No. 1.—Institutions for the Insane.

We have upon our table, the reports for the year 1848-9 of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, (the eighth,) of the Massachusetts State Lunatic Asylum, (the sixteenth,) of the New York State Lunatic Asylum, (the sixth,) of the Physician and Superintendent of the M’Lean Asylum for the Insane at Somerville, Massachusetts, (the thirty-first,) and of the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, (the second.) The first and fourth are on private, and the other three on a public foundation.

1. We suppose the first in our list combines as many of the substantial advantages for the treatment of patients of this class, as any institution in the world, and we are happy to know, that the prominent principles which have been recognized in its structure and economy, have been adopted in asylums of the latest date. The hospital has been quite full during the whole year, and yet the health of the patients has been remarkably good. The present arrangements are fitted to accommodate 200 patients, and provision will soon be made for receiving 20 more. It is certainly desirable to extend the benefits of such an institution to as large a number as can divide without diminishing the aggregate of good, but we quite concur with Dr. Kirkbride in the opinion, that a larger number than 220 could not be well received in one building, nor receive due attention from one medical officer—“a daily visit to all the wards, and a daily supervision of all the departments by its official head, being exceedingly desirable in every institution for the insane.” Seven of the seventeen deaths during the year, “occurred within a fortnight after the patients’ admission,” and only one had been more than a year in the asylum.

Of 1391 patients admitted to this hospital, 725 were under middle age, (35 years,) and 666 over. Of 773 male patients, the leading occupations were as follows:—farmers, 115; merchants, 66; laborers, 62; clerks, 50; carpenters, 30; shoemakers, 22; physicians, 19; seamen and watermen, 19; teachers, 17; tailors, 15; students, 15; NO OCCUPATION, 108.

Of 618 females, 66 were seamstresses or mantua-makers, and 64 domestics; store-keepers and attendants in stores, 12, and teachers, 9. Of single females, not pursuing a regular employment, 29 were daughters of farmers, and 29 daughters of merchants. Of the married, 57 were wives of farmers; 39 of laborers; 35 of merchants; 23 of clerks. Of the 618, 244 were single, 286 married and 88 widows. And of the 1391, 773 were natives of Pennsylvania; 91 of New Jersey; 197 from other of the United States; 340 from foreign parts, of whom 189 were from Ireland!

The most productive cause of insanity, as shown by the returns, is intemperance, 84; the next is mental anxiety, 69; grief for loss of friends, &c., 69; then comes the loss of property, 67; religious excitement, 56; domestic difficulties, 45, and unascertained, 563! In 907 of the cases, insanity appeared before middle age, leaving 384 only developed after that period.

The plan of detached cottages for a particular class of patients, continues to be an approved feature of the arrangements; and among the valuable improvements of the last year is the erection of a museum and reading-room on an eligible site. The building is 46 feet by 24, with a piazza, and the interior is furnished with interesting and valuable cabinets in natural science, as well as with newspapers, maps, periodicals, pamphlets, &c. On the interesting topics of society, instruction, and moral treatment, and the arrangements for heating and ventilation, much valuable information is furnished. The annual receipts and expenses are balanced with the sum of twenty-six cents, and the cost of each patient per week, including every thing, is $3 88. The amount expended on free patients during the year is $7,666 88. This is unalloyed charity.

2. The State Hospital at Worcester, (Massachusetts,) under the care of Dr. Chandler, was overflowing with patients, though fifteen new rooms were added during the year. The average number for the year was 404, and the number of dormitories 360 only. The number of foreigners in the hospital at the close of 1842 was 34, at the close of 1847 it was 121, and at the close of 1848 it was 150!

Dr. Chandler is of opinion, that it would not be judicious to enlarge the present hospital, but he would rather erect a new one, and separate the sexes. He thinks three small hospitals, in different sections of the State, would have some advantage over a large one.

The whole number of patients admitted from January 1833, to November 30, 1848, is 3084, of whom 1433 were discharged cured, 416 improved, and 272 died. Of the patients admitted last year, 154 were under middle age, and 255 above, showing a very different result from that which we have stated above at the Pennsylvania hospital. Of the whole number received at Worcester, the cause of insanity in 322 cases is supposed to have been intemperance; in 266 domestic affliction; in 233 religious views, and in 161 self-abuse. Hereditary tendencies to insanity were traced in 691 cases. Fifteen hundred and sixty-one were single, one thousand two hundred and thirty-two married, one hundred and ninety-nine widows, and eighty-six widowers. Dr. C. thinks it very clear that the sympathies and motives to action, which the domestic relations supply, are all but indispensable to keep the whole system of mind and body in a healthful state. If we understand the report of the trustees, the cost to the State of each patient is $2 33?.

3. The report of the New York State Lunatic Asylum established at Utica, was made to the Legislature, February 1, 1849. During the six years since it was opened, it has had an annual average of 335 patients. The whole number under care during 1848, was 877, of whom 495 were removed at the end of the year. Judges of county courts have authority to send to the asylum any person who becomes insane and whose estate is insufficient for the support of himself and family; and the county is chargeable with the expenses of his restoration, if it is effected within the space of two years. Six hundred and twenty-nine of this class have been received into the institution since it was opened, and have thus been partakers of the most seasonable and appropriate charity which the public can bestow. These have been among the most hopeful subjects of hospital treatment, and would have suffered most for want of it.

