An Introduction to Nature-study

INDEX.

E. Stenhouse

73-h-7.htm.html#Page_103" class="pginternal">103, 105, 106;

fruit of, 175, 179

Chestnut, horse, 38, 42, 47, 57, 63, 65, 157, 159;

Spanish or sweet, 148

Chick, development of, 286, 289;

education of, 295, 296;

embryo of, 287, 289;

hatching of, 294, 295

Chitin, 251

Chrysalis, 366

Claws of cat, 247, 251

Cleavers, 175, 177

Climbing stems, 75

Clitellum of earthworm, 383, 386

“Clock” of dandelion, 112, 171, 172

Clover, 101, 102

Cockroach, 349, 351;

habits of, 356;

life-history of, 356;

position of in insect class, 357;

structure of, 355

Cocoon of earthworm, 386;

of tiger-moth, 364, 369

Coleoptera, 362

Collar of mushroom, 203, 205;

of garden snail, 379

Collecting, 389, 390

Colour,

of flowers, 93;

of fruits, 182

Compositae, 114

Cone-bearing trees, 160, 161

Cones of alder, 149;

of horsetail, 191, 192, 194, 195;

of larch, 161, 163;

of Scotch pine, 160, 162, 171, 174;

of spruce fir, 163, 132, 134

Fieldfare, 315; sand, 311, 315

Mast of beech, 142

Mastication, 219

Mavis, 301, 303

Maxillae,

of cockroach, 350, 353;

of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375;

of Lepidoptera, 367

Maxillary palps of cockroach, 353

Maxillipedes of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375

Meadow,

catstail, 132, 136;

fescue, 132, 134;

flower of, 131;

foxtail, 132, 134, 135;

grasses, 132, 135;

vetchling, 101

Medullary rays, 74

Metamorphosis of frog, 346

Mineral matter in plants, 26, 28, 29

Mint, 118

Missel-thrush, 302, 306

Molluscs, 378

Monkshood, 99

Monocotyledons, 23, 40

Mosses, 199, 201

Moth, 368;

tiger-moth, 364, 369;

vapourer-moth, 364, 369

Moulds, 207, 208

Moulting of birds, 277, 327, 329

Mountain ash, 157

Mucor, 207, 208

Mullein, 116

Muscles, action of, 224, 225

Mushroom, 203

Musk, 115, 116

Mussel, fresh-water, 378, 380

Mustard, 94, 96; seed, 3, 7, 11

Mycelium,

of moulds, 208, 279;

of snail, 379, 382, 383;

of tadpole, 344

Resting stage,

of butterfly, 363, 366;

of Dytiscus, 361

Ribs of rabbit, 217, 223, 227

Rock pigeon, 280

Rodents, 220

Rook, 312, 318

Root cap, 17

Root, hairs, 17, 28, 30; lengthening of, 16

Rootlets, 17

Roots, 17, 21, 28;

as storehouses of food, 28, 30;

climbing, 75, 78;

work of, 28, 30

Rose, 103, 104;

family, 103;

fruit of, 176, 180;

leaves of, 38, 42

Rowan tree, 157

Ruminants, 261

Runner, 80, 82

Rushes, 133, 138

Rye grass, 133, 137

Saliva, 233, 234

Sallow willow, 150

Sand-martin, 311, 315

Saugh tree, 150

Scales of Lepidoptera, 364, 367

Scotch pine, 160, 161

Secondary thickening, 73

Sedges, 133, 138

Seeds, germination of, 9, 12;

of broad bean, 1, 5, 9, 13;

of maize, 18, 19;

of mustard, 3, 7, 11;

of pea, 364, 369

Worm castings, 384, 386

Worms, 383

Yellowoat Grass, 137

Yolk of hen’s egg, 283, 285

Yorkshire fog, 125, 132, 136

GLASGOW: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD.

A HEALTH READER

C. E. SHELLY, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P.

CONSULTING MEDICAL OFFICER, HAILEYBURY COLLEGE

AND

E. STENHOUSE, B. Sc.

ASSOCIATE OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, LONDON

Globe 8vo.

