 44, 211
Empire, the early, history, 162;
establishment of, 168;
illegitimate, 254;
during its first century, 259;
limits of the, 269,
junior colleagues to CÆsar, 276,
weak through its vastness, 308;
decay, 313;
divided, 313;
dismembered, 314
Empire, the Eastern, 313
Ems, 216, 264
Ennius, 76, 78, 138, 236
Ephesus, 201, 247, 282
Epictetus, 302
Epicurus, 139
Epirot phalanx, 46
Equality, 33, 71
Equestrian class (Equites), 64, 88, 97, 180
Eros (Egyptian tax-gatherer), 191
Esquiline Camp, 258
Esquiline Hill, 25
Ethics, Christian, 302, 303
Etruria, conquests, 28,
Sullan colonists in, 110
Etruscans, the, neighbours at beginning of Rome, 13;
piracy, 13, 17,
remains, 14, 20,
conquest of Rome, 19,
their origin, 20,
art, 20, 22,
character, 21,
divination, 21;
costumes, 22,
decline of the Etruscan power, 23,
Etruscan princes of Rome, 20, 23,
enemy of Rome, 28;
gods, 39,
portraiture, 152, 156,
and Roman architecture, 153,
and Roman art, 248
EudÆmones, 307
Euhemerism, 201
Euphrates, the, 197, 267
Europe, Rome and the making of, 5;
Germany and the history of, 213
Extortion, 133, 191, 209, 212, 273
Extravagances, 279
Fabii, the, 24, 72
Fabius, Pictor, 150
Fabius, Quintus, 51
Family, the, 225
Famine, 190
Farnese Palace, 251
“Father of his country,” 179
Fatherhood, 226
Fatherhood of God, 303
Fathers, power of, 25
Fauns, 37
Faustina, 224
Feasting, 133, 136
Felix, 206
Fencing, 98
Ferrero, Signor G., on CÆsar’s character, 112,
on Augustus, 199,
and Gaul, 210
Festivals, early Roman, 36
Festus, 207
Fever, malarial, 135
Fifth Legion, 215
Finance, beginnings, 66,
under Augustus, 187,
gifts, 188,
property-tax and death-duties, 189,
of the senate, 192
Financial corruption, 64
Financiers, 194
Fire-brigade, 181, 186
Flamines, 38
Flaminian Way, 196
Flaminii, the, 72
Flamininus, 55
Flavian age, the, 293
Flavian dynasty, 274
Flax, 212
Flora, 38, 39
Footmen, 137
Fordicidia, 40
FormiÆ, 134
Fortifications, frontier, 261, 262, 264
Fortuna Virilis, 39;
Temple of, 153, 154
Fortune-hunters, 226
Forum, the, 33, 252
Forum Julii (FrÉjus), 187
Forums, 280, 282
Fowler, W. Warde, 35
France, roads of, 211
Frankfort, 264
Franks, 212, 213, 307, 309
Fratres Arvales, 39
Frazer, J. G., 35
“Free” states, 60
Freedmen, 181
Freeman, E. A., 19
FrÉjus, 187
French Revolution, the, and the Roman Republic, 71
Frescoes, 296
Friezes, 246
Frisians, 216
Frontiers, 223;
fortified, 261,
natural, 266
Fulvia, 126, 127, 129, 138, 149
Furniture, 297
Gabii, 25
Gabinian Law, 109
Gadara, 205
Gades, 220, 282
GÆtulian nomads, 208
Gaius (Emperor). See Caligula
Gaius, over-lord in Asia, 195
and the Parthian king, 200,
and the succession, 228,
tutor and servants of, 230
Gaius, “Institutes” of, 299
Galatia, 193, 199
Galatians, 184
Galba, 179, 258, 273
Galen, 290
Galilee, 194, 206, 268
Gallia. See Gaul
Gallienus, 306, 307
Gallus, Cornelius, 203, 204, 232, 234
Gamaliel, 207
Games, public, 137
Gardening, 296
Gardthausen, Dr., on Augustus, 50;
as a strategist, 51,
defeats, 52, 53,
Antiochus and, 56
Harbour dues, 61
Harbours, 187
Hasdrubal, 50, 52
Head, Barclay, on Roman coins, 154
Heating of houses, 280
Heliopolis. See Ba’albek
“Helladarch,” 202
Hellenism, 10, 72, 74
Helvetians, the, 94, 111
Heraclea, 46