The hospital is lighted by 280 burners from gas manufactured on the premises. The expense of work, fixtures, &c., was $5,346 48,—and this mode of lighting, is regarded not only as safer and more secure and pleasant, but as cheaper than the former mode. The price of board and hospital care, to patients who are chargeable to towns or counties, is $2 per week. Pay patients are charged from $2 50 to $4 per week, according to the accommodations they receive. The receipts of the year fully meet the current expenses.

Of 382 discharges during the year, 189 were men and 193 were women; 174 were cured, (viz., 87 men and 87 women,) and 84 were improved. There were 86 deaths. Some salutary cautions are given respecting the removal of distant patients to the hospital, especially in sudden and acute cases of insanity, and where they are in a weak or diseased state, and exposed to much suffering and fatigue on the journey. The opinion of a judicious physician should be taken before the attempt to remove them is made. Other and equally important cautions are given against delaying to send such as are clearly deranged, merely because they are monomaniacs, or not violent, nor very excitable. “Those cases of insanity that are most improperly and most frequently neglected and kept at home until they are incurable, are unattended by much excitement; those that come on very gradually, unperceived for a long time, excepting by the most intimate acquaintances,” (p. 20.)

Of the whole number, (2,014,) 1017 were men, and 997 women; 1213 became insane before middle life, and 801 after that period. Of the 1017 men, 437 were farmers and 133 laborers, 57 merchants and 51 scholars; and of the 997 women, 853 were employed at house-work, or were without any special trade or employment; 45 were school girls; 30 tailoresses; 24 instructresses; 21 milliners; 16 mantua-makers; 7 factory-girls; and 1 music-teacher. As to their civil condition, 957 were single; 937 married; 83 widows; and 39 widowers. 1417 were natives of New York, and 300 were from foreign lands.

Among the causes of insanity, are religious anxiety 178, loss of property 86, sickness and death of kindred 74, excessive study 51, intemperance 67, Millerism 36, disappointed in love 53, abuse by husband 28, blows on the head 24, fright 24, excessive labor 33, anxiety about absent friends, 18. Among the amusements of the patients, debates, tableaux, singing and dancing, and theatrical performances. Of the whole number, (2014,) 251, (108 men and 143 women,) were disposed to suicide. This variety of insanity is by no means the most incurable. On the contrary, some of the most permanent and complete recoveries, are from this form of disease. From a register kept by Dr. Bingham for four years at this hospital, of all the suicides occurring in the State of New York, and noticed in the public prints, it appears that 74 cases occurred in 1845, 64 in 1846, 106 in 1847, and 88 in 1848.

In relation to hereditary insanity, the report shows that of the 2014 patients received at the institution, 637 are known to have insane relatives, and 273 are known to have had insane parents, or nearly 1 in 7. Dr. Brigham expresses the opinion that all other causes combined have not so much influence in producing insanity, as the transmission of the disease from parents to their offspring, p. 36. In other words, that the exciting causes would be inadequate to produce insanity, but for the inherent constitutional tendency to it. Dr. B also declares his belief, that there is more insanity in this country than in any other, especially in the northern and eastern States, and that it is fearfully on the increase, p. 38.

Some valuable suggestions respecting the prevalent causes of insanity and the means of obviating them, are thrown out, and are entitled to the earnest and studious regard of parents and teachers, as well as of professional circles.

4. In the M’Lean Asylum there were received during the year 1848, 153 patients, (71 males and 72 females.) Dismissed, 155, (87 males, 68 females,) of whom 82 were restored, (55 males, and 37 females.) There were 23 deaths during the year. The total number of patients received from 1837, is 1696. The average of the first six years of this term was 115, and the average of the second six years, was 166. Of the whole number, 884 were discharged as cured, and 184 died. The report enters at much length into a history of the construction of the buildings, and of the recent alterations, amounting almost to a reconstruction of the largest and most modern building on the male side.

In conjunction with these alterations, a new heating and ventilating apparatus has been introduced, and as we know the very great solicitude that is felt in respect to this point by those who are commissioned to devise the plan and oversee the construction of such edifices, we extract so much of the report as relates to it.

“Every room has a hot air and a foul air flue opening in it, the entrance being protected by an ornamental grate, and the galleries have five or six flues of each kind opening in them, in order that the diffusion may be general. The flues are twelve by twelve, and twelve by nine inches in size.

“The pure supplies of air are received into a large reservoir or space in the basement between the walls forming the sides of the galleries above, and in which both kinds of flues are built. This main air channel has an area of at least fifteen feet, and terminates externally in a low tower, fully exposed to the passing air.

“The heater is a vertical boiler on the tubular plan, about eight feet in height and thirty inches in diameter. The fuel (anthracite) is placed within the boiler, and that is so placed within the reservoir before named, that only a small part of it, required to receive the fuel, is left outside.

“On each side of the reservoir of air, is a construction consisting of six longitudinal chambers one above the other, the whole length of it. The lower three, separated from the upper three by a brick arch and from each other by partitions of wood, are the ventilating channels receiving at intervals the flues from above and finally terminating beneath the exhausting shaft, to be described.

“The upper range consists of the three channels for hot air. Both of these ranges are so arranged that a channel answers to a story above, and thus each story of the house has its heating and ventilation entirely independent of any other.

