Map 1. Europe in 1789.
? 2. Europe in 1803.
? 3. Europe in 1810.
? 4. Europe in 1815.

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These maps are intended to show the limits of the principal states of Europe at the beginning of 1789, after the rearrangement in 1803, at the height of Napoleon’s power in 1810, and according to the settlement made by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

The same colouring has been preserved through the series of maps in order that the boundaries of each country may be compared at these different dates.

The red line in Map 1 marks the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire.

The area in Germany left uncoloured—in all four maps—was occupied by various states too small in size to be indicated by colours.

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The dates given in brackets are those of the birth and death of the person indexed; where only the date of death is known it is preceded by a ?.

Full names and titles are given.

Proper names commencing with ‘da,’ ‘de,’ ‘d’,’ are indexed under the succeeding initial letter.

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received Cracow, etc. at third partition of Poland (1795), 152;

received Venice for Lombardy by treaty of Campo-Formio (1797), 192;

and by treaty of LunÉville (1801), 220;

obtained Trent and Brixen, but lost much influence in the resettlement of Germany (1803), 226;

formed into an empire (1805), 236;

lost Venice, Istria, the Tyrol, etc. by treaty of Pressburg (1805), 245;

lost Trieste, Galicia, Salzburg, etc. by treaty of Vienna (1809), 274;

at Congress of Vienna (1814) got back Cracow, 342, and Lombardy and Venetia, 347.

See Francis II., Joseph II., Leopold II.

Austrian Netherlands. See Belgium.

Auvergne, movement against the Convention in (1793), 131.

Avignon, city of, wishes to join France (1790), 76;

secured to France by first treaty of Paris (1814), 333;

and by second treaty of Paris (1815), 354.

Babeuf, FranÇois NoËl (Gracchus), French socialist (1764–97), 181.

Badajoz, treaty of (1801), 223;

taken by Soult (1810), 296;

by Wellington (1812), 306.

Baden, condition in 1789, 37;

made an electorate (1803), 225;

increased by the secularisations (1803), 227;

made a grand duchy (1806), 245;

received Ortenau and the Breisgau (1809), 258;

a state of the Confederation of the Rhine (1808), 260;

of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.

See Charles Frederick, Charles Louis Frederick.

Bagration, Peter, Prince, Russian general (1762–1812), 281, 305.

Bailly, Jean Sylvain, French statesman (1736–93), 53, 59, 138.

Baird, Sir David, English general (1757–1829), 224.

Ball, Sir Alexander John, English admiral (1759–1809), 195.

Baltic Sea, effort to exclude English commerce from, 222;

command of, given to Russia and Prussia by the Congress of Vienna, 347.

Bamberg, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical prince of the Holy Roman Empire, 34.

—— bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1803), 227.

Bank of France, founded by Bonaparte, 215.

Bantry Bay, French expedition to (1796), 185.

BarbÉ-Marbois, FranÇois, Comte de, French statesman (1745–1837), 188, 191, 214.

Barclay de Tolly, Michael, Prince, Russian general (1755–1818), 305, 309, 313.

Barentin, Charles Louis FranÇois de

Paule de, French minister (1738–1819), 51.

BarÈre, Bertrand, French orator (1755–1841), 117, 133, 134, 145, 149, 155.

Barnave, Antoine Pierre Jo ">Trafalgar (1805), 245;

the Trebbia (1799), 203;

Tudela (1808), 269;

Unzmarkt (1797), 186;

Valmy (1792), 115;

Valsarno (1813), 315;

Vauchamps (1814), 319;

Vimeiro (1808), 265, 266;

Vittoria (1813), 315;

Wagram (1809), 274;

Waterloo (1815), 353;

Wattignies (1793), 140;

Zielence (1792), 121, 122;

Zurich (1799), 204.

Bautzen, battle of (20 May 1813), 309.

Bavaria, the Emperor Joseph’s designs on, 16, 17;

its Elector also Elector Palatine, 34;

condition in 1789, 37;

invaded by Moreau (1796), 178;

treaty of Pfaffenhofen, 180;

promised to Austria by Bonaparte (1797), 193;

occupied by Moreau (1800), 219;

increased by the secularisations (1803), 227;

invaded by the Austrians (1805), 243;

receives the Tyrol and becomes a kingdom (1806), 245;

receives Salzburg (1809), 257;

member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260;

invaded by the Austrians (1809), 272;

great internal reforms, 289;

member of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342;

receives Mayence for the Tyrol (1815), 344. See Charles Theodore, Maximilian Joseph.

Baylen, capitulation of (1808), 267, 268.

Bayonne besieged by the English (1813, 1814), 316, 321.

Beauharnais, EugÈne de, step-son of Napoleon (1781–1824), 236, 238, 239, 244, 255, 256, 273, 308, 315, 321, 322, 345.

