| I. |
| PAGE |
| Early History | 1 |
| The importance of, and features of interest in, Portuguese history—Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans—Portugal is not the ancient Lusitania—The influence of Rome—The Visigoths—The rule of the Mohammedans—The Christian princes commence their incursions—Ferdinand “the Great” captures Coimbra—The successes of the Almoravides—The formation of the County of Portugal. |
| II. |
| The County of Portugal—Donna Theresa | 20 |
| The character of Henry of Burgundy, first Count of Portugal—The Countess Theresa—Her policy—Count Henry fights in Spain—His death—The regency of Theresa—The nobility and the bishops—The wars of Theresa—Theresa styled Infanta—The battle of S. Mamede—Theresa introduces the religious military orders—Death of Donna Theresa. |
| III. |
| Portugal becomes a Kingdom—The Reign of Affonso Henriques | 34 |
| The youth of Affonso Henriques—The heroism of Egas Moniz—The Gallician wars—Affonso assumes the title of king—He is recognized by the Pope—The Treaty of Zamora—Independence won by the Gallician wars—The state of the Moors—Affonso’s first war with the Moors—The victory of Ourique—Legends concerning it—The wars of conquest—The capture of Santarem and Lisbon—The assistance of the English crusaders—Capture of Alcacer do Sal—The Treaty of Cella Nova—Affonso taken prisoner at Badajoz—Truce with the Moors—Further fighting—Great victory over the Moors at Santarem—Death of Affonso Henriques. |
| IV. |
| Portugal attains its European Limits | 60 |
| The reign of Sancho I.—The successes of the Moors—Sancho’s internal administration—His quarrels with the clergy and the Pope—The marriages of his children—The reign of Affonso II. “the Fat”—Recapture of Alcacer do Sal and defeat of the Moors—Arrival of the friars—The reign of Sancho II.—The capture of Elvas—His quarrels with his bishops—He is deposed by the Pope—The reign of Affonso III.—His conquest of the Algarves—His alliance with his people—The Cortes—His death. |
| V. |
| The Consolidation of Portugal | 85 |
| The reign of Diniz—The Order of Christ—His internal administration—His encouragement of literature—Portuguese poetry—Stanzas of Camoens on Diniz—Affonso IV. “the Brave”—The victory of the Salado—Friendship between Portugal and England—The murder of Ines de Castro—Pedro “the Severe”—Ferdinand “the Handsome”—The Queen Leonor—Riot in Lisbon—War between Portugal and Castile—The wickedness of the queen—The Treaty of Salvaterra—The Portuguese revolt under Dom John of Aviz—The defence of Lisbon—Dom John elected king—The victory of Aljubarrota—The Treaty of Windsor and alliance with John of Gaunt—Peace with Castile. |
| VI. |
| Portugal during the Age of Exploration | 115 |
| The policy of John “the Great”—The alliance with England—His internal administration—The power of the feudal nobility—The capture of Ceuta—The king’s sons—The growth of Portuguese literature—The reign of Duarte or Edward—The expedition to Tangier—The “Constant Prince”—Dispute as to the regency—Dom Pedro regent—Overthrown at battle of Alfarrobeira—The reign of Affonso V. “the African”—His African expeditions—War with Castile—Defeated at Toro—His patronage of literature. |
| VII. |
| The Portuguese Explorers | 140 |
| Prince Henry “the Navigator” and his work—The importance of a direct route to India—The discovery of Madeira—The story of Robert Machin—The discovery of the Azores—Cape Bojador passed—The commencement of the African slave trade—The discovery of Guinea, and of Cape Verde—The voyage of Cadamosto—Death of Prince Henry—The equator crossed—Discovery of the Congo—The Cape of Good Hope reached and doubled. |
| VIII. |
| The Heroic Age of Portugal | 158 |
| John II. “the Perfect”—Overthrow of the power of the nobility—His foreign policy—Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain—Friendship with England—His encouragement of exploration—His court—Emmanuel “the Fortunate”—Expulsion of the Jews—His policy and marriages—The discoveries of the Portuguese—The seeds of decline—John III.—His policy—The abandonment of the ports in Morocco—Corruption at Court—Rapid depopulation of Portugal—The Inquisition and the Jesuits—Death John III. |
| IX. |
| The Portuguese in India and the Eastern Seas | 185 |
| Romantic interest of the story of the Portuguese in India—The voyage of Vasco da Gama—State of India, wh
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