“Each hot air channel has a pair of four inch cast iron water pipes connected with spigot joints and iron cement; one end of each comes off the boiler near the top, and the other or return end, enters the boiler on the other side, near its bottom. The hot and cold ends of each pair of pipes are on opposite sides, in order that the average heat at any place where the air is delivered above may be the same. The three pair of pipes receive and return their water, through tubes reduced to two inches diameter, as recommended by Mr. Hood, the highest authority on this class of subjects, and at the same level. The degree of curvature essential in this form of connection, was expected to make a difference in the velocity of the circulating fluid, and consequent temperature at which the water would be found in the different ranges. Practically no material difference is remarked. The radiating pipes cross at the bottom of the cold air reservoir. The air flows in to impinge upon them through arched spaces left in the front of the channels, looking towards the reservoir. Every flue for hot or foul air is commanded by a slide readily approached below.

“The heated air is always admitted near the ceiling to obviate any contamination at its point of delivery. The foul air is drawn off near the wash-board, any impurities there deposited being drawn down, but not into the room. The diffusion of the air, where an adequate exhaustive power is provided, is also much favored by being thus turned in its course, and the lower stratum is not uncomfortably cool to the feet,—a common objection to the usual method of receiving and withdrawing the supplies.

“The foul air channels into which the flues from each story open, do not come together, until just as they pass under the foot of the ventilating shaft or chimney, which through the agency of a cast iron pipe, a foot in diameter in the middle of the shaft, running up fifty feet and receiving the smoke from the furnaces, constitutes the moving power. This shaft is built of brick in a useless angle where the two buildings approached each other, and has an internal diameter, it being a circle, of about six feet at its basis a few feet below the cellar floor, and terminates in one of the original chimney stacks at the corner of the foundation of the dome, height of about seventy-five feet, and with about one half its size at bottom. A deviation of a few feet from the perpendicular was inevitable at about two-thirds its length. It is carefully plastered or pargetted within. As its upper opening was commanded by the spherical dome, endangering the regurgitation of wind at certain times, it was surmounted with a form of chimney-cap, figured in Mr. Tredgold’s works some forty years since, and being essentially that recently introduced into considerable use in this vicinity.

“As a cure for smoky chimneys, this cap has considerable efficiency, but is regarded as of very trifling moment as for as suction or exhaustion from below is required. For its power is too feeble at all times, for such an amount of ventilation as an insane hospital requires, and depends wholly on the fluctuation currents of external air. If the upper range of bricks had been laid with a bevel upwards, and a plain plate of metal placed on four short legs a few inches above, it would have answered equally well and at a tenth of the cost. The rarefaction produced by the heat radiated from the central iron smoke pipe occasions a partial vacuum, instantly filled from the rooms behind.

“The whole length of cast iron hot water pipe is about 600 feet, and with the portion of the heater within the main air cell or reservoir, and the smaller wrought iron tubes connecting the extremes of each of the six pipes with the upper and lower ends of the boiler, constitutes a radiating surface of over 700 square feet. The effective fire surface of the boiler is probably about 30 superficial feet, and about 60,000 cubic feet of space above in the three corridors, and the rooms opening upon them, are to be heated.

“The amount of anthracite consumed in the twenty-four hours of our coldest weather, is not far from 400 lbs.; the water in the extremities of the pipes receiving it from the heater, rarely exceeds 180° F. and falls off about 20° at its point of re-entering.

“All these expressions, however, are quite indefinite without taking into consideration the extent of change required in the air. It is obvious that by closing the damper which commands the ventilating shaft, the relations of temperature of the air, and of the pipes would at once sympathize. With the active power of the shaft, it is certain that any possible amount of ventilation may be attained. Indeed, it is probable that the present shaft is equal to the demands of the remainder of the male wing in addition. The escape of the steam pump is injected into the centre of the ventilating space, giving us, for some hours daily, the aid of this recently adopted and exceedingly efficient means of ventilation.

“While a sufficient time has not yet elapsed to stamp our apparatus with the seal of experience, the only test of such appliances in the mechanical arts, yet we are authorized to declare that, as far it has been tried, it promises all that could be desired in supplying a full, certain, and manageable amount of air, in its highest hygienic conditions.

“The cost of getting up a complete system of hot-water warming and exhaustive ventilation in a country where few examples or approximate specimens are to be found—in a climate which nullifies all European experience—where all parties, suggesters and mechanics, are obliged to acquire a certain experience as they go along, must be much greater than when this subject shall be well understood and generally adopted, as it eventually cannot fail to be. Independent of making the flues and ventilating chimney, items which in new undertakings would naturally come under the head of construction account, the expense of our undertaking will fall considerably below a thousand dollars, and we are satisfied that with the experience acquired in this single trial, it could be gone over again at a very considerable reduction of cost.”

We have left ourselves but a finger’s breadth of room for a notice of the report of the N. Jersey State Lunatic Asylum at Trenton, rendered December 1848. It is accompanied by a view and ground plan of the buildings, which were opened for patients on the 15th of May last, under the superintendence of Dr. H.A. Buttolph. They are designed for the accommodation of 200 patients, and in their general structure and arrangement accord with those of the Pennsylvania Hospital already noticed. The asylum occupies a most eligible site, about two miles north-west of the public buildings, surrounded by a choice farm of 111 acres, with an unfailing supply of fine soft water, and a beautiful grove in the rear, thus affording abundant room for hospital purposes, and embracing every variety of scenery and spacious pleasure grounds for the use of the patients. The various fixtures for warming, ventilating and lighting, as well as the arrangements for cooking, washing, bathing, &c., are after the most improved models, and are described with interesting and intelligible minuteness in the report, an examination of which we would recommend to all who are seeking information on the subject. The number received during the year was 86, of whom 83 remained in the asylum at the date of the report. A large proportion of the number received were chronic cases, which are generally very numerous at the opening of such institutions. Of the 86, 27 were under middle age; 52 were single and 30 married. Of their occupations, 22 of the men were farmers, and 16 of the women were house-keepers. An hereditary tendency to insanity was traced in 18 of the 86 cases, or about as 1 to 5.

SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL FACTS.

	Admitted during the year.	Discharged or died during the year.	Remaining at date of report.	Cured.	Deaths.
Pennsylvania,	215	203	200	120	17
New Jersey,5	86	3	83	3	0
New York,	405	382	495	174	866
Massachusetts,	261	246	409	136	30

Virginia.—The Eastern Insane Asylum of Virginia is established at Williamsburg, and the Western at Staunton. At the former were received in 1848, 34 patients, 15 males and 19 females. The number under care, October 1, 1848, was 165. Aggregate of inmates during the year 198; discharged 6 males and 10 females; deaths 17, (8 males and 9 females.) Spacious additions to the buildings are now in progress, a portion of which will be appropriated to colored patients. The receipts of the year were $41,350 64, and the expenditures $29,716 89.

At the latter institution were received during the year ending October 1, 1848, 70, (39 males and 31 females,) making an aggregate of 277 under care during the year. There were discharged in the same time 50 patients, of whom 40 were recovered, (21 males and 19 females,) and 7 more or less improved; 2 were unimproved, 1 eloped, and 22 died.

Among the causes assigned for insanity, we notice hard study is given in the case of 11 males and 1 female, intemperance 16 males, and domestic affliction 6 males and 18 females. Seven thousand dollars have been expended lately in new buildings.

No. 2.—The precise present character of transportation explained, with suggestions by Ignotus.

We observe in our English papers a brief notice of a pamphlet of fifty pages, published in London a short time since, advocating some important modifications of the transportation system. As we regard the system itself too near extinction to render any modifications of it particularly valuable or interesting, we notice the publication only for the sake of what the author says about convict-separation. We take, by piece-meal, the whole extract of the English reviewer, venturing a brief comment on some passages.

“This sort of confinement (separation) has, of late years, been extravagantly commended by some, and as loudly reprobated by others. The truth seems to lie between the two extreme opinions. (A position which truth has long been supposed to occupy.) We are led, by our own observations, to value it but little as an active agency for reforming criminals, but to allow it a high place as auxiliary, in general, to that which is reformatory in the highest degree, Christian instruction in the hands of Christian men.”

We are not aware of any system of prison discipline that possesses or pretends to possess an “active agency for reforming criminals,” independent of Christian instruction. We imprison men to punish them, and we think the “active agency” of punishment is quickened by separation. And hence we hold, that apart from reformatory influences, separation during imprisonment is preferable to association, considered merely as a punishment. When, however, we introduce the agency which is “reformatory in the highest degree,” (to wit, “Christian instruction in the hands of Christian men,”) the comparative fitness of the two modes of imprisonment to receive and employ it, is at once revealed, and, as “Ignotus” says, the separation of the convicts is then seen to occupy a high place as an auxiliary to its influence.

“The separate system is free, certainly, from many things which impede the reformation of criminals; from the perpetual distrust and perpetual punishment which are necessary to enforce silence in association, and from the grosser vices of the older style of prisons, mutual contamination and hardening in villany. It allows a return to feelings of self-respect. It removes all possibility of combination for evil purposes, and prevents the exertion of that fascinating influence which the practised villain exerts so destructively over the novice in crime. It protects the penitent, in his first desires and efforts to return to God. It is something, also, as regards others less hopeful, even for a time, effectually to break the chain of their evil habits, and to compel the mind, however reluctant, to turn inwards and reflect, until the dormant powers of conscience be aroused. Beyond this it does not seem to go in producing amendment; and we are persuaded, that if the benign and saving influence of our divine religion were withdrawn from a prison on the separate plan, not a single inmate would ever leave its walls a whit more reformed than from any other.”

We think the friends of separation could scarcely ask for a more favorable exhibit of its advantages than Ignotus gives. It certainly places that system far in advance of any and all others as the basis of reformation. And while we readily admit that it is but a basis, and that higher and better influences must be relied on to make it efficient as a means of reformation, we cannot agree with the author, that convicts from a separate prison are not likely to leave its walls a whit more reformed than convicts from Newgate or from Blackwell’s Island. To keep bad men apart must always, under all circumstances, be more conducive to their reform, than to suffer their intercommunication. If “the benign and saving influence of our divine religion,” were withdrawn from the city of London or New York, it would become a pandemonium; but no one would say, that if each man, woman and child, were separated from every other man, woman and child by an impassable gulf, the degree of corruption would not be essentially reduced. Close association breeds the plague of cities—comparative separation keeps the country clean and wholesome. The analogies of the moral and natural world are very obvious in this respect.

