Little over a decade has passed since the South African, or Boer War, was brought to a close, so that it is hardly necessary for me to enter into details of the fighting, since so many will readily call to mind the events which led up to the ultimatum from the Boer Government in October 1899, and the necessity for Britain to place in the field the largest army ever sent out of England—about 200,000 men, which makes the army of 30,000 that fought under Viscount Wolseley in Egypt look very insignificant. During the first seven months of the war the battles of Talana Hill, Elandslaagte, Belmont, Modder River, Tugela Heights, Paardeberg and Driefontein, and many another battle had been fought and won; the sad disaster at Magersfontein had taken place, and the oft-wounded Wauchope killed. Ladysmith and Kimberley had been gallantly defended and relieved, and the siege of Wepener raised. Two hundred and eighteen British officers and 2,062 soldiers had been killed in action; 53 officers and 492 men had died of their wounds; 64 officers and 2,028 men had died of disease, and 664 officers and 9,225 men had been wounded. Indeed, a grand total of 24,253 officers and men had been killed or placed hors de combat. During the war Great Britain and her colonies lost in action 5,774 officers and men, and 16,168 by disease, while of those sent home 508 succumbed to their wounds or disease, 22,829 were wounded, and 5,879 were invalided out of the service.

Cape Colony.—There is a mistaken idea that the single bar for CAPE COLONY is not worth consideration as an engagement bar, but as a matter of fact many a brave fellow found a billet for a Boer bullet in the north of Cape Colony during the early days of the war, as the casualty records of certain regiments show. It is true, however, that many a man never got within miles of the enemy, and had to be content with the "donkey work" of looking after things for those at the front, while some whose bars include that for Cape Colony only landed for a day or two, and were then transported by sea to the fighting area. NATAL on a bar means, as every one knows, service in the zone where Buller did so much hard fighting—indeed, it was the Boer invasion of Natal on October 12th, 1899, that necessitated the defence of Ladysmith, and occupied the efforts of the Natal Field Force during 1900.

The Queen's Medal.—Twenty-six bars were issued in connection with the Queen's medal. Many think this constitutes a record, and it does for one campaign, but twenty-eight were issued with the Military General Service medal which was awarded in 1847; this, however, covered a series of campaigns. No less than 230 bars were issued with the Naval General Service medal also authorised in 1847, but these were obviously to cover a series of operations and campaigns. The bars for the Boer War are as follows, ranged in chronological order: CAPE COLONY, NATAL, RHODESIA, RELIEF OF MAFEKING, DEFENCE OF KIMBERLEY, TALANA, ELANDSLAAGTE, DEFENCE OF LADYSMITH, BELMONT, MODDER RIVER, TUGELA HEIGHTS, RELIEF OF KIMBERLEY, PAARDEBERG, ORANGE FREE STATE, RELIEF OF LADYSMITH, DRIEFONTEIN, WEPENER, DEFENCE OF MAFEKING, TRANSVAAL, JOHANNESBURG, LAING'S NEK, DIAMOND HILL, WITTEBERGEN, BELFAST, SOUTH AFRICA 1901, SOUTH AFRICA 1902. The latter two were issued to those who, although engaged during the period for which the King's Medal was awarded, were nevertheless not entitled to it by the terms of the grant. Talana, where General Penn Symonds was killed on October 20th, 1899, was the first general engagement, and Belfast, fought on August 26th and 27th, 1900, the last. The bars should read upwards from the medal in the order arranged above.

This medal by G. W. De Saulles is 1? in. in diameter, and has on the obverse the bust of Her Majesty Queen Victoria (as shown in the illustration facing page 176). On the reverse is a spirited figure of Britannia, grasping the Union Jack in her left hand, while with her right she offers the laurel wreath to the army which marches past:

Behind her in the distance is a man-of-war in Table Bay, and in the foreground, lying to the left, her shield and trident; above is SOUTH AFRICA. It is noteworthy that the Army Order specifically mentions not only the Colonial and Indian forces, but nurses and nursing sisters. Bronze medals without bars were given to non-enlisted men of whatever nationality who drew military pay, and to authorised camp followers. The ribbon has a broad centre stripe of orange, with dark blue and red stripes at the sides. The names, etc., were mostly indented in skeleton block letters, some tall and some square, but many were engraved in slanting Roman capitals. The first medals awarded, including those issued to the Canadian contingent, had the date 1899-1900 printed on the field to the right of Britannia, but this, of course, quickly rubbed off when the medal was worn. Medals, however, in mint condition, are sometimes found with the date still clearly showing.

