The gradual acceptance of the Copernican theory of the universe

FOOTNOTES

[1] The earliest observation Ptolemy uses is an Egyptian one of an eclipse occurring March 21, 721 B.C. (Cumont: 7). [In these references, the Roman numerals refer to the volume, the Arabic to the page, except as stated otherwise. The full title is given in the bibliography at the back under the author's name.]

[2] Warren: 40. See "Calendar" in Hastings: Ency. of Religion and Ethics.

[3] For a summary of recent researches, see the preface of Heath: Aristarchus of Samos. For further details, see Heath: Op. cit., and the writings of Kugler and Schiaparelli.

[4] See Plutarch: Moralia: De placitas Philosophorum, Lib. I et II, (V. 264-277, 296-316).

[5] Diogenes LaËrtius: De Vitis, Lib. IX, c. 3 (252).

[6] Plato: TimÆus, sec. 39 (III, 459 in Jowett's translation).

[7] Aristotle: De Mundo, c. 2 et 6 (III, 628 and 636).

[8] Plutarch: Op. cit., Lib. III, c. 2 (V, 303-4).

[9] Diogenes LaËrtius: De Vitis, Lib. VIII, c. 1, et 8 (205, 225).

[10] Diogenes: Op. cit., Lib. VIII, c. 7 (225).

[11] Cicero: Academica, Lib. II, c. 39 (322).

[12] Plutarch: Op. cit., Lib. II (V. 299-300).

[13] Archimedes: Arenarius, c. 1. Delambre: Astr. Anc., I, 102.

[14] This is the only account of his system. Even the age in which he flourished is so little known that there have been many disputes whether he was the original inventor of this system or followed some other. He was probably a contemporary of Cleanthes the Stoic in the 3rd century B.C. He is mentioned also by Ptolemy, Diogenes LaËrtius and Vitruvius. (Schiaparelli: Die Vorlaufer des Copernicus im Alterthum, 75. See also Heath: Op. cit.)

[15] Plutarch: Op. cit.: Bk. III, c. 2 (V, 317-318).

[16] The Stoic contemporary of Aristarchus, author of the famous Stoic hymn. See Diogenes LaËrtius: De Vitis.

[17] Plutarch: De Facie in Orbe LunÆ, (V, 410).

[18] Young: 109.

[19] Milton: Paradise Lost, Bk. VIII, ll. 82-85.

[20] Vitruvius: De Architectura, Lib. IX, c. 4 (220).

[21] Martianus Capella: De Nuptiis, Lib. VIII, (668).

[22] Ptolemy: Almagest, Lib. I, c. 7, (1, 21-25). Translated in Appendix B.

[23] Whewell: I, 239.

[24] Whewell: I, 294.

[25] Berry: 79.

[26] His book De Motu Stellarum, translated into Latin by Plato Tiburtinus (fl. 1116) was published at Nuremberg (1557) by Melancthon with annotations by Regiomontanus. Ency. Brit. 11th. Edit.

[27] Vaughan: I, 281.

[28] Graux: 318.

[29] Graux: 319.

[30] Rashdall: II, pt. I, 77.

[31] Dict. of Nat. Biog.

[32] MSS. of it are extremely numerous. It was the second astronomical book to be printed, the first edition appearing at Ferrara in 1472. 65 editions appeared before 1647. It was translated into Italian, French, German, and Spanish, and had many commentators. Dict. of Nat. Biog.

[33] Whewell: I, 277.

[34] Blavatski: II, 29, note.

[35] Philo JudÆus: Quis Rerum Divinarum HÆres. (IV, 7).

[36] Clement of Alexandria: Stromatum, Lib. V, c. 14, (III, 67).

[37] Origen: De Principiis, Lib. I, c. 7, (XI, 171).

[38] Lactantius: Divinarum Institutionum, Lib. III, c. 3 (VI, 355).

[39] Ibid: Lib. III, c. 24, (VI, 425-428).

[40] Taylor: MediÆval Mind, I, 74.

[41] By the will of God the earth remains motionless and stands throughout the age.

[42] Augustine: De Civitate Dei, Lib. XVI, c. 9, (41, p. 437).

[43] Augustine: De Genesi, II, c. 9, (v. 34, p. 270). (White's translation).

[44] Augustine: Civitate Dei, Lib. V, c. 5, (v. 41, p. 145).

[45] Philastrius: De HÆresibus, c. 133, (v. 12, p. 1264).

[46] Pseudo-Dionysius: De Coelesti Ierarchia, (v. 122, p. 10354).

[47] Milman: VIII, p. 228-9. See the Paradiso.

[48] Isidore of Seville: De Ordine Creaturarum, c. 5, sec. 3, (v. 83, p. 923).

[49] Lombard: Sententia, Bk. II, Dist. I, sec. 8, (v. 192, p. 655).