“If it be thought, from what has been written of late years on the subject, that a greater efficacy should be attributed to separate confinement, let it be borne in mind, that cotemporaneously with its adoption in any prison, there has been very much greater care taken than ever used to be in the selection of officers to superintend the discipline, and to convey moral and religious instruction to the prisoners. Wherever Christianity has been brought to bear upon criminals, in its real power and blessedness, good has been accomplished under the most untoward circumstances; sinners have been brought to Christ and salvation; and the mass, if not converted unto God, have been marvellously civilized. This was manifested by the success which followed the self-denying labors of Mrs. Fry, and other pious persons in Newgate; of that eminent man Dr. Browning, in so many convict ships; of Sir Edward Parry, who labored like a missionary amongst his assigned convict servants, at Port Stephen’s; of Colonel Demaresq, also acting in the same spirit, under the same circumstances, at St. Helier’s and St. Aubyn’s; and of Sarah Martin, in the gaol of Yarmouth, of whose unwearied and blessed labors the Government Inspector, Captain Williams, makes such honorable mention in several reports. The superior mind of a person invested with authority, may exercise a most salutary influence upon any class of human beings, but Christian doctrine, and Christian character consistent enough to stand the scrutiny of the bad, accomplish greater things; and the lower any are sunken, the more commanding is this influence upon their minds.”

We presume the prevailing sentiments of this passage, will meet a hearty response from all our readers. We are in no danger of attributing too much efficacy to the power of the truth over the mind when it has access to it. It may be questioned, however, whether its influence is not greatly hindered, and sometimes completely obstructed, by the debasing vices of convicts. We are not quite prepared to admit, that the lower the human mind sinks, the more commanding is the influence upon it of Christian doctrine and Christian character, though we would regard no case as beyond the reach of such an influence.

“The combination of pious Christian zeal with good judgment and a knowledge of human nature, in the head of any prison establishment, we are convinced is more likely to lead to the reformation of its inmates, than any system of discipline without it. It has the blessing of God, “without whom nothing is strong, nothing is holy, nothing is perfect.” But, whatever may be thought of the influence of separate confinement, as a means of reformation, there should be no doubt about its utility as a punishment, if not carried to an extreme. It is a most severe one, certainly; but this is not without great advantages, even in an economical point of view; for in proportion as it is severe, the sentence may be abridged, and its heaviest pressure is upon those who deserve it most. Criminals, of all men, can least bear to be alone. A thoroughly bad man, by himself, is the greatest coward, and without his accustomed stimulants, the most wretched of beings; we have no hesitation, therefore, in stating, that such a man would prefer even the scanty food, the vermin and the sloth of such a place as Newgate, where he might gamble for his supper, learn new tricks or instruct the novice, sing, play, and quarrel by turns in the night-room, than the very best treatment and the most abundant diet of a prison on the new plan. The reformatory character of such a gaol is, to such persons, an object of real terror. A visiting justice of the gaol of Reading, stated before Lord Brougham’s Committee (p. 478-9,) that full 50 per cent of the vagrant class had actually fled out of Berkshire, lest they might be immured in so horrible a place. It is however, an expensive plan for the treatment of criminals; its individuality and severe pressure creating a necessity for better occupation of the mind and body, a more liberal diet and a greater number of teachers than where prisoners are associated.”

We regard the features of separation which Ignotus delineates in the foregoing passage, as most highly commendatory of it as a means of discipline and reform. This better occupation of the mind and body, a more liberal diet, and the greater number of teachers, which become so needful, indicate just what the desire for wholesome food does in a convalescent patient. His vices had made wholesome occupation of either mind or body irksome; and the attempt to teach him good knowledge was to annoy, if not to offend him. If separation from the haunts and fellowship of the wicked makes him long for what he once loathed, the public are “penny-wise and pound-foolish,” if they grudge the supply. It is the token of returning health and should be hailed with joy and gratitude.

No. 3.—Statistics of Truantry and of Juvenile Vagrancy in the City of Boston.

By the kindness of Mr. Tukey, City Marshal at Boston, we are furnished with an interesting report, which he prepared at the instance of the late efficient Mayor, (Mr. Quincy,) respecting the number, character, social circumstances, &c. of the street-children, in habits of vagrancy, wandering about and contracting idle and vicious habits. We draw largely from this interesting document, and earnestly wish the like investigation might be made into the condition of other cities in this respect.

The whole number of the class of children designated between six and sixteen years of age, is 1066; arranged as follows:

Male children,	882
Females,	184
Children of American parents,	103
Children of Foreign parents,	963
Children who belong to some school, but are truants,	106
Boys regularly employed in Bowling saloons,	139
Children who do not attend any school nor have any lawful calling,	821
Children who do not attend school for want of clothing, books, &c.	129
Children of widows,	238
Children with fathers but no mothers,	29
Children, orphans,	54
Their ages are as follows:
Six years of age,	39
Seven years of age,	53
Eight years of age,	79
Nine years of age,	77
Ten years of age,	121
Eleven years of age,	111
Twelve years of age,	176
Thirteen years of age,	141
Fourteen years of age,	143
Fifteen years of age,	80
Sixteen years of age,	56

“My opinion is, that of the whole number, from eight to nine hundred (from neglect and their bad habits) are not fit to enter any of our present schools.

“From the best information which I can obtain, I am satisfied that the whole number in the City at the present time, (including the above number,) is not less than fifteen hundred of the same class as those described.

“And I earnestly call your attention to them, and the necessity of providing some means to have these children properly brought up, either at public or private expense; for I am satisfied that it will cost the State and City more for Police, Courts and Prisons, if they are suffered to go at large, than it would, to take them now, maintain them and make them useful citizens.

“The State Reform School at Westborough, will be a great benefit. Out of fifty-eight boys that have been sent there, thirty-four have gone from this City. But I am of opinion that the law is defective that waits until the child ‘shall be convicted of any offence known to the Laws of this Commonwealth and punishable by imprisonment’ before he can be sent there.