The King's Medal.—In October 1902 His Majesty King Edward VII authorised the issue of a medal bearing his effigy, with the legend EDWARDVS VII REX IMPERATOR, to all those who had served for eighteen months at the front, and were still serving on January 1st, 1902, or had completed such term before June 1st, 1902—that is, just one month after the terms of surrender were signed. The reverse of this medal is the same as the Queen's, but on the obverse is the bust of King Edward in Field-Marshal's uniform. Two bars were given; SOUTH AFRICA 1901 and SOUTH AFRICA 1902. The ribbon is composed of three equal stripes of green, white, and orange, and the names are mostly indented or engraved in the same manner as the Queen's medal.

The Mediterranean Medal.—A medal bearing the legend MEDITERRANEAN to the right of Britannia, but otherwise exactly the same as the Queen's South African medal, was awarded to those who garrisoned the Mediterranean forts during the South African War; no bars were issued with this. It is worn with the Queen's ribbon, and the names, etc., are generally indented. Those engaged in this work were mostly Militia units, who volunteered for service abroad during the war.

Kimberley Star.—The Mayor of Kimberley presented to all those who took part in its defence a silver six-pointed star, but it should be particularly noticed that only those bearing the hall-mark, including the date-mark a, are genuine. The ribbon is red, white, and blue in the centre, edged with black on one side and yellow on the other. The stars were issued unnamed, and generally depended from an ornamental suspender, but the one illustrated facing page 192 was issued as depicted.

The following troops were engaged during the campaign:

Cavalry.—One squadron each of the 1st and 2nd Life Guards and Horse Guards; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th Dragoon Guards; 1st Dragoons; Scots Greys; 3rd and 4th Hussars; 5th Lancers; 6th Dragoons; 7th and 8th Hussars; 9th Lancers; 10th and 11th Hussars; 12th Lancers; 13th, 14th, and 15th Hussars; 16th and 17th Lancers; 18th, 19th, and 20th Hussars; and the 21st Lancers.

Infantry.—Grenadier, Scots, and Coldstream Guards, and the following Regiments of the Line: Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Border, Cheshire, Cornwall Light Infantry, Derbyshire, Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Durham Light Infantry, Essex, Royal Fusiliers, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, East Kent, West Kent, King's Royal Rifle Corps, Lancashire Fusiliers, East Lancashire, South Lancashire, Loyal North Lancastrian, Royal Lancashire, Liverpool, Leicestershire, Lincoln, Manchester, Middlesex, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland Fusiliers, Oxford Light Infantry, Rifle Brigade, Shropshire Light Infantry, Somersetshire Light Infantry, North and South Staffordshire, Suffolk, Sussex, East and West Surrey Regiments, Warwickshire, Wiltshire, Worcestershire, Yorkshire, Yorkshire Light Infantry, East also West Yorkshire, York and Lancaster, and West Riding Regiments, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, Royal Highlanders ("Black Watch"), Cameron, Seaforth and Gordon Highlanders, King's Own Scottish Rifles, Royal Scots Fusiliers, Scottish Rifles, Highland Light Infantry, Royal Irish Fusiliers, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, Inniskilling also Munster Fusiliers, Royal Irish, Royal Irish Rifles, Leinster, Connaught Rangers, South Wales Borderers, Royal Welsh Fusiliers.

Volunteers.—Thirty-two Battalions of Imperial Yeomanry, City Volunteer Battalions, Companies, and Corps.

Royal Garrison Artillery.—Eastern Division: 5th, 6th, and 10th Companies; Southern Division: 14th 15th, 16th, and 36th Companies; Western Division: 2nd, 6th, 10th, 14th, 15th, 17th, and 23rd Companies.

Royal Horse Artillery.—A, G, J, M, O, P, Q, R, T, U, and V Batteries.

Royal Field Artillery.—2nd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 13th, 14th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 28th, 37th, 38th, 39th, 42nd, 43rd, 44th, 53rd, 61st, 62nd, 63rd, 64th, 65th, 66th, 67th, 68th, 69th, 73rd, 74th, 75th, 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th, 81st, 82nd, 83rd, 84th, 85th, 86th, 87th, and 88th Batteries.

Royal Engineers, Army Service and Army Ordnance Corps, Army Veterinary and Army Pay Departments, and R.A. Medical Corps.