[50] Aquinas: Summa Theologica, pt. I, qu. 70, art. 2. (Op. Om. Caietani, V, 179).

[51] Roger Bacon: Opus Tertium, 295, 30-31.

[52] Ibid: 289.

[53] Ibid: 282.

[54] Delambre: Moyen Age, 365.

[55] Prowe: II, 67-70.

[56] Delambre: Moyen Age, 262-272.

[57] Delambre: Moyen Age, 272.

[58] It has been claimed that Regiomontanus knew of the earth's motion around the sun a hundred years before Copernicus; but a German writer has definitely disproved this claim by tracing it to its source in SchÖner's Opusculum Geographicum (1553) which states only that he believed in the earth's axial rotation. Ziegler: 62.

[59] Ibid: 62.

[60] Delambre: Op. cit.: 365.

[61] Janssen: Hist. of Ger., I, 5.

[62] Cath. Ency.: "Cusanus."

[63] From Cues near Treves.

[64] Cusanus: De Docta Ignorantia, Bk. II, c. 11-12: "Centrum igitur mundi, coincideret cum circumferentiam, nam si centrum haberet et circumferentiam, et sic intra se haberet suum initium et finem et esset ad aliquid aliud ipse mundus terminatus, et extra mundum esset aluid et locus, quÆ omnia veritate carent. Cum igitur non sit possibile, mundum claudi intra centrum corporale et circumferentiam, non intelligitur mundus, cuius centrum et circumferentia sunt Deus: et cum hic non sit mundus infinitus, tamen non potest concipi finitus, cum terminis careat, intra quos claudatur. Terra igitur, quÆ centrum esse nequit, motu omni carere non potest, nam eam moveri taliter etiam necesse est, quod per infinitum minus moveri posset. Sicut igitur terra non est centram mundi.... Unde licet terra quasi stella sit, propinquior polo centrali, tamen movetur, et non describit minimum circulum in motu, ut est ostensum.... TerrÆ igitur figura est mobilis et sphÆrica et eius motus circularis, sed perfectior esse posset. Et quia maximum in perfectionibus motibus, et figuris in mundo non est, ut ex iam dictis patent: tunc non est verum quod terra ista sit vilissima et infima, nam quamvis videatur centralior, quo'ad mundum, est tamen etiam, eadem ratione polo propinquior, ut est dictum." (pp. 38-39).

[65] Riccioli: Alm. Nov., II, 292.

[66] Cusanus: Opera, 549: Excitationum, Lib. VII, ex sermone: Debitores sumus: "Est enim oratio, omnibus creaturis potentior. Nam angeli seu intelligentiÆ, movent orbes, Solem et stellas: sed oratio potentior, quia impedit motum, sicut oratio JosuÆ, fecit sistere Solem."

[67] Di Bruno: 284, 286a; Walsh: An Early Allusion, 2-3.

[68] Nicolaus Coppernicus (Berlin, 1883-4; 3 vol.; Pt. I, Biography, Pt. II, Sources), by Dr. Leopold Prowe gives an exhaustive account of all the known details in regard to Copernicus collected from earlier biographers and tested most painstakingly by the documentary evidence Dr. Prowe and his fellow-workers unearthed during a lifetime devoted to this subject. (Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.) The manuscript authority Dr. Prowe cites (Prowe: I, 19-27 and footnotes), requires the double p in Copernicus's name, as Copernicus himself invariably used the two p's in the Latinized form Coppernic without the termination us, and usually when this termination was added. Also official records and the letters from his friends usually give the double p; though the name is found in many variants—Koppernig, Copperinck, etc. His signatures in his books, his name in the letter he published in 1509, and the Latin form of it used by his friends all bear testimony to his use of the double p. But custom has for so many centuries sanctioned the simpler spelling, that it seems unwise not to conform in this instance to the time-honored usage.

[69] Prowe: I, 85.

[70] Ency. Brit.: "Thorn."

[71] Prowe: I, 47-53.

[72] These facts would seem to justify the Poles today in claiming Copernicus as their fellow-countryman by right of his father's nationality and that of his native city. Dr. Prowe, however, claims him as a "Prussian" both because of his long residence in the Prussian-Polish bishopric of Ermeland, and because of Copernicus's own reference to Prussia as "unser lieber Vaterland." (Prowe: II, 197.)

[73] Prowe: I, 73-82.

[74] Ibid: I, 111.

[75] Ibid: I, 124-129.

[76] Ibid: I, 137.

[77] Ibid: I, 141-143.

[78] Rheticus: Narratio Prima, 448 (Thorn edit.).

[79] Prowe: I, 154.

[80] Ibid: I, 169.

[81] Ibid: I, 174.

[82] Ibid: I, 175. This insured him an annual income which amounted to a sum equalling about $2250 today. Later he received a sinecure appointment besides at Breslau. (Holden in Pop. Sci., 111.)

[83] Prowe: I, 224.

[84] Ibid: I, 308.