“Very few parents are willing to complain of and testify to the bad conduct of their children, knowing that such testimony will deprive them of their services.

“I am satisfied that the system heretofore pursued by the City Government of licensing minors to sell papers, and other small articles, is an injury to them.

“During the year 1846, out of 112 minors arrested for larceny, and carried before the Courts, 46 were news-boys. During the year 1847, out of 112 minors, 58 were news-boys.

“During the year 1847, out of 30 licensed, six were brought in for larceny during one week.

“There is evidently a great increase of crime among minors. The Police books show that the number arrested and brought in, is more than one hundred each quarter.

“The following extract is from the City School Report for the year 1847.

“‘Does the instruction provided by the City reach all those persons for whom it is intended? This question suggests itself to every one who observes the apparently great number of children, at large, in school hours, in almost every part of the City.

“‘It is not difficult to find out what are the occupations of many of these children. They are hawkers of papers, or sellers of matches,—most of the time occupied in quarreling and gambling. They are beggars, male and female, strolling from street to street, through lanes, by-ways and alleys, practicing the elementary lessons of pilfering, lying, deception and theft. They may be seen wherever wooden structures are in the process of building, repairing, or tearing down;—seeking for fragments of wood to which they evidently feel they have a very questionable right. They are the loafers on wharves and in all the modes of juvenile vice. Are these children in the way to become useful citizens or happy and respectable men? Are they not growing up to be the occupants of jails and almshouses? Are they not in a course of education for worthlessness and crime?

“‘Let us see what answer the records of the courts of justice make to these questions.

“‘There are, on an average, 74 inmates of the House of Reformation; nearly the same number in the school on Thompson’s Island; and, for the year ending in November last, 456, under age, had been inmates of the jails.

“‘In reference to providing instruction for this great mass of uneducated children, our system is not defective. Sufficient provision is now made for the instruction of those children who have passed the age at which they are admissible into the primary schools, and who are not qualified for the grammar schools. The number of this class is rapidly increasing, and is likely to increase still more. Our system was contrived and adapted to a small city, peopled by persons born in New England, and always enjoying and disposed to avail themselves of the advantages of the free-school system of these States. But some (no?) provision has been made for the vast accessions to our population by immigration from foreign countries of persons of every age, and of every condition of ignorance. Our system of government supposes educated citizens; and will not be safe unless our citizens are more or less educated. Now there are great masses coming in upon us who are not educated, except to vice and crime; the creatures or the victims of the justice or the oppression, or the over-population of the old world. For the education of these, adult and juvenile, not only must provision be made, but means must be used to render the provision effective. It is not enough to say that provision is made for their education, if they will avail themselves of it at a proper time. Unless they are made inmates of our schools, many of them will become inmates of our prisons; and it is vastly more economical to educate them in the former than to support them in the latter. The annual cost of educating an individual at the public schools is from six to twenty dollars. The annual cost of the support of an individual in the House of Reformation, the cheapest of all such institutions, is forty-four dollars, and in the House of Correction probably not less than one hundred dollars; and in this estimate is not included the great expense of the administration of criminal law, much of which might be prevented by the proper education of these children.

“‘It is a defect in the organization of this (School) Board, that there is now no person connected with and acting under direction of the Board, to ascertain what children of the legal age are not in the schools, and to use measures to bring them there. This Board is the only one which has, officially, a knowledge of the numbers of children in the schools and of those who ought to be there. It is the one whose duty it is to provide means for the education of all the children. It would be well if it could have authority not only to use means to bring wandering children into the schools, but to provide for the instruction of those portions of the adult population who are without, and who desire elementary instruction,—that is, instruction in reading, writing and accounts.’

“I know of no one thing,” says the City Marshal, “that is so much needed as a proper home for idle and vagrant female children, the ascertained number of which class is 184. There are, undoubtedly, 300 of the same character now in the City, they may be seen at the entrance of every public building and every great thoroughfare, peddling small articles or begging, and insulting every person who refuses to buy, or give when asked. Many of them have been so long neglected, that they are familiar with crime in its worst forms, but against whom it is difficult to procure evidence, and when procured, the only place they can be sent to, is to the House of Correction or House of Industry for short terms, and then they are suffered to go at large without a proper home or friends to care for them.

“In regard to habitual truants from the schools, I am satisfied that the powers of the Courts, and the City authorities, are entirely inadequate to meet the evil. The late Mayor directed me to detail some officer whose whole duty it should be to look after the truants that were reported to him, by the masters of the several schools.

“From the report of the officer detailed for this purpose, I make the following extract:

“‘During the year that I have had the charge of Truants, I have been called upon by the teachers of the Grammar and other Schools, to nearly 300 truant and idle children; and for want of some system by which to be governed, my practice has been as far as possible adapted to the circumstances of the case. I first call upon the parents, find out their condition and the character of the boy complained of, in order to know how to proceed with him; admonish him, and always in the first instance take him back to the school to which he belongs. In many cases this course has been sufficient. If called again to the same boy, by the consent of the parents, I have locked him up for a few hours, and given him to understand that a complaint against him would remain on file to be proceeded with if he again offends. This, sometimes, has been enough, but not often. After taking a boy to School two or three times, and he finds that nothing further is done, the Police-man’s badge and staff have no terrors for him. The reason, I think, is this. The law does not reach his case—the Courts say he is not a vagrant, because he has a home—and he is not a stubborn and disobedient child within the meaning of the statute. He is disobedient only so far as he is a truant; and there is no law against truancy. I have been into Court with a number of such cases and did not succeed in sustaining the complaint. The decision was almost fatal to the boy, and a great injury to the School to which he belonged. The only course left for us after this, was to watch the boy until we could arrest him for some trifling offence known to the law, and have him punished, which seemed to be necessary for the good of the boy, as well as the School.’