BOOK I. For children of 9 to 10 years of age. 160 pp. 1s. BOOK II. For children of 10 to 12 years of age. 204 pp. 1s. 4d. BOOK III. For children of 12 to 14 years of age. [In the Press.

SOME PRESS OPINIONS.

BOOK I.

Schoolmaster.—“All the facts are presented in the same lucid and simple style, so that very young readers can understand them. The book will carry health and happiness with it, so that we hope it will find its way into many a school for boys as well as for girls.”

Head Teacher.—“Full of good advice that should be within reach of all.”

Lancet.—“The book is divided into 30 lessons: the subject matter of each is well arranged and simply expressed.... Can only do good to those who read it.”

Educational News.—“It is appropriately simple in diction, carefully arranged, and quite sufficiently full of information for the young people whom it is meant to serve as a Class Reader.... A special word of praise is due to the photographic illustrations.”

Teacher.—“We have looked carefully through the pages of this little book, and believe it will be exceedingly helpful to teachers. It is simply written. Each lesson is practical, concise, and interesting.”

Teachers’ Aid.—“The physiology necessary to a proper appreciation of the laws of health is delightful in the simplicity of its treatment, while the simple way of pressing home the truths of hygiene in a language suited to the capacity of young children is considerably enhanced by the novel and original illustrations which consist of photographs specially taken for the purpose. To teachers taking the subject in school we can most cordially recommend this reader.”

Child Life.—“From the scientific point of view the matter is very valuable, and such as every boy and girl should know before they leave school.”

BOOK II.

Schoolmaster.—“This is a capital little book, attractively written and well illustrated.” Child Life.—“The book is an accurate and easy reader, provided with suitable illustrations.”

Bookseller.—“Illustrations are provided in profusion, and the book should certainly prove most useful and attractive for all those who have to teach or study the important matters with which it deals.”

Head Teacher.—“Is clearly and well written by practical men who understand the capacities of children.”

Lancet.—“Their book will be of real service to those teachers who are empowered to impart such instruction. The pictures are well planned to catch a child’s attention.”

MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD., LONDON.

MACMILLAN AND CO.’S

Books for Elementary Schools.

MACMILLAN’S “OFFICIAL” COPY BOOKS.

Nos. I.-XIII. 2d. each.

MACMILLAN’S “OFFICIAL” WRITING CHARTS.

Size, 32 by 21 in., on Cloth, Rollers, and Varnished.

No. I.—Small Letters. No. II.—Small Letters, Difficult Joinings. No. III.—Capital Letters. No. IV.—Capitals and Joinings. Price 2s. 6d. each.

MACMILLAN’S SPELLING FOR PROMOTION.

By R. F. Macdonald.

Junior (Parts I. and II.)	2d. each.
Intermediate.	4d.
Senior.	4d.

MACMILLAN’S STORY READERS.

By Evelyn Sharp.

Introductory—For Infant Classes.
With Coloured illustrations. 8d.

Book I. for Stage I.	10d.
Book II. for Stage II.	1s.

THE BOYS’ BOOK OF POETRY.

Part I. Junior (Stages I. and II.). Part II. Intermediate (Stages III. and IV.). Part III. Senior (Stages V. and upwards). Limp Cloth, 5d. each. Sewed, 4d. each.

THE GIRLS’ BOOK OF POETRY.

Part I., Junior (Stages I. and II.). Part II., Intermediate (Stages III. and IV.). Part III., Senior (Stages V. and upwards). Limp Cloth, 5d. each. Paper Covers, 4d. each.

THE “GLOBE” POETRY BOOKS.

Junior (Stages I. and II.). Intermediate (Stages III. and IV.). Senior (Stages V. and upwards). Paper Covers. 6d. each. Cloth. 8d. each.

THE “GLOBE” POETRY READER.

For Advanced Classes. 1s. 4d.

MACMILLAN’S DEPARTMENTAL POETRY BOOKS.

Edited by S. C. B. Edgar, M.A.
Paper Covers.

Infants,	2d.
Junior I.,	4d.
Junior II.,	5d.
Senior I.,	5d.
Senior II.,	5d.