Beaulieu, Jean Pierre, Baron de, Austrian general (1725–1820), 174.

Beccaria, CÆsar Bonesana, Marquis de, Italian philosopher (1738–94), 26.

Belgium, opposition to the Emperor Joseph’s reforms in (1788), 15;

his apparent success, 43;

armed resistance in, 47;

abolition of Belgian liberties, 47, 48;

the Austrians driven from (1789), 296, 297.

Cadore, Duke of. See Champagny.

Cadoudal, Georges, Chouan leader (1771–1804), 234, 235.

Caen, army organised by the Girondins against the Convention at (1793), 131.

Caillard, Antoine Bernard, French diplomatist (1737–1807), 215.

Cairo, taken by Bonaparte (1798), 195;

the Mamelukes defeated at (1799), 208;

taken by the English (1801), 224.

Caisse d’amortissement founded, 287, 288.

Calabria, brigandage in, encouraged by the English, 256.

Calder, Sir Robert, English admiral (1745–1818), his action (1805), 242.

Caldiero, battle of (12 Nov. 1796), 176;

battle of (30 Oct. 1805), 244.

CambacÉrÈs, Jean Jacques RÉgis, Duke of Parma, French statesman (1753–1824), 156, 159, 166, 182, 210, 214, 239, 287, 357.

Cambon, Joseph, French statesman (1754–1820), 129, 133, 288.

Cambrai, 353.

Camperdown, battle of (11 Oct. 1797), 194.

Campo-Chiaro, Duke of, Neapolitan statesman, 338, 346.

Campo-Formio, treaty of (17 Oct. 1797), 192, 193.

Campomanes, Don Pedro Rodriguez, Count of, Spanish statesman (1723–1802), 21.

Canning, George, English statesman (1770–1827), 295.

Cantons of Switzerland, 228, 345.

Cape of Good Hope taken by the English (1805), 264;

retained by them (1815), 348.

Capitulations: of Ulm (1805), 243;

of Baylen (1808), 267, 268;

of Kulm (1813), 313.

Capo d’Istria, John, Count, Greek statesman (1776–1831), 337.

Carniola ceded to Napoleon (1809), 274.

Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, French statesman (1753–1823), 133, 134, 140, 148, 165, 177, 181, 191, 214, 216, 321, 352, 357.

Caroline, Marie, Queen of the Two Sicilies (1752–1814), 204;

forced to retreat, 205;

campaign against Moreau (1800), superseded, 219;

invades Italy (1805), 243;

defeated at Caldiero, 244;

reorganises Austrian army, 271;

invades Bavaria (1809), 272;

defeated at EckmÜhl, 273;

fights battle of Aspern, 273;

defeated at Wagram, 274.

Charter, the, of 4 June 1814, 350.

Chatham, John Pitt, Earl of, English general (1756–1820), 276.

ChÂtillon, Congress of (1814), 323, 324.

Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, French politician (1763–94), 141.

Chaumont, treaty of (1 March 1814), 327, 328.

Chauvelin, FranÇois Bernard, Marquis de, French politician (1766–1832), 120.

Cherasco, armistice of (28 April 1796), 174.

Chernishev, Alexander, Count, Russian general, 308, 312, 313, 337.

Chestret, M., elected burgomaster of LiÉge (1789), 49.

Chiaramonti, Gregorio Barnaba Luigi. See Pius VII., Pope.

Choczim, taken by the Austrians and Russians (1788), 43.

Choiseul, Etienne FranÇois, Duc de, French statesman (1719–85), made the ‘Pacte de Famille’ with Spain, 14.

Christian VII., King of Denmark (1749–1808), 32, 46, 171.

Cintra, Convention of (30 Aug. 1808), 266.

Circles, the executive divisions of the Holy Roman Empire, 36;

abolished (1803), 225.

Cisalpine Republic, 192, 203, 220, 255.

Ciudad Rodrigo, taken by Wellington (Jan. 1812), 306.

Clancarty, Richard Trench, Earl of, English diplomatist (1767–1837), 337.

Clarke, Henri Jacques Guillaume, Duke of Feltre, French general (1765–1818), 241.

ClaviÈre, Etienne, French politician (1735–93), 41, 114, 125.

Clement Wenceslas of Saxony, Archbishop-Elector of TrÈves in 1789, 40.

Clementine Museum at Rome reorganised by Pope Pius VI., 24.

Clerfayt, FranÇois SÉbastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Comte de, Austrian general (1733–98), 88, 150, 172.

Clichian party, 182, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191.

Club, Cordeliers. See Cordeliers.