[85] Ibid: I, 240 and note. Little is known about him today, except that he was primarily an observer, and was highly esteemed by his immediate successors; see Gilbert: De Magnete.

[86] Clerke in Ency. Brit., "Novara."

[87] Prowe: I, 249.

[88] Prowe: I, 279.

[89] Ibid, 294.

[90] Ibid: I, 319.

[91] Prowe: I, 335-380.

[92] Ibid: II, 75-110, 116, 124.

[93] Ibid: II, 204-8.

[94] Ibid: II, 110.

[95] Ibid: II, 144.

[96] Ibid: II, 146.

[97] Ibid: II, 293-319.

[98] Ibid: II, 464-472.

[99] Ibid: II, 170-187.

[100] Holden in Pop. Sci., 109.

[101] Prowe: II, 67-70.

[102] Copernicus: De Revolutionibus, Thorn edit., 444. The last two words of the full title: De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium are not on the original MS. and are believed to have been added by Osiander. Prowe: II, 541, note.

[103] Ibid: II, 490-1.

[104] Copernicus: Dedication, 4. (Thorn edit.)

[105] Prowe: II, 503-508.

[106] Ibid: II, 64.

[107] Ibid: II, 58-9.

[108] Rheticus: Narratio Prima.

[109] Prowe: II, 56.

[110] Copernicus: Dedication, 5-6. See Appendix B.

[111] For a translation of this dedication in full, see Appendix B.

In the original MS. occurs a reference (struck out) to Aristarchus of Samos as holding the theory of the earth's motion. (Prowe: II, 507, note.) The finding of this passage proves that Copernicus had at least heard of Aristarchus, but his apparent indifference is the more strange since an account of his teaching occurs in the same book of Plutarch from which Copernicus learned about Philolaus. But the chief source of our knowledge about Aristarchus is through Archimedes, and the editio princeps of his works did not appear till 1544, a year after the death of Copernicus. C.R. Eastman in Pop. Sci. 68:325.

[112] Delambre: Astr. Mod. pp. xi-xii.

[113] As the earth moves, the position in the heavens of a fixed star seen from the earth should differ slightly from its position observed six months later when the earth is on the opposite side of its orbit. The distance to the fixed stars is so vast, however, that this final proof of the earth's motion was not attained till 1838 when Bessel (1784-1846) observed stellar parallax from KÖnigsberg. Berry: 123-24.

[114] Commentariolus in Prowe: III, 202.

[115] Holden in Pop. Sci., 117.

[116] Delambre: Astr. Mod., p. xi.

[117] Snyder: 165.

[118] Copernicus: Dedication, 3.

[119] Prowe: II, 362-7.

[120] Ibid: II, 406.

[121] Ibid: II, 501.

[122] Ibid: II, 517-20.

[123] Four other editions have since appeared; at Basel, 1566, Amsterdam 1617, Warsaw 1847, and Thorn 1873. For further details, see Prowe: II, 543-7, and Thorn edition pp. xii-xx. The edition cited in this study is the Thorn one of 1873.

[124] Prowe: II, 553-4.

[125] Copernicus: De Revolutionibus, I. "To the reader on the hypotheses of this book."

[126] "For it is not necessary that these hypotheses be true, nor even probable, but this alone is sufficient, if they show reasoning fitting the observations."

[127] Kepler: Apologia Tychonis contra Ursum in Op. Om.: I, 244-246.

[128] Prowe: II, 251, note.

[129] Ibid: II, 537-9.

[130] Ibid: II, 273.

[131] Ibid: II, 286-7.

[132] A second copy was found at Upsala shortly afterwards, though for centuries its existence was unknown save for two slight references to such a book, one by Gemma Frisius, the other by Tycho Brahe. Prowe: II, 284.

[133] Ibid: II, 273-4.

[134] Prowe: II, 274, note.

[135] Prowe: II, 426-440.

[136] Ibid: II, 387-405.

[137] Ibid: II, 391.

[138] Holden in Pop. Sci., 119.

[139] Prowe: II, 233-244.

[140] Burckhardt: 8.

[141] The two standard lives of Tycho Brahe are the Vita Tychonis Brahei by Gassendi (1655) till recently the sole source of information, and Dreyer's Tycho Brahe (1890) based not only on Gassendi but on the documentary evidence disclosed by the researches of the 19th century. For Tycho's works I have used the Opera Omnia published at Frankfort in 1648. The Danish Royal Scientific Society has issued a reprint (1901) of the rare 1573 edition of the De Nova Stella.

[142] Bridges: 206.

[143] Dreyer: 11-84.

[144] Gassendi: 2.

[145] Dreyer: 13.

[146] Gassendi: 9-10.

[147] Dreyer: 38-44.

[148] Ibid: 84.

[149] Ibid: 234-5.

[150] Kepler: TabulÆ RudolphinÆ. Title page.