Irregular Corps.—Imperial Light Horse, South African Light Horse, Cape Mounted Rifles, Kitchener's Fighting Scouts, Thorneycroft's Horse, Brabant's Horse, Bethune's Horse, British South African Police, South African Constabulary, National Scouts (Boers), Scottish Horse, Lumsden's Horse and Strathcona's Horse, New South Wales Military Forces, Imperial Bushmen, New Zealand Mounted Rifles and Rough Riders, Queensland Mounted Infantry, South Australian Mounted Infantry and Bushmen's Contingent, Tasmanian Infantry, Artillery, and Bushmen, Victorian Infantry, Victorian Mounted Infantry, Cameron's Scouts, West Australian Contingent, Royal Canadian Dragoons and Batteries of Field Artillery, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Canadian Scouts, Ceylon Mounted Infantry, Bechuanaland Rifles, Border Horse, and Mounted Rifles, also Scouts, Brabant's Scouts, British South Africa Police, Cape Cavalry Brigade, Cape Colony Cyclist Corps, Cape Garrison Artillery, Cape Medical Staff Corps, Cape Mounted Rifle Club, Cape Police, 1st City (Grahamstown) Volunteers, Colonial Defence Force, Commander-in-Chief's Bodyguard, Dennison's Scouts, Diamond Field Artillery, Diamond Field Horse, District Mounted Rifles, Driscoll's Scouts, Duke of Edinburgh's Own Volunteer Rifles, Durban Light Infantry, East Griqualand Mounted Rifle Volunteers, Eastern Province Horse, French's Scouts, Frontier Mounted Rifles, Gatacre's Scouts, Griqualand East Mounted Rifle Volunteers, Herbert District Mounted Rifles, Herschell Mounted Volunteers, Imperial Light Horse and Light Infantry, Johannesburg Mounted Rifles, Kaffrarian Rifles, Kenny's Scouts, Kimberley Regiment, Kimberley Mounted Corps and Light Horse, Kimberley Rifles, Kitchener's Horse, Kuysna Rangers, Komgha Mounted Volunteers, Loch's Horse, Lovat's Scouts, Maritzani Mounted Irregulars, Marshal's Horse, Merre's Scouts, Military Foot Police, Modder River District Mounted Rifles, Namaqualand Border Scouts, Natal Volunteers, Natal Mounted Infantry, Nesbitt's Horse, New England Mounted Rifles, Orpen's Horse, Pioneer Railway Regiment, Prince Alfred's Own Cape Artillery, Prince Alfred's Volunteer Guard, Prince of Wales's Light Horse, Queenstown Rifle Volunteers, Rand Rifles, Rimington's Guides, Roberts's Light Horse, Rundle's Colonial Scouts, Rhodesian Regiment, Scottish Horse, South African Constabulary, South Rhodesian Volunteers, Steinaeker's Horse, Stellenbosch Mounted Infantry, Tembuland Mounted Rifle Corps, Transkei Mounted Rifles, Uitenhage Volunteer Rifles, and the Umvoti, Utrecht, Victoria, and Vryburg Mounted Rifles, Warwick's Scouts, Western Light Horse, and Western Province Mounted Rifles.

Town Guards.—The Aliwal North, Barkly East, Barkly West, Boshof, Burgherdorn, Campbell Town, Colesburg, Cradock, Dordrecht District, Douglas, East London, Grahamstown, Griquatown, Hopetown, Hoppesia, Indwe, Jamestown, Kimberley, King Williamstown, Klipdam, Kokstad, Kuruman, Lady Grey, Molteno, Naauwpoort, Port Elizabeth, Queenstown, Qumbu, Starkstroom, Steynsburg, Stormburg, T'somo, Uitenhage, Vryburg, and Warrenton.