Herculaneum, 297
Hercules, the Farnese, 156
Hercules, Temple of, 250
Hermann. See Arminius
Hermodorus, 153
Herod Antipas, 206
Herod the Great, 184, 198, 205, 206
Herodes Atticus, 284
Hesiod, 234
Hexameter, the Latin, 78, 232
Hiberi, 307
Hiero of Syracuse, 23, 51,

61
Hildesheim, 249
Hippocrates, 290
Hirpinus, 280
Hispania BÆtica, 193
Hispania. See Spain
Historians, 138, 150, 305
Historical reliefs (sculpture), 248
History, the arts and politics in, 231
History, early Roman, worthlessness of, 24,
Tacitus and Roman history, 253, 289,
lack of interest, 288
Holland, North, 216
Holy of Holies, 207
Homer’s Odyssey translated, 74
Honoria, 314
Horace quoted on the past of Rome, 7;
Latinity of, 9,
on Hannibal, 52;
his health, 136,
on the Portus Julius, 187;
and the Parthians, 197, 199,
and Arabia Felix, 204;
on the conquest of Britain, 209,
educated in Greece, 237,
and CÆsarism, 237;
Satires, 237,
lyrical odes, 237;
drama, 238,
Odes, 238;
Century Hymn, 238,
Secular Games, 238,
celebrates Augustus, 239,
pictures the life of Rome, 239;
losses in the Civil War, 243,
and satire, 289
Horatii, 24
Horatius and the saving of Rome, 19, 33
Hortensius, 138
Houses, 134, 135, 152, 296
Humanitarianism, 303
Huns, the, 214, 314
Iceni, the, 260
Ictinus, 295
Idealism in Greek art, 158
Ides of March, 36, 126
Idistavisus, 219, 263
Illyria, 48
Illyrian War, 166,
revolt, 217
Illyricum, 193, 312
Imagines, 156, 158
Immortality, 303
Imperator, 183
Imperial administration centralised, 278,
junior colleagues to CÆsar, 276,
imperial succession, 306
Imperium, 31
India, trade with, 204,
Greek art, 247
Informers. See “Delation”
Inquisitions, 301
Inscriptions from Pompeii, 285
International law, 298
Intrigue, 224, 229
Ionic columns, 154
Ireland, 261
“Irene,” 169
Irish, Gallic Celts and the, compared, 115
Isis, 39, 139, 203;
priests of, 282
Isthmian games, 55
Italian “allies” and the franchise, 102
Italians, citizen rights for, 88-89
Italian, the modern, and the ancient Roman compared, 13
Italy, divisions of, 12,
invasions, 15,
Civil War, 106,
under Augustus, 196;
colonies in, 196,
a province, 278, 312;
and the barbarians, 314
Ivories, Byzantine, 316
James, Wm., on war, 54
Janus, 38, 154, 166
Jerome and Lucretius, 142
Jerusalem, CÆsar and, 123,
under Augustus and the Herods, 205, 206, 207,
destruction of, 268
Jesus Christ, 205, 206
Jewellery, 297
Jewish law, 207;
religion, 207
Jews in the Roman provinces, 200, 208,
under Augustus, 205-207,
under the Empire, 267-269
See also JudÆa
John, St., and Philo, 300
Johnson, Dr., and Latin, 8
Juba, King, 122, 123, 208
JudÆa, province, 194,
under Augustus, 205-207;
government and conquest, 267, 268
Judaism, 300
Jugurtha, 84, 91-93
Julia (daughter of Augustus), 175, 227, 228, 229, 230
Julia (the younger), Ovid and, 241, 242
Julian Alps, 220
Julian laws, 226
Julianus, Salvius, 299
Julii, the, 72
Julius Nicanor, 201
Juno, 39
Jupiter, 38, 39, 79, 139, 240, 307
Jupiter Capitolinus, Temple of, 152, 153, 269, 282
Jupiter, Temple of, in Mount Zion, 269
Jurisprudentes, 298
Jus fetiale, 298;
jus gentium, 298,
jus naturÆ, 298
Justice, 270, 272
Justinian, 299, 315
Juvenal and emperors, 11, 138, 163, 242, 278,
Latin of, 287;