[151] Dreyer: 317-363.

[152] As stated in his Book on the Comet of 1577 (pub. 1588).

[153] Dreyer: 168-9.

[154] Schiaparelli in Snyder: 165.

[155] Brahe: Op. Om., pt. I, p. 337.

[156] Ibid: 409-410.

[157] The Tychonic system has supporters to this day. See chap. v.

[158] Dreyer: 181.

[159] The authoritative biography is the Vita by Frisch in vol. VIII, pp. 668-1028 of Op. Om. Kep.

[160] Frisch: VIII, 718.

[161] Delambre: Astr. Mod. 314-315.

[162] Frisch: VIII, 999.

[163] Ibid: VIII, 696.

[164] Ibid: VIII, 699-715.

[165] Dreyer: 290-309.

[166] Frisch: VIII, 715.

[167] Bertrand: p. 870-1.

[168] The two laws first appeared in 1609 in his Physica Coelestis tradita commentarius de motu stellÆ martis. (Frisch: VIII, 964.) The third he enunciated in his Harmonia Mundi, 1619. (Ibid: VIII, 1013-1017.)

[169] "Cor et animam meam": Kepler's expression in regard to the Copernician theory. Ibid: VIII, 957.

[170] Ibid: VIII, 838.

[171] Ibid: VIII, 742.

[172] Kepler: Op. Om., I, 106: PrÆfatio ad Lectorem.

[173] Berry: 210.

[174] Berry: 265.

[175] Ibid: 359.

[176] Jacoby: 89.

[177] See before, p. 30.

[178] Luther: Tischreden, IV, 575; "Der Narr will die ganze Kunst AstronomiÆ umkehren. Aber wie die heilige Schrift anzeigt, so heiss Josua die Sonne still stehen, und nicht das Erdreich."

[179] "Non est autem hominis bene instituti dissentire a consensu tot sÆculorum." PrÆfatio Philippi Melanthonis, 1531, in Sacro-Busto: Libellus de SphÆra (no date).

[180] "Vidi dialogum et fui dissuassor editionis. Fabula per sese paulatim consilescet; sed quidam putant esse egregiam katorthoma rem tam absurdam ornare, sicut ille Sarmaticus Astronomis qui movet terram et figet solem. Profecto sapientes gubernatores deberent ingeniorum petulantia cohercere." Epistola B. Mithobio, 16 Oct. 1541. P. Melancthon: Opera: IV, 679.

[181] "Quamquam autem rident aliqui Physicum testimonia divina citantem, tamen nos honestum esse censemus, Philosophiam conferre ad coelestia dicta, et in tanta caligine humanÆ mentis autoritatem divinam consulere ubicunque possumus." Melancthon: Initia DoctrinÆ PhysicÆ: Bk. I, 63.

[182] Ibid: 60.

[183] Ibid: 59-67.

[184] Farrar: Hist. of Interpretation: Preface, xviii: "Who," asks Calvin, "will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit?"

[185] Calvin: Oeuvres FranÇois: TraitÉ ... contre l'Astrologie, 110-112.

[186] Calvin: Op. Om. in Corpus Reformatorum: vol. 25, 499-500; vol. 59, 195-196.

[187] P. 78-79: "Ce planÉtaire ... represente le systÈme du monde tel qu'il a ÉtÉ expliquÉ par Copernic."

[188] SchwilguÉ: p. 15.

[189] Ibid: p. 48.

[190] Dict. of Nat. Biog.: "Recorde."

[191] Quoted (p. 135), from the edition of 1596 in the library of Mr. George A. Plimpton. See also Recorde's Whetstone of Witte (1557) as cited by Berry, 127.

[192] DuBartas: The Divine Weeks (Sylvester's trans. edited by Haight): Preface, pp. xx-xxiii and note.

[193] Op. cit.: 72.

[194] La Fuente: Historia de la Universidades ... de EspaÑa: II, 314.

[195] Doc. 86 in Favaro: 130.

[196] Diccionario EnciclopÉdico Hispano-Americano de literatura, ciencias y artes (Barcelona, 1898).

[197] Quoted in Salusbury: Math. Coll.: I, 468-470 (1661), as a work inaccessible to most readers at that time because of its extreme rarity. It remained on the Index until the edition of 1835.

[198] Montaigne: Essays: Bk. II, c. 2: An Apologie of Raymonde Sebonde (II, 352).

[199] This book, published at Frankfort in 1597, was translated into French by M. Fougerolles and printed in Lyons that same year. It has become extremely rare since its "atheistic atmosphere" (Peignot: Dictionnaire) caused the Roman Church to place it upon the Index by decree of 1628, where it has remained to this day.

[200] Cromer in History of Poland.

[201] Cromer in History of Poland.[A]

[A] I could not find this reference in either of Martin Kromer's books; De Origine et Rebus Gestis Polonorum, ad 1511, or in his Res PublicÆ sive Status Regni PoloniÆ.