Africa General Service Medal.—In June 1902 it was decided to strike a medal to take the place of the two which had hitherto been awarded for service in Central, also East and West, Africa. It was to be known as the Africa General Service Medal. The obverse is the same as the King's South Africa medal, but on the reverse is the figure of Britannia, with a lion beside her, as on the East and West African medal illustrated facing page 296, but with AFRICA in the exergue. The ribbon is yellow, with two narrow green stripes touching the broad black edging. Bronze medals were issued to camp followers. Numerous bars have been issued with this medal: NIGERIA for operations carried on in the early-part of 1900, and in December of the same year, also in August and September 1901; S. NIGERIA for operations in March, April, and May, 1901, and for JUBALAND to those who were in the small force sent against the truculent Ogaden Somalis between November 1900 and the end of April 1901. Only 465 silver and 26 bronze medals were issued, and these mostly to the 16th Bombay Cavalry. The other recipients of the medal and bar were sailors and marines from three of H.M. ships. The bar for SOMALILAND 1901 was issued to those who were engaged there during May, June, and July 1901, and a bar for UGANDA 1900 to those who were engaged in the Uandi country during the period between July and October 1900. Only 5 officers and 1 British non-commissioned officer received the bar, and only 373 other bars were issued—268 to the 4th King's African Rifles, and 105 to Indian soldiers. To the 24th Punjab Infantry, which was engaged in different districts between August 1899 and December 1900, a bar inscribed B. C. A. 1899-1900—meaning British Central Africa 1899-1900—was awarded. The bar for GAMBIA was granted to a detachment of the 2nd King's African Rifles, four companies of the 3rd W.I.R., and the crews of three of H.M. ships who were engaged in the operations between January and March 1901. The bar for ARO 1901-1902 was issued to those who were engaged against the Aro tribe between November 1901 and March 1902. Fourteen British officers and the crew of H.M. "Thrush," with 1,830 native soldiers, composed the Aro Field Force. The bar for LANGO 1901 was awarded to those members of the 4th King's African Rifles who were engaged against the Sudanese mutineers and the Langos between April and August 1901. To those engaged in the Bornu expedition, from February to May 1902, and in the Kontagora expedition in February 1902, the bar for N. NIGERIA 1902 was issued (the same bar was given to those who were serving at Argungu and on convoy duty), and to those who were engaged in Nigeria between July 1902 and June 1903. In April 1905 a bar was issued inscribed N. NIGERIA 1903 to those who had taken part in the Kano-Sokoto campaign. To this medal it was decided to add the bar SOMALILAND 1902-04, and one for JIDBALLI to those engaged in the operations between January 1902 and May 1904.

The only fairly complete regiment engaged in the campaign was the 1st Hampshire, and this, together with detachments of the Norfolks, Yorkshires, and Rifle Brigade, and units of the Royal Engineers and Army Service Corps, formed the only English Corps engaged. The rest of the expedition included the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 5th King's African Rifles; Bikanir Camel Corps; Kajawa Corps; Gudabursi Horse; Rajputs; Sikhs; Punjabees and Indian Mounted Infantry; also the crews of fourteen H.M. ships.

Nigeria, 1902-6.—At the battle of Jidballi the Mullah's army of 5,000 men were defeated by this little force, over 1,000 of the enemy being killed. The loss in British officers was great; Captain Lister of the 10th Hussars, heir to Lord Ribbledale, and 2 others being killed, and 9 wounded. In 1905 the bar for S. NIGERIA 1902-03 was issued to those who were engaged in South Nigeria between July 1902 and June 1903, against the Iris and the Omonoha and Ebima tribesmen, and in the operations against the Chief Adukukaiku of Igarra. In 1906 it was decided to give the same bar to those who took part in the expedition in the Afikpo district between December 1902 and January 1903. In April 1905 a bar was issued inscribed S. NIGERIA 1903 to those who had taken part in the operations between April and July 27th, 1903. In 1906 it was decided that the war should be issued to those who had taken part in the expeditions in the Ebegga country west of Anan. In April 1905 an Army Order set forth that a bar was to be issued to N. NIGERIA 1903, and granted to those who took part in the Sokoto-Burmi operations between April 15th and July 27th, 1903. In January 1906 a bar for N. NIGERIA 1903-04 was authorised for distribution among the 700 native soldiers and carriers engaged in the operations in the Bassa Province between December 1903 and March 1904. A bar for N. NIGERIA 1904 was granted to those who took part in four little expeditions, and S. NIGERIA 1903-04 to those employed in the expedition between December 1903 and January 1904 against the towns of Osca, Oriri, and N'doto. The bar for S. NIGERIA 1904 was added for a series of five expeditions, and a further addition to the Nigerian clasps was made in June 1906 by the approval of one inscribed S. NIGERIA 1904-05, given for operations between November 1894 and February 1895 in the Ibibio and Kwa countries. The bar for S. NIGERIA 1905 was awarded to members of the force which operated in the Kwale district between October 10th and 18th, 1905, both dates inclusive. The bar for S. NIGERIA 1905-06 was issued to those who took part in the Bende-Onitsha Hinterland expedition, and the bar for N. NIGERIA 1906 was given to those who took part in the operations against the Satiru rebels and the Emir of Hadeija. The bar for KISSI 1905 was awarded to those engaged in that district from March to June 1905, and for NANDI 1905-06 to those employed in that neighbourhood between October 1905 and July 1906, making a total of twenty-seven bars to this medal, and indicating the constant vigilance and discipline which is necessary to maintain the outposts of our Empire.