MACMILLAN’S NEW GLOBE READERS.

Primer I.,	4d.
Primer II.,	5d.
Infant Reader I.,	6d.
Infant Reader II.,	8d.
Book I.,	10d.
Book II.,	1s.
Book III.,	1s. 2d.
Book IV.,	1s. 4d.
Book V.,	1s. 6d.
Book VI.,	1s. 8d.

MACMILLAN’S NEW LITERARY READERS.

Reading Sheets (17 sheets on Manilla. Size, 37×28) 12s.

Primer I.	4d.
Primer II.	5d.
Infant Reader	6d.
Introductory	8d.
Book I.	9d.
Book II.	10d.
Book III.	1s.
Book IV.	1s. 4d.
Book V.	1s. 6d.
Book VI.	1s. 6d.

MACMILLAN’S HISTORY READERS.

Book I. Simple Stories	9d.
Book II. Simple Stories	10d.
Book III. Stories and Tales	1s.
Book IV. 1066 to 1485	1s. 4d.
Book V. The Tudor Period	1s. 6d.
Book VI. The Stuart Period	1s. 8d.
Book VII. The Hanoverian Period	1s. 9d.

MACMILLAN’S NEW HISTORY READERS
ON THE CONCENTRIC PLAN.

Primary.	1s.
Junior.	1s. 6d.
Intermediate.	1s. 6d.
Senior.	2s.
Summaries:
Junior and Intermediate.	3d. each.
Senior.	4d.

Scottish Edition.

Primary.	1s.
Junior.	1s. 6d.
Intermediate.	1s. 6d.
Senior.	2s.
Summaries:
Junior and Intermediate.	3d. each.
Senior.	4d.

MACMILLAN’S GEOGRAPHY READERS.

Book I.	10d.
Book II.	1s.
Book III. England	1s. 4d.
Book IV. The British Empire	1s. 4d.
Book V. Europe	1s. 6d.
Book VI. The British Colonies, etc.	1s. 6d.
Book VII. The United States, etc.	1s. 9d.

MACMILLAN’S NEW GEOGRAPHY READERS.

Asia.	1s. 6d.
America.	1s. 6d.
Africa and Australasia.	1s. 6d.

MACMILLAN’S SHORT GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD.

By George F. Bosworth, F.R.G.S. 1s. 6d.

A SUMMARY OF GEOGRAPHY.

By George F. Bosworth, F.R.G.S.

With Maps. In Three Parts.
Sewed, 4d. each

Part I.—The British Isles and Europe. Part II.—Asia and Africa. Part III.—America, Australia, and Islands of the Pacific.

MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.,

St. Martin’s Street,
London, w.c.

MACMILLAN AND CO.’S PUBLICATIONS.

MACMILLAN’S OROGRAPHICAL MAP OF EUROPE.

Cloth, mounted on Rollers, and Varnished. 15s. Unmounted. 11s.

Mounted on Weekes’ Rollers with cords, unvarnished.21s.

Notes to same.1s.

MACMILLAN’S GLOBE GEOGRAPHY READERS.

By V. T. MurchÉ.

Introductory.	1s.
Junior.	1s. 6d.
Intermediate (England).	1s. 9d.
Intermediate (Our Island Home).	2s.
Senior.	2s. 6d.

MURCHÉ’S OBJECT LESSONS FOR INFANTS.

Two Vols. 2s. 6d. each.

MURCHÉ’S OBJECT LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY SCIENCE.

Vol. II.—Stages III., IV. 3s.

MURCHÉ’S OBJECT LESSONS IN
ELEMENTARY SCIENCE.

New Edition.

Stage I.	2s.
Stage II.	2s.
Stage III.	2s.
Stage IV.	2s.
Stage V.	2s.
Stage VI.	2s.
Stage VII.	2s.

MURCHÉ’S SCIENCE READERS.

Book I.	1s.
Book II.	1s.
Book III.	1s. 4d.
Book IV.	1s. 4d.
Book V.	1s. 6d.
Book VI.	1s. 6d.
Book VII.	1s. 9d.