[202] Bodin: Univ. Nat. Theatrum: Bk. V, sec. 2 (end).

[203] Delambre: Astr. Mod.: I, 663.

[204] Justus-Lipsius: PhysiologiÆ Stoicorum: Bk. II, dissert. 19 (Dedication 1604, Louvain), (IV, 947); "Vides deliria, quomodo aliter appellent?"

[205] Berti: 285.

[206] McIntyre: 3-15.

[207] Four lives of Bruno have been written within the last seventy-five years. The first is Jordano Bruno by Christian BartholmÈss (2 vol., Paris 1846). The next, Vita di Giordano Bruno da Nola by Domenico Berti (1868, Turin), quotes in full the official documents of his trial. Frith's Life of Giordano Bruno (London, 1887), has been rendered out of date by J.L. McIntyre's Giordano Bruno (London, 1903), which includes a critical bibliography. In addition, W.R. Thayer's Throne Makers (New York, 1899), gives translations of Bruno's confessions to the Venetian Inquisition. Bruno's Latin works (Opera Latina Conscripta), have been republished by Fiorentino (3 vol., Naples, 1879), and the Opere Italiane by Gentile (3 vol., Naples, 1907).

[208] BartholmÈss: I, 134.

[209] Libri: IV, 144.

[210] McIntyre: 16-40.

[211] BartholmÈss: I, 134.

[212] Gilbert: De Magnete (London, 1600).

[213] Berti: 369, Doc. XIII.

[214] McIntyre: 16-40.

[215] BartholmÈss: I, 134.

[216] Beyersdorf: Giordano Bruno und Shakespear, 8-36.

[217] Such passages as Troilus and Cressida: Act I, sc. 3; King John, Act III, sc. 1; and Merry Wives, Act III, sc. 2, indicate that Shakespeare accepted fully the Ptolemaic conception of a central, immovable earth. See also Beyersdorf: op. cit.

[218] McIntyre: 68.

[219] Ibid: 47-72.

[220] See official documents in Berti: 327-395.

[221] Bruno: De Immenso et Innumerabilis: Lib. III, cap. 9 (vol. 1, pt. 1, 380-386).

[222] Thayer: 268.

[223] Berti: 285.

[224] Ibid: 282.

[225] Fahie: 82-89.

[226] Thayer: 299.

[227] The publication of A. Favaro's Galileo e l'Inquisizione: Documenti del Processo Galileiano ... per la prima volta integralmente pubblicati, (Firenze, 1907), together with that of the National Edition (in 20 vols.) of Galileo's works, edited by Favaro (Firenze, completed 1909), renders somewhat obsolete all earlier lives of Galileo. The more valuable, however, of these books are: Martin's GalilÉe (Paris, 1868), a scholarly Catholic study containing valuable bibliographical notes; Anon. (Mrs. Olney): Private Life of Galileo, based largely on his correspondence with his daughter from which many extracts are given; and von Gebler's Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia (trans. by Mrs. Sturge, London, 1879), which includes in the appendix the various decrees in the original. Fahie's Life of Galileo (London, 1903), is based on Favaro's researches and is reliable. The documents of the trial have been published in part by de l'Epinois, von Gebler and Berti, but Favaro's is the complete and authoritative edition.

[228] Fahie: 20-40.

[229] Ibid: 121.

[230] Galileo: Opere, X, 68.

[231] 'The Second Day' in Salusbury: Math. Coll. I, 110-111.

[232] Fahie: 265.

[233] Conway: 46-47.

[234] Conway: 46-47.

[235] Fahie: 77-126.

[236] Doc. in Favaro: 13.

[237] Fahie: 149.

[238] Galileo: Opere, V, 281-288.

[239] Doc. in Favaro: 48-49.

[240] Doc. in Favaro: 49.

[241] Ibid: 38: "amorevole avviso."

[242] Ibid: 46, 47, 51.

[243] Ibid: 47.

[244] Ibid: 49.

[245] Ibid: 43-45, see original in Galileo: Opere, V, 281-285.

[246] Doc. in Favaro: 78.

[247] Ibid: 61.

[248] Ibid: 61.

[249] Doc. in Favaro: 61-62.

[250] Ibid: 88.

[251] Ibid: 80-86.

[252] Ibid: 145.

[253] Ibid: 16.

[254] Doc. in Favaro: 16.

[255] Monchamp: 46.

[256] Fromundus: De Cometa Anni 1618: chap. VII, p. 68. (From the private library of Dr. E.E. Slosson. A rare book which Lecky could not find. History of Rationalism in Europe, I, 280, note.)

[257] In 1620 the Congregation issued the changes it required to have made in the De Revolutionibus. They are nine in all, and consist mainly in changing assertion of the earth's movement to hypothetical statement and in striking out a reference to the earth as a planet. Doc. in Favaro: 140-141. See illustration, p. 61.