and satire, 289;
and ethics, 303
Kent, 150
King, the, 41
Kingship, early, 19
Knuckle-bones, 229
Labienus, 121, 123
Labour, free, and slavery, 71
LacedÆmon, 201
Lacerna, 280
Lacinian Promontory, the, 45
Laconia, Northern, 201
Lahn, river, 264
Lampridius, 305
Land as property, 34,
land speculation, 67, 131,
neglect of the, 85,
Tiberius Gracchus and, 87,
Gaius Gracchus and, 88,
Marius and, 95,
Licinian land law, 86,
land-tax in Gaul, 190,
land system of Gaul, 211
Langobardi See Lombards
Lares, 37
Latin, use of, 9,
culture, 9,
eclipse of Latin studies, 9
Latin festival, 38
Latin League, the, 25, 26, 27
Latin period, the (literature), 146
“Latin right,” 299
Latin and Teutonic races, contest between, 213
Latinism, 8
Latium, Plain of, 25
Law, Roman devotion to, 33,
early Roman, 41-43,
in Gaul, 211,
Julian laws, 225-226,
under the Empire, 297-299,
a legacy to the world, 315
Legates, 193
Legion, composition of a, 98, 172
Legionaries, the, 98
Legiones (Leon), 221
Lemures, 37
Leon, 221
Lepidus, 128, 163
Lesbia, 143
Levies for army, 97
Lex, the, 179
Lex Claudia, 67
Liberty, love of, 33,
religious, 270
Libraries, 168, 243, 283
Licinian laws, 86
Licinius (tax-gatherer in Gaul), 191, 212
Licinius Macer (annalist), 150
Lictors, 30, 282
Ligurian cavalry, 98
LilybÆum, 46
Limes Trans-Rhenanus, 264,
RhÆtian, 264
Linz, 264
Lippe, 216
Literature, early Roman, 34,
beginnings of, 75;
of the Republic, 142-151,
in Rome under Augustus, 231,
patrons, 232,
the State and, 241, 243,
golden age of (“Augustan”), 242,
popularity of, under the Empire, 286,
and tyranny, 287,
its eclipse, 287,
freedom of, 289,
lack of originality, 291
Livia Drusilla, 227, 228
Livia, house of, 296
Livii, the, 72
Livius Andronicus, 74
Livy and the foundation of Rome, 17,
and political equality, 30;
as historian, 150, 151,
freedom accorded to, 232;
and Tacitus compared, 289
Loans, 131
Local government in Roman provinces, 61
Logos, the Divine, 300
Lombards, 213, 217
London (Londinium), 260, 282
London, modern, Roman architecture in, 251
Longinus, 94
Lorch, 264
Lucan, Latinity of, 9,
and Spain, 220, 290,
and republicanism, 242, 273,
the Pharsalia, 288
Lucca, conference at, 119
Lucceius, 145
Lucian, 290
Lucilius, 237
Lucius, 228
Lucretia, 33
Lucretius and Epicurean philosophy, 139,
quoted, 140, 141,
as poet, 141, 142, 60, 103,
massacre by, 65,
duration of war against, 107,
defeated by Pompeius, 109,
portrait on coin, 158
Mithradatic War, 103
Mithraism, 201, 299, 308
Modena, 163
Moesia, 194, 220, 265
Mogontiacum (Mainz), 263
Moles Hadriani, 294
Mommsen, Theodor, on Greece and Rome, 10;
on Roman religion, 40,
on Roman luxury, 72,
on CÆsar, 112,
on the Gauls, 115,
on Augustus, 198
Monaco, monument to Augustus at, 220
Monarchy, CÆsar and, 124,
hereditary, 175,
Augustus and the, 183,

growth of, 277
Money, 313
Monotheism, 207, 303
Morality, 79, 136, 138
Morocco See Mauretania
Mosaics, 158, 247, 296, 316
Moselle, the, 215
Mucianus, 274
Mule and tent money, 190
Mummius, 155, 247
Munda, 123
Municipal government, 284
Municipal life, 195
Municipal senators, 311
Municipia, 28
Mural painting, 152
Music in schools, 286
Musonius Rufus, 302
Mysia. See Moesia
Mythology, early Roman, 36, 37, 38.