MURCHÉ’S TEACHERS’ MANUAL OF OBJECT LESSONS
IN DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

Vol. I.—Stages I., II.	2s. 6d.
Vol. II.—Stages III., IV.	3s.

MURCHÉ’S DOMESTIC SCIENCE READERS.

Book I.	1s.
Book II.	1s.
Book III.	1s. 4d.
Book IV.	1s. 4d.
Book V.	1s. 6d.
Book VI.	1s. 6d.
Book VII.	1s. 9d.

MURCHÉ’S TEACHERS’ MANUAL OF
OBJECT LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY.

3s. 6d.

MURCHÉ’S TEACHERS’ MANUAL OF
OBJECT LESSONS IN
ELEMENTARY SCIENCE AND GEOGRAPHY.

A Complete Scheme.

Vol. I.—Stage I.	1s. 6d.
Vol. II.—Stage II.	1s. 6d.
Vol. III.—Stage III.	1s. 6d.

MURCHÉ’S READERS IN ELEMENTARY SCIENCE
AND GEOGRAPHY.

Book I.	1s.
Book II.	1s.
Book III.	1s. 4d.

A HEALTH READER.

By C. E. Shelly, M.A., M.D.,
and
E. Stenhouse, B.Sc.

Book I.	1s.
Book II.	1s. 4d.
[Book III. In preparation.

MURCHÉ’S OBJECT LESSONS IN
NATURE KNOWLEDGE.

Junior.	1s. 6d.
Intermediate.	2s.
Senior.	2s. 6d.

MURCHÉ’S NATURE KNOWLEDGE READERS
(RURAL READERS).

Junior.	1s.
Intermediate.	1s. 3d.
Senior.	1s. 9d.

BUCHANAN AND GREGORY’S
JUNIOR COUNTRY READERS.

Book I. True Animal Stories.	1s.
Book II. More True Animal Stories.	1s. 2d.
Book III. Talks on Country Life.	1s. 4d.

BUCHANAN’S SENIOR COUNTRY READERS.

Book I.,	1s. 6d.;
Book II.,	1s. 6d.;
Book III.,	2s.

BUCHANAN AND GREGORY’S LESSONS ON COUNTRY LIFE. 3s. 6d.

MACMILLAN’S WALL PICTURES OF FARM ANIMALS.

Unmounted, varnished or unvarnished,	3s. each;
mounted on cards, bound edges, and hanger, varnished,	3s. 6d. each;
in oak frame, varnished,	5s. each.

1,	Thoroughbred Horse.
2,	Shire Horse.
3,	Shorthorn Cow.
4,	Ayrshire Cow.
5,	Lincoln and Southdown Sheep.
6,	Large White and Berkshire Pigs.

MACMILLAN’S MENTAL ARITHMETIC.

With Answers.

Stages I., II.	6d.
Stages III., IV.	6d.
Stages V., VI.	6d.
Stages I. to VI. separately.
Without Answers.	2d. each.

THE RATIONAL ARITHMETIC.

By George Ricks, B.Sc.

Teachers’ Books for First, Second, Third, Fourth,
Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Years’ Courses.	8d. each.
Scholars’ Books for First, Second, Third, Fourth,
Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Years’ Courses.	3d. each.

MACMILLAN’S RATIONAL TEST CARDS
IN ARITHMETIC.

Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Years.
64 Cards in each. 1s. net per packet.

MACMILLAN’S PICTURE ARITHMETIC.

Book I.	3d.
Book II.	3d.
Book III.	3d.
Answers I.-III.	4d.

MACMILLAN’S ARITHMETIC FOR
IRISH ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.

By W. H. Adair.

Parts I. and II.	1½d. each.
III. and IV.	2d. each.
V., VI. and VII.	3d. each.

METRIC ARITHMETIC.

With Copious Examples and Answers.

By Richard Wilson, B.A. (Lond.).

Globe 8vo. Sewed. 6d.

ARITHMETIC FOR THE STANDARDS.
Scheme A.

By Rev. J. B. Lock, M.A.,
and
Geo. Collar, B.A. B.Sc.