“The above statistics have been obtained in the following manner. During school hours the officer has visited the wharves, public thoroughfares, and all other places where these children congregate, and by kind treatment and persuasion, learned their names and residence, then gone with them to their homes and ascertained their condition, and that of their parents, a record of which is now in this office, and to which additions are daily made.”

This brief history of juvenile vagrancy in the city of Boston, whose school system has been so long and justly regarded as her chief glory, will not surprise those who are familiar with scenes at the wharves, railway-stations and steamboat landings of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore. Innumerable specimens of the same class of young renegades may be seen also at the doors or in the vestibules of public houses in the large inland towns; and unless some mild compulsory process is devised to form them to better habits, it is certain that a severe one will be demanded to protect the community against their violence and depredations.

No. 4.—The London Christian Observer’s notice of Rev. Mr. Field’s work on the advantages of the separate system of imprisonment.

In our last number we inserted, entire, an article on Mr. Field’s work, from the “London Medical and Chirurgical Review.” The February (1849) number of the London Christian Observer devotes ten or fifteen pages to it, and inclines “to agree to a considerable extent in the author’s opinion, that the separate system is superior, not only to every other system that has hitherto been tried, but also to any that shall be, or can be hereafter devised.” This is rather more than we should be willing to say of any human device, but we are glad to see an English periodical of so much influence and reputation committing itself so heartily to the right side.

The “Observer” has strangely fallen into the notion, that absolute solitude without labor or instruction, was ever adopted as a system of discipline in the United States. He speaks of “our good friends in the United States,” as having run into the extreme of “entire solitude for six or ten months together in prisons of the most wretched description,” but when the effects were seen, “the system was abandoned at once.” He expresses thankfulness, that this dreadful system was never tried in England, but that they have been permitted to learn better by the experience of their neighbors. There is no doubt, that studious efforts have been made by the opponents of separation in our country to confound it with solitude, and to give the impression, that whatever evils are imagined or proved to result from the latter, are necessarily incident to the former. But we should have looked for a little more discrimination in the Observer, and for evidence of more thorough knowledge on a subject of so much interest. Indeed, we might almost suppose, that the needful supply of knowledge and discrimination is at hand, when the inquiry affects the good repute of the “sea girt isle,” and only fails when the institutions of “young America” are presented for review.

“We come now,” says the Observer, “to the separate system as we have it amongst ourselves, and we must request our readers to bear in mind, that this system is essentially different from the Solitary, properly so called—different in its objects, in its working, in its effects. The separate cell is but the sick room, in which the morally diseased is put under treatment for such time as his case requires. The solitary cell is (or rather was, for it no longer exists among civilized nations) the grave; where the patient is left as being past treatment and without hope of recovery. Yet the two methods have been, and are confounded, and the failure of the one, with all its attendant circumstances of horror, is used blindly or unscrupulously as an argument against the other.”—p. 129-30.

It is this “blind or unscrupulous” confounding of solitude and its effects, with separation and its fruits, that constitutes one of the crying sins against humanity, for which we think the anti-separatists will be called to account.

“We are sorry that we cannot follow Mr. Field through his description of the system of instruction, and its effects on the prisoners in general. His work abounds in examples of the ignorant instructed, the profligate reclaimed, the hardened convict subdued, the weak-minded set firm in good principles; and almost all thankful for the discipline they have undergone, and setting out afresh in this world of trials, with, at all events, new strength and better principles. Mrs. Fry, indeed, regarding man as adapted for a state of trial, argued against the system7 as one that takes the convict away from trial altogether; but surely, there are stages and states in the moral life, when the discipline of solitude and reflexion is absolutely required; just as the body, though its intended sphere of action may be the air and the light, may absolutely require total seclusion from both, must be placed in bed, and take sharp medicines, instead of taking exercise and facing the weather. To say nothing of the fact, that a crowded prison-yard can scarcely be regarded as a fair field of probation for any man.

“Altogether, we regard the present state of things with respect to this whole subject as affording a ground of great encouragement and thankfulness to God; and as opening prospects of large social improvement both at home and in the Colonies; for the wretched system of transportation, the plan of peopling new lands with the outcasts of the old, seems to have received its deathblow from the introduction of wholesome discipline at home. There are a few minor differences to be adjusted regarding the treatment of convicts, the length of their separate confinement, and the mode of disposing of them for the rest of their sentence; but the principle is now fairly admitted, that the prison is to be a place of severe moral and religious discipline. The office of a gaol chaplain, instead of being the most loathsome and repulsive that a clergyman could hold, is now a work full of interest and promise and hope, bringing often a speedy return for labor. Sarah Martin, the pious needlewoman of Yarmouth, who passed her life among the wretched inhabitants of the gaol, would indeed have rejoiced, if she could have accompanied as we have done, the zealous Chaplain of one of these new gaols along the clean, light, well-aired corridor, and entered with him into one cell after another, where the prisoner welcomed him cheerfully and respectfully, repeating his few verses of psalm or hymn—a voluntary task—and listened thankfully for the kind admonition or encouragement of perhaps the first friend he ever knew. It seems as if God had raised up men on purpose for the work. We are personally acquainted with some Gaol Chaplains, and have read the Reports of many, and believe, in most cases they are men of energy, discernment and piety. If we have a fault to find with them, it is, that from their experience of visible effects speedily and uniformly produced on those who are under their charge, they come to speak and write as if the reformation of a sinner were a matter of certainty, provided only a sufficient time is allowed. We are aware, that this is only an apparent error, for no man would be more ready than Mr. Field to acknowledge the absolute necessity of the power of the Holy Spirit in any work of genuine reformation.”