—— de Clichy, 182, 254;

Sweden declares war against (1808), 279;

a faithful ally of Napoleon, 302;

invaded by Bernadotte and forced to exchange Norway for Swedish Pomerania (1814), 320;

gets the Duchy of Lauenburg for Swedish Pomerania (1815), 347;

cedes Heligoland to England (1815), 348.

Dennewitz, battle of (6 Sept. 1813), 313.

Deputies of the Convention sent on mission, 128;

put down the Girondin movement, 131;

an instrument of the Reign of Terror; their work—in the provinces, 136;

with the armies, 136, 137.

Desaix, Louis Charles Antoine, French general (1768–1800), 178, 208, 219.

Desmoulins, Camille, French politician (1762–94), 56, 133, 142, 143.

Despots, the benevolent, of the eighteenth century, 4, 5;

the Emperor Joseph II., 15, 16;

the Empress Catherine of Russia, 19;

Charles III. of Spain, 21;

Leopold of Tuscany, 24;

Ferdinand of Parma, 25;

Frederick the Great of Prussia, 29;

Gustavus III. of Sweden, 33;

Charles Theodore of Bavaria and Charles Frederick of Baden, 37.

Deux-Ponts (ZweibrÜcken), duchy of, 38, 79;

merged in France (1803), 227.

Diderot, Denis, French philosopher (1713–84), 4, 9, 19.

Diet, the Imperial, of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichstag), 33, 35.

Diet, the, of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806), 260.

—— the, of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.

Dignitaries, the Grand, of Napoleon’s Empire, 239.

Dillon, Arthur, French general (1750–94), 115.

—— Theobald, French general (1743–92), 111.

Directors, the, of the French Republic (1795–99): elected Oct. 1795, Barras, Carnot, Letourneur, RevelliÈre-LÉpeaux, Reubell, 165, 166;

May 1797, BarthÉlÉmy succeeds Letourneur, 188;

Sept. 1797, FranÇois de NeufchÂteau and Merlin of Douai succeed BarthÉlÉmy and Carnot, 191;

May 1798, Treilhard succeeds FranÇois de NeufchÂteau, 195;

May 1799, SieyÈs succeeds Reubell, 209;

June 1799, Ducos, Gohier, and Moulin succeed Merlin of Douai, RevelliÈre-LÉpeaux, and Treilhard, 211.

Directory, the, its functions as established by the Constitution of the Year III., 160, 161;

foreign policy left to Reubell, 166, 167;

did not wish for peace with France, 169;

Spain declares war against, 183;

attempts at peace, 184, 190;

blockades and defeats the Dutch fleet, 193, 194;

takes Minorca and Malta, 195;

forms the second coalition, 197;

Bonaparte attacks her commerce through the Neutral League of the North, 222;

drives the French out of Egypt, 224;

the Peace of Amiens, 225;

recommencement of the war with France, 233;

Napoleon’s project of invading, 241, 242;

forms the third coalition, 243;

the Continental Blockade against and its effect, 251;

seizes the Danish fleet, 252;

decides to actively intervene on the Continent, 263, 295;

hitherto contented with taking colonies and detached expeditions, 264;

sends an army to Portugal, 265, 266;

promises subsidies to Austria (1809), 271;

the Walcheren Expedition, 276;

Castlereagh’s and Canning’s theories, 295;

forms fresh coalition, 301, 302;

greatness of her share in overthrowing Napoleon, 334;

colonial gains made at the Congress of Vienna, 348;

insists on abolition of the Slave Trade, 348, 349;

refuses to join the Holy Alliance, 355. See Castlereagh, Pitt.

Erfurt, bishopric of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227.

—— conference at (1808), 262.

Erthal, Baron Francis Louis of, Prince-Bishop of Bamberg and WÜrtzburg in 1789, 39.

—— Baron Frederick Charles of, Archbishop-Elector of Mayence and Prince-Bishop of Worms in 1789, 39.

Espinosa, battle of (11 Nov. 1808), 269.

Essen, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227.

Essling or Aspern, battle of (21, 22 May 1809), 273.

—— Prince of. See Massena.

Esterhazy, Nicholas Joseph, Prince (1714–90), 91.

Etruria, kingdom of, 220, 253. See Louis.

Ettlingen, battle of (June 1796), 178.

EugÈne de Beauharnais, Viceroy of Italy. See Beauharnais.

Ewart, Joseph, English diplomatist (1760–92), English representative at the Congress of Reichenbach (1790), 87.

Eylau, battle of (8 Feb. 1807), 248.

Fabry, M., elected burgomaster of LiÉge (1789), 49.

Famars, battle of (24 May 1793), 130.

Faypoult, Guillaume Charles, French administrator (1752–1817), 166, 182.

Felino, Marquis of. See Tillot.

Feltre, Duke of. See Clarke.

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