East Africa, 1902.—The medal with bar for EAST AFRICA 1902 was awarded to all officers and men composing the Maruka patrol, which reached the Maruka district on September 4th, 1902, and operated in the district until October 25th, 1902, both dates inclusive.

East Africa, 1904.—The medal with bar EAST AFRICA 1904 was issued to all officers and men composing the Iraini patrol, which entered the Iraini country on February 13th, 1904, and patrolled it between that date and March 17th, both dates inclusive.

East Africa, 1905.—The medal with bar for EAST AFRICA 1905 was issued to all officers and men who took part in the operations in and near Sotik, from May 31st to July 12th, 1905, both dates inclusive, also to the officers and men composing the Kissi patrol, which entered the Kissi country on September 1st, 1905, and patrolled it until October 9th, 1905, both dates inclusive.

East Africa, 1906.—The medal with bar EAST AFRICA 1906 was awarded to all officers and men composing the Embo patrol, which entered the Embo country on June 18th, 1906, and operated there until July 19th, 1906, both dates inclusive.

West Africa, 1906.—The medal with bar WEST AFRICA 1906 was issued to all officers and men composing the Owa column, which left Asaba on June 9th, 1906, and operated against the people of Owa until the restoration of peace and the breaking-up of the column on August 3rd, 1906, both dates inclusive.

The medal with bar WEST AFRICA 1906 was also awarded to all officers and men who operated in the Chibuk country between November 12th and December 4th, 1906, both dates inclusive.

West Africa, 1908.—An Army Order issued in July 1910, with the approval of His Majesty King George V, granted a bar inscribed W. AFRICA 1908 to the forces who took part in the fighting in and near the Soukwala Valley on December 11th, 1908, and between December 24th and 31st, 1908, both dates inclusive.

I.G.S., 1903.—This medal, precisely similar on the reverse, except for the deletion of the date, to the India General Service Medal 1895, bears on the obverse the same bust of King Edward as on the South Africa medal. The ribbon is the same, also the suspender. With this new issue the bar for WAZIRISTAN 1901-2 was given to those who took an active part in the Mahsud Waziri blockade between November 1901 and November 1902. To those holding the 1895 medal the bar only was issued. Bronze medals were given to authorised camp followers.

Only three English soldiers received the medal—men of the Cheshires who were employed as signallers. The troops engaged were: 1st, 3rd, and 4th Sikhs; 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 22nd Punjabis; 1st, 3rd, and 5th Punjab Cavalry; Sappers and Miners.

Natal Native Rebellion.—In 1908 the Natal Government awarded a silver medal to those who took part in suppressing the native rebellion in 1906. The medal, which was supplied by the Goldsmiths & Silversmiths Company, bears on the obverse a portrait bust of King Edward VII facing to the right, encircled by the legend EDWARDVS VII REX IMPERATOR. On the reverse Natali is represented holding the sword of justice in her right hand, and a palm branch in her left, supported and protected by Britannia, who holds in her left hand the orb of empire. In the exergue is the word NATAL. A broad plain bar is inscribed ·1906· with a large dot on either side. The names, etc., are impressed in light square block capitals, and the ribbon for suspension is a deep red, with black edges. The medal illustrated facing page 198 was issued to the local white forces, including the Natal Horse Corps and about 350 chiefs and leading natives.

Tibet, 1903-4.—Owing to the non-fulfilment of treaty obligations on the part of the Tibetans, Colonel Younghusband was sent by the Indian Government with a military escort to the seat of Tibetan authority. For some little time he made peaceful progress, until, on arriving at Hot Springs, General Macdonald's force of 1,600 men, with 4 field and 2 Maxim guns, found it necessary to attack the Tibetans, and drove them out of their position. Then, when they had gathered round their Lhassa General, the political agent, Colonel Younghusband, together with Brigadier Macdonald, their staffs, and some Sikhs, went forward to parley with them, and despite the attitude of the Tibetans, the officers dismounted; some began to eat sandwiches, others to take photographs. Suddenly the Tibetans turned upon the ring of Sikhs which surrounded them; all was soon confusion, but the discipline of the Sikhs, and the coolness of the officers, saved the situation, and within ten minutes the flower of the Tibetan army was demolished, despite the grim determination of those composing it, for they disdained to run away, but solemnly marched off as the fight became too hot for them.