See also Religion
NabatÆa, 194
NÆvius, 75
Naples, 134, 251, 296
Naples, Bay of, 283
Narbonne, 210
Narcissus, 256
Nations, wandering of the, 309
Natural law, 298
Nature-worship, 240
Navy, 48, 186, 187
Neolithic culture, 14
Nepos, 150
Nero,
Suetonius on, 162, 256, 306,
unpopular, 177;
Petronius satirises, 242;
the historians and, 254,
his Golden House, 256,
murders, 256,
attempts upon his mother’s life, 257,
story of his death, 257;
posthumous honours, 259,
and the Jews, 268;
accession, 272,
administration, 272-273,
his fall, 273,
entertainments, 279,
tyranny, 287;
and Seneca, 291,
Greek curio-hunting, 293,
Christian persecution, 301
Nero, Claudius, 227
Nero, colossus of, 282
Nerva, 179, 275, 276, 289
Nicolaus, 206
Nicomedia, 312
Nicopolis, 202
Nile, the, 204
Ninth Legion, 122, 260
Niobe, 241
Nismes, Temple of, 251
Nobility, 223, 224
Nola, 106
Nomads, Northern, 197
Noricum, 194, 220
Northern descents on the Mediterranean peoples, 213
Numa, 19
Numantia, 85
Numidia, 92, 208
Numidian cavalry, 52, 98
Nymphs, 37
Ocean, the, 210, 213, 217
Octavia, 126, 129, 138, 175, 224, 228, 235
Octavius, (tribune), 87
Octavius, Octavian. See Augustus
Odenathus, 307
Odoacer, 314
Officialism See Bureaucracy
Oil, free, 308
Olympia, 201
Olympian mythology, 207, 240
Omens, 32, 139
Opimius, L., 92
Ops Consiva, 37, 38
Oratory, 144, 147, 148
Orestes (sculpture), 249
Oriens, 312
Ornament in sculpture, 249,
painted, 297
Orodes, 200
Osiris, 203
Ostia, 12, 27, 255
Otho, 273
Ovid, Latinity of, 9;
and Augustus, 169,
and the defeat of Parthia, 199,
and the gods, 225,
an immoral writer, 240;
and the loves of the gods, 240,
and nature-worship, 240;
typical of the civilisation of his day, 241,
as a barrister, 241,
banishment, 242;
and the younger Julia, 242;
his character, 242
Oysters, Lucrine, 187
Pacuvius, 76, 138
Pagan-Christian rites, 304
Painting (art), 152, 296
Pais, Prof. Ettore, 42
Palatine Hill, 25, 280
Palatine, the, 168
Palazzo dei Conservatori, 294
Pales (god), 36
Palestine, 268
Palmyra, 282, 295, 306, 307, 308
Pamphylia, 193
Pannonia, 193, 220
Pannonian and Illyrian revolt, 184, 217
Pantheon, the, 251, 294
Paphlagonia, 193
Parilia, 36
Paris, 211
Parisii, the, 211
Parthenon frieze, 249
Parthia, 247, 266, 267, 269
Parthians, the, 107, 125, 129, 197-200, 259
Party system started by the Gracchi, 90
Pasiteles, 155
Passports, 196
“Patavinity,” 151
Patras, 202
Patriarchal system, 25, 26
Patricians, 14, 25, 30, 43, 167, 272, 314
Patriciate, the, 224
Patriotism, 231
Patronage in literature, 232
Patrons of art, 246, 247
Patronus, or champion, 176, 195
Paul, St., 207, 300,
appeal to CÆsar, 194
Paulinus, Suetonius, 260
Pausanias, 290
“Pax,” 166
Pax Augusta, 209
Pax Julia (Beja), 221
Pax Romana, 61, 186
Peace under Augustus, 166,
Augustan Altar of Peace (“Tellus Group”), 244, 245, 248, 251;
in the Antonine age, 303,
and defence, 309
Pelignians, 13
Penates, 37
Pensions for soldiers, 99, 185
People, the, 179
PerÆa, 194
Pergamum, 55,
Attalids of, 246
Pericles, 157
Perseus, 56
Persians, 307
Perspective in sculpture, 248
Pertinax, 306
Perugia, 129, 196
Perusine War, 227
Peter, St., 300
Petronius Arbiter, 138, 242, 278, 279
Petronius the legate, 205
Pharisaism, 207
Pharisees, the, 269
Pharsalus, Battle of, 121
Philemon, 76
Philip of Macedon, 50, 54
Philip the Arabian, bust of, 292