Part I.	2d.
Part II.	2d.
Part III.	2d.
Part IV.	2d.
Part V.	3d.
Part VI.	4d.
Part VII.	6d.
Answers to Parts I., II., III., IV.,	3d. each;
Parts V., VI., VII.,	4d. each.

ARITHMETICAL TEST CARDS.
Scheme A.

Stage II., 60 Cards and 2 sets of Answers,	1s. 6d. per packet.
Stage VI., 48 Cards,	1s. 6d. per packet.
Stage VII., 40 Cards,	1s. 6d. per packet.

ARITHMETIC FOR PROMOTION.
Scheme B.

By Rev. J. B. Lock, M.A.,
and
R. F. Macdonald.

Part I.	3d.
Part II.	3d.
Part III.	3d.
Part IV.	3d.
Part V.	3d.
Part VI.	4d.
Part VII.	6d.
Answers to Parts I., II., III., IV.,	3d. each;
Parts V., VI., VII.,	4d. each.

ARITHMETICAL TEST CARDS FOR
ARITHMETIC FOR PROMOTION.
Scheme B.

By R. F. Macdonald.

Stages III. to VII., 1s. 6d. each.

MACMILLAN’S MONTHLY TEST BOOKS IN ARITHMETIC.
Scheme B.

By R. F. Macdonald.

Part I.	3d.
Part II.	3d.
Part III.	3d.
Part IV.	3d.
Part V.	3d.
Part VI.	3d.
Part VII.	3d.
Answers,	4d. each.

ALGEBRA FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.

By H. S. Hall and R. J. Wood.

Parts I., II., and III.,	6d. each
Cloth,	8d. each.
Answers,	4d. each.

MENSURATION FOR BEGINNERS.

With the Rudiments of Geometrical Drawing.

By F. H. Stevens, M.A. 1s. 6d.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.

By J. C. Nesfield, M.A.

Book I.	3d.
Book II.	4d.
Book III.	5d.
Book IV.	6d.

WORD-BUILDING AND COMPOSITION.

By Robert S. Wood.

Book I.	2d.
Book II.	2d.
Book III.	3d.
Book IV.	3d.
Complete in 1 Vol. Cloth	1s.
Book V.	6d.
Book VI.	6d.
Book VII.	1s.
Complete in 1 Vol. Cloth	2s.

THE TEACHERS’ MANUAL OF
COMPOSITION.

By Robert S. Wood.
Vol. I. Junior.—For Infants and Stages I. and II. 1s. 6d.

SIX LARGE CHARTS IN COLOURS FOR THE
CLASS TEACHING OF COMPOSITION.

(1) Sentence Structure and Anatomy (Diagram)—Synoptic and Analytic.
(2) A Writer’s Guide and Danger Signal Code in marking Exercises.
(3) Common Faults in Composition—Their effectual Criticism and Prevention.
(4) How to orally Describe Common Objects for Juniors.
(5) Letter-Writing Guide—General and Commercial Correspondence.
(6) Use of Capitals, Stops, and Marks in Writing.

Price 3s. each, Mounted and Varnished.
The Six on Roller to turn over, 13s.
(E. J. Arnold and Son, Publishers, Leeds.)

A TEXT-BOOK OF NEEDLEWORK,
KNITTING, AND CUTTING OUT,
WITH METHODS OF TEACHING.

By Elizabeth Rosevear, Training College, Stockwell.
With Illustrations.
Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d.

NEEDLEWORK, KNITTING, AND CUTTING OUT
FOR OLDER GIRLS.

By Elizabeth Rosevear.
Globe 8vo.

Stage V.	8d.
Stages VI., VII., and Ex-VII.	1s.

VARIED OCCUPATIONS IN WEAVING,
AND CANE AND STRAW WORK.

By Louisa Walker.
With Illustrations.
Globe 8vo. 3s. 6d.

VARIED OCCUPATIONS IN STRING WORK.

Comprising Knotting, Netting, Looping,
Plaiting, and Macrame.

By Louisa Walker.
Illustrated.
Globe 8vo. 3s. 6d.