[258] Doc. in Favaro: 149.

[259] Galileo: Dialogo: To the Reader.

[260] Doc. in Favaro: 70.

[261] Fahie: 230.

[262] Ibid: 240.

[263] Doc. in Favaro: 88-89.

[264] Ibid: 66.

[265] Ibid: 17-18.

[266] Galileo: Opere, XV, 26.

[267] Doc. in Favaro: 74.

[268] Ibid: 75.

[269] Ibid: 76.

[270] Ibid: 80-81.

[271] Ibid: 80-81.

[272] Doc. in Favaro: 83.

[273] Ibid: 84.

[274] Ibid: 85-87.

[275] Ibid: 101.

[276] Doc. in Favaro: 101.

[277] Doc. in Favaro: 146.

[278] Ibid: 145.

[279] Ibid: 103, 129.

[280] Ibid: 134.

[281] Milton: Areopagitica: 35.

[282] Doc. in Favaro: 135.

[283] Ibid: 137.

[284] Fahie: 402.

[285] Doc. in Favaro: 138; and Fahie: 402.

[286] Doc. in Favaro: 101, 103.

[287] Ibid: 104-132.

[288] Fahie: 325, note.

[289] For full statement, see Martin: 133-207.

[290] Gebler: 263.

[291] See Gebler: 244-247; White: I, 159-167; also Martin.

[292] Martin: 136; and Salusbury: Math. Coll. "To the reader."

[293] Galileo: Opere, XV, 25.

[294] Putnam: I, 310.

[295] De Morgan: I, 98.

[296] Martin: 140.

[297] Cath. Ency.: "Boscovich."

[298] Doc. in Favaro: 159.

[299] Ibid: 30, 31.

[300] In Salusbury: Math. Coll.: I, 471-503.

[301] Bk. II: sec. 8, §1.

[302] Bk. II, ch. 46.

[303] Phil. Works: 705.

[304] Bk. III.

[305] Phil. Works: 684-685.

[306] Translated in Appendix C. For criticism, see Monchamp: 58-64.

[307] Fromundus: Vesta: Ad Lectorem.

[308] Monchamp: 41.

[309] Justus-Lipsius: IV, 947.

[310] Monchamp: 48.

[311] Ibid: 94.

[312] Galileo: Opere: XV, 25.

[313] Ibid: XIV, 340-341.

[314] Monchamp: 107-108.

[315] Doc. in Favaro: 120-121, 132, 133.

[316] Monchamp: 125, 143.

[317] Ibid: 148-149.

[318] Ibid: 152-153.

[319] Ibid: 182-234.

[320] Monchamp: 321.

[321] Agricola: Disputatio.

[322] Schotto: Organum Mathematicum (1667).

[323] Voight: Der KunstgÜnstigen Einfalt Mathematischer RaritÄten Erstes Hundert. (Hamburg, 1667).

[324] Voight: op. cit.: 28.

[325] Ibid: 30-31.

[326] Longomontanus: Op. cit.: 162.

[327] Longomontanus: Op. cit.: 158.

[328] Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: PrÆfatio, I, xviii.

[329] Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 496.

[330] Cath. Ency.: "Riccioli," and Walsh: Catholic Churchmen in Science: 200. (2nd series, 1909.)

[331] Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 288-289; see frontispiece.

[332] Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 288-289; see frontispiece.

[333] Delambre: Astr. Mod.: I, 674-680.

[334] Riccioli: Apologia: 2.

[335] Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 313, 315.

[336] Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 330-351.

[337] Ibid: II, 339-340.

[338] Delambre: Op. cit.: I, 677.

[339] Ibid: I, 673.

[340] Riccioli: Alm. Nov.: II, 290.

[341] Riccioli: Op. cit.: II, 304, 309.

[342] Delambre: Astr. Mod.: I, 680.

[343] Riccioli: Op. cit.: II, 478 (condensed), 500.

[344] Riccioli: Apologia: 4.

[345] Ibid: 103.

[346] One bit of contemporary opinion on Riccioli and his work has come down to us. A canon at LiÈge, RÉnÉ-FranÇois Sluse, wrote asking a friend (about 1670) to sound Wallis, the English mathematician, as to his opinion of the Almagestum Novum, and of this argument based on the acceleration of movement in falling bodies. Wallis himself replied that he thought the argument devoid of all value. The canon at once wrote, "I do not understand how a man as intelligent as Riccioli should think he could bring to a close a matter so difficult [the refutation] by a proof as futile as this." Monchamp: 165-166.

For a full, annotated list of books published against the Copernican system between 1631-1688, see Martin: GalilÉe: 386-388.

[347] See Moxon: Advice, A Tutor to Astronomy and Geography (1670): 269.

[348] Haldane's Descartes (1905) is the most recent and authoritative account based upon Descartes's works as published in the Adams-Tannery edition (Paris, 1896. foll.). This edition supersedes that of Cousin.