Philippi, Battles of, 128
Philistine coast towns, 205
Philistinism in Roman art, 246
Philo JudÆus, 290, 300
Philomela, 241
Philosophy, 139, 279, 286, 290, 299, 300
Phoebe, 230
Phraates, 198, 200
Phrygian corybants, 139
Piacenza, 53
Piazza, 252
Piety, 235
Pilate, Pontius, 206
Pile-dwellings, 14
Pilum, the, 98
Piracy, 59, 106, 108
Pisidia, 193
Piso C. Calpurnius, 80
Piso (consul with Augustus), 174
Placidia, Empress, 315
Plague, the, 290, 307
Plantation system of slaves, 71
PlatÆa, 201
Plautius Silvanus, Aulus, 259
Plautus, 76, 77, 138
Plebeians, 14, 25, 30, 43
Plebiscite, the, 174, 179
Plebs, secession of the, 30
Pliny (the elder) and Etruscan art, 20,
art critic, 249;
as compiler, 290
Pliny (the younger), history in, 195, 278,
and the emperors, 242,
condition of Italy, 196,
letters, 270;
benevolence, 283,
and schools, 286,
and reading, 287,
and toleration, 301
Plutarch, 290
Poetry of the Republic, 142,
of the Augustan age, 233-243,
of the Empire, 288-289
Polemo, 200
Police, 51
“Race-suicide,” 138
Raphael, 244
Rates, 196
Raudine Plain, 94
Ravenna, 187, 315
Reading, 287
Realism in Roman art, 157, 248, 249
Red Sea, 204
Regensburg, 264
Religion, early Roman, 32, 35,
and Greek mythology, 35, 39,
gods, 36 et seq.,
its nature, 39,
business nature of, 40,
becomes cosmopolitan and debased, 79,
State religion under the Republic, 133,
formal and political, 138,
formulÆ, 139;
materialism and the State religion, 139;
superstition and rites, 139,
Augustus and, 201,

of Gaul, 211,
and art, 248,
and architecture, 251,
Claudius and, 272,
in schools, 286,
and international law, 298,
under the Empire, 299,
Christianity, 299
Religions, conflict of, 299
Religious liberty under Trajan, 301
Remi, the, 212
Renaissance, Roman art and the, 244, 251
Republic, the, causes for its end, 100
Republican civilisation, later, 130
Republican constitution, 31
Republicanism, Diocletian and, 311
Revenue, public, 192
Rex, 125
RhÆtia, 194, 220
RhÆtian limes, 264
Rheims, 210, 212
“Rhetoric,” 286
Rhine, the, CÆsar’s expeditions, 117;
flotillas, 187,
Augustus crosses, 212, 216,
as frontier, 215, 218, 263;
Rhine legions, 219, 263,
Limes Trans-Rhenanus, 264;
invasions of barbarians, 306, 314
Rhodes, 55, 132, 194, 247
Rich and poor under the Republic, 132
Ricimer the Suevian, 314
Ridgeway, Prof. Wm., 2, 14
Riegl, Alois, 244
Rimini, 196
Roads, Italy, 196,
France, 211,
imperial, 278
Robigus, 37
Roman Church, ritual, &c. of the, 303,
a legacy of Rome, 315
Roman conquests, 44 et seq.
Roman Empire under Augustus, greatness of the, 221
Roman Government, the, and Christianity, 300-301
Roman history, views of, 3, 4, 5,
historians and, 4, 7, 8,
worthlessness of much early history, 23,
Greek influence in manufacturing, 24,
unreliability of, before 390 B.C., 24,
chronological summary, 317-324
Roman Peace, the, 61, 186
Roman society, viciousness of, in the age of conquest, 80
Roman suzerainty, 56;
annexations, 56,
provinces, 58;
government, 61
Roman Wall, the (Britain), 261
Romans, origin of the, 13;
early Romans as warriors, 26;
conquests by, 28;
the early Romans, 32,
the Roman character 33, 43;
virtues, 33,
accomplishments, 34,
religion, 35,
agriculture, 36,
law, 41,
a fighting people, 54
“Rome and Augustus,” cult of, 201
Rome and Greece, resemblances between, 1,
Greek influence, 6, 7, 11.