THE TEACHERS’ WORK BOOK;

Syllabus of Instruction and Examination;

Progress and Mark Book; and
Head Teachers’ Report Book.

Arranged by A. Flavell
and
G. H. Robinson.

Fcap. folio. 1s. 6d.

THE INFANT SCHOOL TEACHERS’ WORK BOOK:

Syllabus of Instruction and Examination;

Progress and Mark Book; and
Head Teachers’ Report Book.

Arranged by A. Flavell
and
G. H. Robinson.

Fcap. folio. 1s. 6d.

MACMILLAN’S ATTENDANCE REGISTER.

For the Latest Requirements of the Code. 1s. 6d.

MACMILLAN’S REGISTER OF ADMISSION,
PROGRESS, AND WITHDRAWAL.

8s. 6d.

SUMMARY OF ATTENDANCES FOR FIVE YEARS.

Arranged for a Mixed or an Infants’ Department. 3s. 6d.
Arranged for a Boys’ or Girls’ Department. 3s. 6d.
Arranged for an Infants’ Department. 3s. 6d.

MACMILLAN’S “THREE TERM”
CLASS RECORD BOOK.

4to. 1s.

MACMILLAN’S CLASS TIME TABLE.

Arranged by A. Flavell
and
G. H. Robinson. 6d.

MACMILLAN’S SCHOOL TIME TABLE.

Arranged by A. Flavell
and
G. H. Robinson.

Mounted, 2s.
Paper,1s.

THE CLASS TEACHERS’ JOURNAL.

Arranged by G. H. Robinson
and
H. M. Cohen.

Fcap. folio. 1s. 9d.

MACMILLAN’S “OFFICIAL” DRAWING BOOKS.

No. I.-XX. Price 3d. each.

BLACKBOARD DRAWING.

By M. Swannell.
Royal 4to. 4s. 6d.

THE FIRST ELEMENTS OF SCIENCE.

Arranged as Observation Lessons,
and correlated with Drawing.

By George Ricks, B.Sc.
Illustrated by Arthur Wilkinson.

In 3 parts. Med. 4to. 1s. 6d. each.

MACMILLAN’S ART STUDIES OF ANIMALS,
PLANTS, COMMON OBJECTS AND
CONVENTIONAL FORMS.

8vo. Sewed. 6d.

A GRADUATED COURSE OF DRAWING
FOR INFANTS.

By Constance H. Fowler.

Royal 4to. 4s. 6d.

MACMILLAN’S BRUSHWORK COPY-BOOKS.

A Graduated Scheme of Lessons
Designed and Arranged by
A. R. Cartwright
and
F. C. Proctor.

Nos. 1 to 4.4d. each.
Nos. 5 and 6. 5d. each.

MACMILLAN’S BRUSHWORK CARDS.

Being advanced Drawing Copies of Animals and Birds
illustrating expression of Mass and Form
with the Brush.

Selected and arranged by F. C. Proctor.

Series A.: Animals.
Series B.: Birds.2s. each.

MACMILLAN’S FREE BRUSH
DESIGN DRAWING CARDS.

By Francis W. Wallis.

In Three Sets.
Junior	2s.
Intermediate	2s.
Senior	2s.

NATURE STUDY DRAWING CARDS.

By Isaac J. Williams.

8 Subjects (20 alike in each box)	48s.
or separately,	6s. each.
Packets containing 8 assorted Cards.	2s. 6d.

MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.,

St. Martin’s Street,
London, w.c.

Footnotes:

[1] If any difficulty is found in procuring plant-specimens, they may be obtained by post from the British Botanical Association, Ltd., Holgate, York. The names of dealers prepared to supply various animal-specimens are mentioned in the text.

[2] Made by dissolving one or two crystals of potassium iodide in about half a pint of water, and then adding iodine in small quantities until the solution is the colour of sherry.

[3] Lord Avebury, The Pleasures of Life (Macmillan).

[4] Prof. Comstock.

[5] Cheap glass tubing can easily be made soft enough to bend by heating it in an ordinary batswing gas burner.

[6] Greek, stoma, a mouth.