The medal for the Tibet Mission 1903-4 bears on the reverse the fortress-capped hill of Potala a Lhassa, with TIBET 1903-4 beneath it, and to those engaged in the mission about Gyantse a bar inscribed GYANTSE was awarded. The obverse is the same as the I.G.S. 1903 medal. The ribbon is dark red edged with green, with two white stripes. It is noteworthy that with this and the medal I shall next describe the old curled suspenders, as on the Sutlej medals, are used.

The Tibet Force comprised the Royal Fusiliers; a detachment of the Norfolks; a Mountain Battery of the R.A.; 8th Goorkas; 40th Pathans; Queen's Own Sappers and Miners, and the 6th Mule Corps.

I.G.S. 1908.—A new medal in place of the 1903 I.G.S., and destined to be known as the I.G.S. Medal 1908, was awarded by an Army Order in December 1908. It has a pictorial design on the reverse, somewhat similar to the above-mentioned medal, and reminding one of the old Ghuznee Medal. It was issued in 1910 to those who had been engaged on the North-West Frontier between February 14th and May 31st, 1908. The obverse bears the bust of King Edward VII in Field-Marshal's uniform, encircled with the legend EDWARDVS VII KAISAR-I-HIND. On the reverse is a fort on a hill-top backed by mountains, and beneath, forming the exergue, an ornamental tablet overlaid by olive and oak branches bearing the word INDIA. The bar bears NORTH-WEST FRONTIER 1908. This medal was designed by Mr. Richard Garbe, R.B.S. It was awarded to both the troops and followers, and was the last issued during the reign of Edward the Peacemaker. (See facing page 204.)

The regiments engaged in the campaign were: the Gordon and Seaforth Highlanders; Royal Irish Rifles and Royal Munster Fusiliers; the Northumberland Fusiliers and Warwickshire Regiment; 10th Hussars; 71st Company R.G.A.; 6 guns of the 18th and 80th Batteries R.F.A.; 62nd and 75th Batteries R.F.A.; 2nd, 3rd, 8th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 28th Mountain Batteries, and Nos. 1 and 7 British Field Hospital; 1st, 4th, 5th, and 6th Goorkas; 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 25th, 28th, 29th, 30th, and 33rd Punjabees; 15th, 23rd, 34th, 45th, 53rd, 54th, 55th, 57th, and 59th Sikhs; 40th Pathans; Queen's Own Corps of Guides Infantry; Cavalry of the Q.O. Guides; 21st Cavalry; 19th and 37th Lancers; Sappers and Miners, and 5 Native Field Hospitals.

Abor, 1911-12.—The massacre of Mr. Williamson and his party necessitated the dispatch of a punitive force, which under Major-General Hamilton Bower, C.B., entered the Abor country in October 1911, and for seven months, under the most trying physical difficulties, operations were pursued. "The paths were quite unfit for use by laden carriers," and progress was exceedingly slow, but as usual the regiments pressed on to their destination, and, after inflicting punishment on the culpable villagers who had been party to the massacre, captured and brought to trial those immediately responsible for the murders. An important result of the operations was the breaking down of the power of the Kebang-Rotung group of villages, and the freeing of the Lakhimpur districts north of the Brahmaputra from Abor aggression. For his services in this campaign General Bower was made K.C.B., and the following officers Companions of the D.S.O.: Majors James Davidson, M.D., James Alban Wilson, Edward G. Vaughan, Ernest H. Scott Cullen, M.V.O., and Lieutenant Miles A. Claude Kennedy.

Among the regiments taking part in the expedition were the 1st Batt. 8th Goorka Rifles, on whom the brunt of the fighting fell—medals of this regiment have realised from £2 10s. to £3 in the sale-room; 1st Co. (King George's Own) Sappers and Miners, to whose skill and energy "the success of the expedition was largely due"; 1st Batt. King Edward's Own Goorka Rifles; 32nd Sikh Pioneers, who did excellent work on the line of communications; dismounted detachment Assam Valley Light Horse; Supply and Transport Corps; Lakhimpur Military Police; 5 Nagar Carrier Corps.

The medal, although described as the India General Service Medal 1908, has on the reverse the crowned bust of King George V truncated by the edge of the medal, a spray of laurel covering the truncation, and the legend GEORGIVS V KAISAR-I-HIND on a raised band surrounding the effigy. This was given to those who served at or beyond Kobo between October 6th, 1911, and April 20th, 1912, both dates inclusive. The medals are engraved in a coarse kind of script—each letter being separate—or in a loose running hand. Officers and men already in possession of the India General Service Medal 1908 received the clasp only.