See also Art, Literature
Rome, and the making of Europe, 5;
as a city-state, 6,
its greatness, 10;
origin of, 16,
under the Etruscans, 17,
Etruscan princes expelled, 23;
and the Latin plain, 12,
and the control of the Mediterranean, 13,
the Seven Kings of, 19,
legends and early traditions, 17,
the earliest city, 25,
political equality, 30,
constitution, 30,
the imperial city, 65;
wealth, 65,
taxation, 66,
finance, 66,
the populace, 68,
corn-supply, 69,
slavery, 70,
equality, 71,
luxury, 72,
civilisation, 72,
Greek influence, 73, 74, 81;
causes of degeneracy, 80,
individual domination, 83,
end of the Republic, 118,
and CÆsar, 123,
wealth and social conditions under the Republic, 132,
unhealthy, 135,
social life, 136,
streets, 152;
improvements under Augustus, 167,
magistracy, 182,
city prefect, 182,
reform of, by Augustus, 223,
regeneration of Roman society, 225, 231;
patriotism, 231,
Horace and, 239;
and art, 243,
rebuilding, 244, 248
architecture, 250;
the weakness of the Empire 271,
riches and loss of power, 278,
life of the city described by satirists, 278,
imperial Rome, 278,
amusements, 279,
advanced civilisation, 280,
its splendours, 280,
buildings and peoples, 282,
as a place of abode, 296,
the Eternal City, 304,
Aurelian Wall, 307
Romulus and Remus, 17
Romulus, hut of, 153
Roofing, 250
Roumania (Dacia), 265
Roxolani, 307
Rubicon, the, 120
Russia, 197, 213
Saalburg, 264
Saale, the, 216
Sabines, 13
Sacred Mount, 30
Sacred Way, 282
Sacrifices, human, 40, 211
Sadducees, 269
Saguntum, 49
St. Angelo, Castle of, 294
St. Bernard Pass, 220
Saints, Christian, 304
Salamis, 201
Salaries of officials, 190
Salii, 34, 39
Salinator, M. Livius, 74
Sallust, 150
Salt, free, 308
Saltus, Teutoburgiensis, 218
Salvage brigade, 131
Samaria, 205
Samnite Wars, 13, 28, 44,
rebellion, 105
Sanhedrin, 207
Saracens, 307
Saragossa, 221
Sarcophagi, 247
Sardinia, 48, 53, 59, 61, 193
Sarmatia, province, 309,
Sarmatian cavalry, 266;
captive Sarmatians, 307
Sarmatians, the, and Ovid, 243
Sarmizegethusa, 266
Satires, 237
Saturn, 38,
Temple of, 251
Saturninus, 95
Saxons, 213, 309
ScÆvola, 33, 84
Scapula, Ostorius, 260
Scaurus, 91, 92, 94
Sceptre of ivory, the, 22
Schoolmasters, 286
Schools See Education
Scipio Africanus, 52, 53, 58
Scipios, the, 76, 83, 123
Scopas, 155, 250
Scotland, 261
Scribonia, 226, 227
Sculpture of the Republic, 155-157,
revival of, 200,
the Greeks and Roman sculpture, 245,
copies and im itations, 291;
busts, 292,
bas-reliefs, 292;
narrative on columns, 292
Sea-power, the Romans and, 187
Sebaste (Samaria), 205
Secession of the Plebs, the, 30
Secular games, 238
Sejanus, 271
Semitic question, the, 268
Sena, victory of, 75
Senate, the, beginnings, 25;
wisdom of, 28;
its constitution, 31;
and Pyrrhus, 46,
aristocracy and government, 72;
weakness under late Republic, 82;
the Gracchi and, 86, 89, 90;
and the Jugurthan War, 91;
and Marius, 95,
under Augustus, 167, 169, 175-179, 224,
position and powers under the Empire, 179;
military affairs, 184;
under Vespasian, 274;
under Domitian and later emperors, 275,
supplanted by Diocletian, 312
Senators forbidden foreign commerce, 67, 132;
as landowners, 67, 132,
flee from CÆsar, 121;
tax farmers, 132;
hereditary, 132, 134
Seneca the younger and Nero, 272, 290, 291;
ethics of, 303
Senecas, the, Spaniards, 220, 290