[7] In a large terminal bud the cone often ends in a tiny pink spray, which gives rise to a branch of beautiful flowers when the bud unfolds. In this case no further growth of the main axis of the twig takes place.

[8] Jefferies, The Amateur Poacher (Smith, Elder & Co.).

[9] See footnote, p. 231.

[10] Prepared by adding to a solution of copper sulphate first tartaric acid, and then caustic soda until the blue mixture is clear. It may be obtained from a chemist if the materials are not available.

[11] Note to Teachers.—A general dissection of a frog should be made and exhibited to the class. Detailed instructions for such a dissection will be found in Marshall’s The Frog (Smith, Elder & Co.) or in Huxley and Martin’s Elementary Practical Biology (Macmillan). The frog’s heart continues to beat for some time after the death of the animal, and may be shown as an illustration of the next section of this chapter. Teachers who are unskilled in dissection may obtain prepared dissections, mounted skeletons, etc., from Newmann & Co., 84 Newman Street, London, W.

[12] More detailed instructions will be found in Foster and Shore’s Physiology for Beginners (Macmillan).

[13] The Descent of Man. Cheap edition, 1s. (Murray).

[14] Gilbert White, The Natural History of Selborne.

[15] See Lloyd Morgan’s Habit and Instinct (Arnold), Thompson-Seton’s Wild Animals I have known (Nutt), and Long’s School of the Woods (Ginn).

[16] Darwin, The Origin of Species (Murray). Cheap edition, 1s.

[17] The amnion originates, early in the second day, as a double fold of the yolk-surface in front of the embryo. Similar folds arise round the sides and tail, forming a low wall (Fig. 187, A); the folds gradually grow over the embryo (Fig. 187, B) until, during the fourth day, they meet (Fig. 187, C) and enclose it in a protective transparent bag, containing a watery fluid.

Fig. 187.—Diagrams to illustrate the method of development of the amnion. The embryo and the rest of the yolk are supposed to be seen in median longitudinal section; the head end is to the right. For convenience, the yolk-membrane (yk.m.) is represented at some distance from its contents. am, folds of amnion; am.c., amniotic cavity; em, embryo; yk, yolk; yk.st., yolk-stalk. (After Foster and Balfour.)

[18] I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness, in drawing up this section, to Prof. Lloyd Morgan’s Habit and Instinct (Arnold).

[19] Lloyd Morgan’s Habit and Instinct (Edward Arnold).

[20] Lloyd Morgan’s Habit and Instinct (Edward Arnold).

[21] Our Bird Friends (Cassell).

[22] The Natural History of Selborne.

[23] The Natural History of Selborne.

[24] A delightful account is given in the story of “Silverspot” (Thompson-Seton’s Wild Animals I Have Known).

[25] Latin, passer, a sparrow.

[26] The Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VIII. (Macmillan.)

[27] Marshall’s The Frog (Smith, Elder & Co.).

[28] Greek: orthos, straight; pteron, a wing.

[29] See Footnote, p. 372.

[30] Greek: koleos, a sheath; pteron, a wing.

[31] Living eggs, larvae, and pupae of Lepidoptera may be obtained from Mr. H. W. Head, Burniston, near Scarborough, and other dealers.

[32] Greek: lepis, a scale; pteron, a wing.

[33] Injurious and Useful Insects (Bell).

[34] Miall’s Injurious and Useful Insects (Bell), and Natural History of Aquatic Insects (Macmillan), are strongly recommended as guides to further work.

[35] Living specimens may be obtained from Mr. T. Bolton, 25 Balsall Heath Road, Birmingham.

[36] Greek, kephalon, a head.

[37] See footnote, p. 372.

[38] Parker and Haswell’s Text-book of Zoology (Macmillan).

[39] Darwin’s Vegetable Mould and Earthworms (Murray).

[40] No attempt has been made to compile a complete calendar, the events noticed being those only which are considered in this book.

Transcriber's Notes:

The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.

The scale provided with many of the illustrations is as printed in the original book and is included for completeness. In this ebook version, the scale of the image displayed may not match the original.

Typographical errors have been silently corrected.

Clyx.com