[349] Haldane: 153.

[350] Ibid: 158.

[351] Descartes: Principes, Pt. III, chap. 13.

[352] Haldane: 291.

[353] Monchamp: 185, note.

[354] Haldane: 292.

[355] Ibid: 193, 279.

[356] Monchamp: 177-181.

[357] Berry quotes (p. 92) a passage from Thomas Digges (d. 1595) with the date 1590: "But in this our age, one rare witte (seeing the continuall errors that from time to time more and more continually have been discovered, besides the infinite absurdities in their Theoricks, which they have been forced to admit that would not confess any mobility in the ball of the Earth) hath by long studye, paynfull practise, and rare invention delivered a new Theorick or Model of the World, shewing that the Earth resteth not in the Center of the whole world or globe of elements, which encircled or enclosed in the Moone's orbit, and together with the whole globe of mortality is carried round about the Sunne, which like a king in the middst of all, rayneth and giveth laws of motion to all the rest, sphÆrically dispersing his glorious beames of light through all this sacred celestiall Temple." Browne also refers to Digges (I, 383).

[358] Gilbert: De Magnete, Bk. VI, c. 3-5 (214-228).

[359] Johnson: Life, in Browne: I, xvii.

[360] Browne: I, 35.

[361] Burton: Anatomy of Melancholy, I, 1; I, 66. First edition, 1621; reprinted 1624, 1628, 1632, 1638, 1651-2, 1660, 1676.

[362] Ibid: I, 385, 389.

[363] Herbert: II, 315.

[364] Milton: Paradise Lost, Bk. VIII, lines 159 et seq.

The great Puritan divine, John Owen (1616-1683), accepts the miracle of the sun's standing still without a word of reference to the new astronomy. (Works: II, 160.) Farrar states that Owen declared Newton's discoveries were against the evident testimonies of Scripture (Farrar: History of Interpretation: xviii.), but I have been unable to verify this statement. Owen died before the Principia was published in 1687.

[365] Whewell: I, 410.

[366] Wilkins: Discourse Concerning a New Planet.

[367] Salusbury: Math. Coll.: To the Reader.

[368] Whewell: I, 411.

[369] One London bookseller in 1670 advertised for sale "spheres according to the Ptolmean, Tychonean and Copernican systems with books for their use." (Moxon: 272.) In 1683 in London appeared the third edition of Gassendi's Institutio, the textbook of astronomy in the universities during this period of uncertainty. It too wavers between the Tychonic and the Copernican systems.

[370] Dict. of Nat. Biog.: "Keill."

[371] Keill: Introductio ad Veram Astronomiam.

[372] Cajori: 29-30.

[373] Cajori: 37.

[374] Pope: Works, VI, 110.

[375] Addison: Spectator, No. 420, (IV, 372-373). An interesting contrast to this passage and a good illustration of how the traditional phraseology continued in poetry is found in Addison's famous hymn, written a year later:

"Whilst all the stars that round her [earth] burn
And all the planets in their turn,
Confirm the tidings as they roll,
And spread the truth from pole to pole.
"What though in solemn silence all
Move round this dark terrestrial ball;
What though no real voice nor sound
Amidst their radiant orbs be found;
"In reason's ear they all rejoice,
And utter forth a glorious voice;
Forever singing, as they shine,
'The hand that made us is divine'."

[376] Mather: Christian Philosopher, 75, 76.

[377] Leadbetter: Astronomy (1729).

[378] In de Maupertius: Ouvrages Divers, (at the back).

[379] Wesley: Compendium of Natural Philosophy, I, 14, 139.

[380] Dobell: Hymns, No. 5, No. 10.

[381] Keble: Christian Year, 279.

[382] Horne: Fair, Candid, Impartial Statement ..., 4.

[383] Pike: Philosophia Sacra, 43.

[384] Forbes: Letter, (1755).

[385] See Wesley: I, 136-7.

[386] Dict. of Nat. Biog.: "Hutchinson."

[387] Stephen: Hist. of Eng. Thought: I, 390.

[388] Ibid: 391.

[389] de Premontval: Le MÉchaniste Philosophe, 54, 72. (The Hague, 1750).

[390] de Brisbar: Calendrier Historique, (Leyden), 228-233.

[391] Bayle: SystÈme AbregÉ de Philosophie (The Hague, 1731), IV, 394-412.

[392] de Maupertius: ElÉments de GÉographie, xv, 9-14.

[393] de Premontval: 123.

[394] Ibid: 132.

[395] Ibid: 157.

[396] Cassini: De l'Origine et du ProgrÈs ..., 35.

[397] Shields: 59. I have failed to find this reference in Bossuet's works.

[398] FÉnelon: Oeuvres, I, 3 and 7.

[399] Pluche: Histoire du Ciel: viii, ix, xiii.

[400] Cath. Ency.: "Boscovich."

