  1“There is a twofold liberty, natural, and civil or federal. The first is common to man with beasts and other creatures. By this, man, as he stands in relation to man simply, hath liberty to do what he lists; it is a liberty to evil as well as to good. This liberty is incompatible and inconsistent with authority, and cannot endure the least restraint of the most just authority. The exercise and maintaining of this liberty makes men grow more evil, and in time to be worse than brute beasts. This is that great enemy of truth and peace, that wild beast, which all the ordinances of God are bent against, to restrain and subdue it. The other kind of liberty I call civil or federal; it may also be termed moral, in reference to the covenant between God and man, in the moral law, and the politic covenants and constitutions amongst men themselves. This liberty is the proper end and object of authority, and cannot subsist without it; and it is a liberty to that only which is good, just, and honest. This liberty you are to stand for, with the hazard not only of your goods but of your lives, if need be. Whatsoever crosseth this, is not authority, but a distemper thereof. This liberty is maintained and exercised in a way of subjection to authority.... So shall your liberties be preserved in upholding the honour and power of authority amongst you.”—History of New England, ii., 279–282. 2See “The Indian Death-Dirge,” in The Poems and Ballads of Schiller, by Bulwer Lytton, Tauchnitz Edition, pp. 26–27. 3In her valuable study of “The Early American Novel,” New York, 1907 (published after these pages were in type), Miss Lillie Deming Loshe remarks: “It is a significant fact that nearly all the directly didactic novels are by known writers—writers of literary or educational importance in their day—while, on the other hand, the stories designed chiefly for amusement, but related to their didactic contemporaries by similarity of sentiment and manner, are almost invariably by unknown authors.” Miss Loshe enumerates only thirty-five novels published before 1801. 4The Century Magazine, xxvi. 289. 5See Mr. Edward B. Reed’s note in The Nation, December 8, 1904, lxxix. 458. 6In a note in the Boston Yankee for September, 1829. 7“Nathaniel Hawthorne,” Boston, 1902 (“American Men of Letters”), pp. 124–58. 8Scribner’s Magazine, January, 1908, xliii. 84. 9“Charles Sealsfield (Carl Postl), Materials for a Biography; a Study of his Style; his Influence upon American Literature,” Baltimore, 1892. 10It has been alleged that by invitation Kennedy wrote the fourth chapter of the second volume of Thackeray’s “Virginians” (1857–9; Tauchnitz Edition, vols. 425, 441). Mrs. Ritchie, Thackeray’s daughter, however, believes that Kennedy only gave her father many hints and facts. 11See Professor Trent’s biography, “American Men of Letters” Series, 1892. 12See Émile LauvriÈre, “Edgar Poe, sa vie et son oeuvre, Étude de psychologie pathologique,” Paris, 1904. 13See Louis P. Betz, “Edgar Poe in der franzÖsischen Literatur,” in his “Studien zur vergleichenden Literaturgeschichte der neueren Zeit,” Frankfurt a. M., 1902; “Edgar Poe in Deutschland,” Die Zeit, xxxv. 8–9, 21–23, Vienna, 1903. 14In his “George William Curtis” (“American Men of Letters”), Boston, 1894, p. 124. 15See Higginson’s “Cheerful Yesterdays,” pp. 107–111. 16Scribner’s Magazine, October, 1904, xxxvi. 399. 17Cf. “Confessions and Criticisms” (1886), pp. 15–16. 18See Professor T. Frederick Crane’s study of them in The Popular Science Monthly, April, 1881, xviii. 824–833. 19The Atlantic Monthly, July, 1886, lviii. 133. 20Quoted by Professor C.F. Richardson, “American Literature,” ii. 448–449. 21In this sketch of American poetry, I have obviously had recourse not merely to the standard editions and biographies in the case of important authors, but in the case of these, to some extent, as well as of lesser authors, to a number of manuals and other compilations; among them the well-known works on American literature by Bronson, Hart, Richardson, and Onderdonk, and the anthologies, mentioned in the text, by Stedman and Page. I desire to express freely my sense of obligation to these sources.—L.C. 22In nine volumes, New York, 1857–1869. For the section entitled “The Orators and the Divines,” the following works, among others, have also been consulted: “American Eloquence, a Collection of Speeches and Addresses by the Most Eminent Orators of America,” etc., by Frank Moore, two volumes, New York, 1895 (published 1857); “American Orations,” etc., edited by Alexander Johnston, re-edited by J.A. Woodburn, four volumes, 1896–1897; “The Clergy in American Life and Letters,” by D.D. Addison, 1900; “A Manual of American Literature,” by John S. Hart, 1878. 23The Atlantic Monthly, September, 1898, lxxxii. 319. 24Science, May 7, 1897, n. s. v. 717. “The first volume furnishes the most satisfactory history of English letters from the beginning, up to but not including Chaucer, that we have.”—The Independent. THE Edited by A.W. WARD, Litt. 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