Senones, the, 212
Sens, 212
Serapis, 139
Sergi, G., on the Mediterranean race, 2
Sertorius, 105, 107
Sestertius, 34
Severi, the, 311
Severus, Alexander, 306, 311
Severus, Septimius, 306
Seviri, Augustales, 196
Shakespeare and CÆsar, 112
Shapur, the Persian King, 306
Sheep, 36, 70
Shepherds, 71
24
Tarquins, the, 19
Tarraco, 221
Tarraconensis, 221
Tarshish, 49
Tartars, 214, 309
Tax-farming, 132, 191
Tax-gatherers, 191
Taxes (stipendium) from provincial territories, 64,
freedom from (tributum), 188, 189;
in kind, 190;
indirect, 196,
under the Empire, 270, 276,
collection of, 273;
increase of, 311,
exemption of certain classes, 311,
Constantine’s burden of, 313
Teachers, 286
“Tellus Group,” the, 244, 250
Temple, the, Jerusalem, 268
Temples, 67, 152, 166, 168, 196, 243, 250, 251, 280, 282, 294
Temples to Augustus, 201
Tenth Legion, the, 123,

150, 269
Terence, 76, 77, 138
Terentia, 138
Terentius Lucanus, senator, 76
Terminus, 37
Terra-cotta ornaments, Etruscan, 21, 22
“Terramare” civilisation, 14
Tertullian, 316
Tetricus, 308
Teutonic and Latin races, contrast between, 213, 214.
See also Germany
Teutons, the, invasion by, 93,
defeated by Marius, 94
Thamugadi, 283
Thapsus, 123
Theatre of Marcellus, 251
Theatres, 75
Theatrical performances, 137
Thebes, 202
Theocritus, 144, 233
Theodosius, 313
ThespiÆ, 201
Thessalonica, 202
Third Legion, 283
Thrace, 194, 197, 312
Thrasea, PÆtus, 273, 300
Thurii, 106
Thusnelda, 219
Tiber, the River, 12,
and navigation, 17, 187,
offerings to the, 40
Tiberius, Suetonius on, 162, 306,
in the triumph of Augustus, 166;
suppresses the comitia, 174;
nominated to succeed Augustus, 175, 229,
as general, 184;
overlord in Asia, 195;
and Germany, 216, 263,
his mother Livia, 227;
banishment, 228;
rivals, 228;
triumphs, 239,
character, 253;
and enlargement of the Empire, 259;
government, 271,
retirement, 271,
and “delation,” 272;
junior and Rome, 235-236,
loss of patrimony, 236, 243,
position, 288,
and epic poetry, 288
Verres, 209
Verulamium, 260
Vespasian and press censorship, 163,
in Britain, 259,
and Germany, 264,
and Moesia, 265,
subdues Palestine, 268,
becomes CÆsar, 274,
origin, 274,
government, 274,
Rome under, 279,
and Pliny the elder, 287;
art under, 293
Vesta, 38,
Temple of, 152
Vestals, state, 38
Vetera Castra (Xanten), 216, 219, 263
Via Appia. See Appian Way
Via Claudia, 263
Vicars, 312
Vice, 133, 138
Villa Albani, 293
“Villanova” period, 14
Villas, 251, 295
Viminacium, 266
Vindex, 257, 262
Vipsania, 227
Virginia, 33
Viriathus, 84
Virtue, Roman, 33, 80
Visigoths, 314
Vitellius, 262, 273, 289
Vitruvius, 290
Voluptas, 139
Vopiscus, 307
Wales, 260
Walls, Roman, 261, 262
War and culture, 73
Warfare, annals of, in history, 306
Watchmen, 186
Wax images, 156, 248
Wealth under the Republic, 131
Weser, the, 216, 219
Wickhoff, Franz, and Roman art, 157, 244, 293
Wiesbaden (AquÆ MattiacÆ), 264
Wine, 136
Wolf, the, as totem, 19,
the mother wolf, 38
Women, influence of, 223,
wickedness of, under the Empire, 254
World-state, the, 278, 308
Worth, 264
Xanten. See Vetera Castra
York, 261
ZacchÆus, 207
Zama, 53
Zealots, the, 268
Zela, 123
Zeno the Stoic, 300
Zenobia, Queen, 306, 307, 308
Zeus, Olympian, Temple of, 153
Zeuxis, 296
Zion, Temple of Jupiter on, 269
Zuyder Zee canal, 216

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