[401] Opera: III (1785).

[402] Cited in Monchamp: 335 note.

[403] Ibid: 326.

[404] Ibid: 330.

[405] Fontana: Institutio, II, 32-35.

[406] Ferramosca: Positiones ...: 19.

[407] Piccoli: La Scienza, 4, 7.

[408] Spagnio, De Motu, 81.

[409] Monchamp: 331.

[410] Monchamp: 345.

[411] Bailly: II, 132, note.

[412] Flammarion: 196-198.

[413] Shields: 60.

[414] White: I, 159-167.

[415] See di Bruno: Catholic Belief, 286a.

[416] Riccioli: Apologia, 103.

[417] White: I, 165. See the answer by Wegg-Prosser: Galileo and his Judges.

[418] Donat: 183.

[419] Walsh: Popes and Science, 17.

[420] Conway: 48.

[421] Anon.: Galileo—the Roman Congregation, 39, 60.

[422] De Morgan: I, 172.

[423] "Anglo-American": 5-6.

[424] Ibid: 11.

[425] De Morgan: II, 335.

[426] White: I, 150.

[427] Schoepffer: The Earth Stands Fast, title-page, 6-7.

[428] Ibid: Supplement by Allaben, 21, 74.

[429] Ibid: Note by J.W. de P., 74.

[430] De Peyster and Allaben: Algol, preface.

[431] Lange: The Copernican System: The Greatest Absurdity in the History of Human Thought.

[432] De Peyster and Allaben: Algol, 74.

[433] Sindico: Refutation du SystÈme de Copernic....

[434] Tischner: Le SystÈme Solaire se Mouvant. (1894).

[435] White: I, 151.

[436] See translated sections in Appendix C.

[437] Robinson: 107.

[438] Ibid: 119.

[439] See Prowe: Nic. Cop.: III, 128-137.

[440] i.e., the 15,000 solar years in which all the heavenly bodies complete their circuits and return to their original positions.

[441] Plutarch: Moralia: De Placitis Philosophorum, Lib. III, c. 13 (V. 326).

[442] These two sentences the Congregations in 1620 ordered struck out, as part of their "corrections."

[443] As Rabbi David testified on the 19th Psalm [these footnotes are by Bodin].

[444] Job: 38.

[445] Proverbs.

[446] Metaphysics: II. c. 6, de Coelo. I. c. 6.

[447] In his last chapter.

[448] Which is confirmed by Pico of Mirandola: Heptaplus: Bk. V.

[449] Enchiridion: cap. 43; Gen.: 2 and 18.

[450] On Psalm: Audite coeli.

[451] Summa: pt. 1, art. 3, ques. 70.

[452] Metaphy. XII.

[453] In his commentaries on Book XII of Metaph. where he gives the opinion of Calippus and Eudoxus.

[454] Ex. XVIII and following. Philo JudÆus in the Allegories.

[455] Aristotle: Metaph. II and XII and de Coelo I.

[456] Gen.: 1.

[457] Chap. 1 and 10. Exod.: 24.

[458] I Kings: 8. Deut.: 28.

[459] Psalm 146.

[460] According to Maymon: Perplexorum, III.

[461] Psalm 147.

[462] Psalm 148. Gen. 1 and 7.

[463] Also in Psalm 67 and 123.

[464] Psalm 92.

[465] Exod. 24. Ezek. 1, 10.

[466] Isa. 6.

[467] Isa. 6. Ezek. 1 and 10. Zach. 4. Exod. 24, 25.

[468] Maleficium quidam, i.e., some evil-power. Job 5.

[469] Augustine against Faustus wrote that vanity is not produced from the dust, nor evil from the earth.

[470] Job 41 and 49. Isa. 54. Ezek. 31.

[471] Isa. 54.

[472] Isa. 45.

[473] Job 34.

[474] Feyens probably refers here to Francesco Patrizzi, who was an enemy of the peripatetics and a great supporter of platonism. He died in 1597 at Rome, where Clement VIII had conferred on him the chair of philosophy.

[475] Joshua X: 13-14.

[476] Ecclesiastes I: 4.

Transcriber's Errata List

Frontispiece Explanation, second paragraph: Original incorrectly cites p. 68; corrected to p. 80.

Page 15: "829 A.D." should be "929 A.D."

Page 35: Missing reference to Footnote 160 in original text has been added in a logical place.

Page 64: Missing reference to Footnote 263 in original text has been added in a logical place.

Page 65: "if were" should be "if he were."

Page 85: Missing reference to Footnote 348 in original text has been added in a logical place.

Page 88: "Richard Burton" should be "Robert Burton."

Page 97: "ceasely" should be "ceaselessly."

Page 137: "Burton, Richard" should be "Burton, Robert."

Page 145: "Burton, Richard" should be "Burton, Robert."

Footnote 157: Original incorrectly cites chap. viii; corrected to chap. v.

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