No. 5.—Kentucky State Penitentiary.

A friend has kindly forwarded to us a copy of the annual report of the keeper, clerk, &c., of the Kentucky Penitentiary, for the year 1848. It is located at Frankfort, and as the reports indicate, is administered with much success. We have noted a few items of general interest.

It was formerly the custom to shave the head of every convict once a week. This humiliating process was required by law, but, at the suggestion of the present keeper, it was so modified, as to leave it to the discretion of the keeper to shave or not to shave. The good effects of the measure were at once manifest. We are not told to what extent the practice now prevails, but are left to infer that it is only adopted as a mode of punishment. There can be no doubt, we think, that all methods of humbling or subduing a convict which savour of vindictiveness, or occasion a needless violation of a natural and proper self-respect, are to be deprecated. External badges of infamy and degradation may be needful sometimes as a precaution against escapes, or for the recapture of convicts, but it is a great advantage to be able to dispense with them.

The average number of convicts in confinement at the date of the report, was 161, and the clear profits upon their earnings during the year, were eight or nine thousand dollars. The bagging business has been found dull, and very extensive preparations are now made for coopering.

The number of convicts received during the year ending December 1, 1848, was sixty-nine, and the number discharged by pardon during the same time was THIRTY-THREE, or nearly half as many pardons as commitments. This number is exclusive of five who were pardoned the day before the expiration of their sentence, to restore them to citizenship. All the convicts are males, and only 16 of the 161, are colored; and 128 were convictions of crime against property, and only twenty-five of the sentences exceed seven years. Nine of the convicts are from Ireland, and nine from other foreign countries, leaving 143 native Americans; 97 are under 30 years of age; 114 habitually or occasionally intemperate; 47 utterly destitute of any degree of education; and 80 were never married. From a review of the prison history for a period of 13 years, it appears that the largest number received in any one year, was 81, (1842,) and the smallest, 49, (1837;) the number of convicts received during the 13 years from the 88 counties of the State, was 877, of whom 383 were from the county of Jefferson alone, of which Louisville is the shire-town. Of the 877 convictions, 551 were for crimes against property, or against the person for property. Of the 877, only eleven were females. The number of cases of disease occurring during the year, was 244, of which 128 were cured. Days lost by sickness during the year, 1664.

No. 6.—An Inquiry into the Alleged Tendency of the Separation of Convicts, one from the other, to Produce Disease and Derangement. By A Citizen of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, E.C.&J. Biddle, 1849.

The questions involved in this inquiry and the elaborate manner in which they are handled in it, forbid a short or superficial notice of its contents; and hence we must ask for farther time to enable us to study, compare and collate, before we attempt to analyze the work for the use of our readers. If, however, in the mean time, they should choose to read and think for themselves in the premises, by a careful perusal of this “Inquiry,” we are safe in saying that the time will be well spent and the labor fully rewarded.

No. 7.—New York Eye and Ear Infirmary.

The report of this humane institution for 1848, (the 28th of its existence,) states that there were received during the year, 1,945 new patients being 565 more than were received in 1846. There remained under treatment, January 1, 1849, 129; and of 2,074 prescribed for during the year, 1,370 were cured, 147 were relieved, 33 declined treatment, 11 were discharged as incurable, the result of 34 were not ascertained, and 220 remained under treatment. Diseases of the ear, 130.

Of the patients, there were born in the United States 827; in foreign countries 1,118!

A free institution for the blind, is about to be opened in Jacksonville, Illinois. The State supports it by a special tax.

No. 8.—Shelter for Colored Orphans.

For thirteen years, a quiet and useful charity, known as the “Shelter,” has been provided for a portion of the colored orphan children of Philadelphia. At the date of the twelfth report there were 56 children under care, and twelve were received during the year; while 9 were apprenticed and 3 died. There were in the house, January 1849, 53 children. Dr. Casper Wistar attended and administered to the institution gratuitously, during a season of severe sickness from the measles, in the progress of which thirty-six were under medical care!

No. 9.—Paupers and Prisoners in Cincinnati.

It is stated in the public prints, that the admissions to the Cincinnati city hospital in the year 1848, were over 3000; and two-thirds of them foreigners. In the number were 152 lunatics.

“Admissions to the Jail, during the year, 776, of whom 742 were intemperate, 17 under 18 years of age, and 66 females. Of these 776, 35 were sent to the Penitentiary, and 741, ‘turned loose, without friends or employment, to prey upon society again—a portion of them serving awhile in the Chain-gang first.’”

No. 10.—Insane Asylum in North Carolina.

We understand that the act establishing a hospital for the insane at Raleigh, provides for a tax of one and three-fourths of a cent on every hundred dollars valuation of land, and five and a quarter cents on the poll, to be levied for the space of four years, to raise the money to construct and furnish the building—the County Courts during the said time to have power to make a proportionate reduction of the poor tax in their respective counties.

No. 11.—Corrupt Police.

In a charge lately given by one of the Judges of the Court of Quarter Sessions for the city and county of Philadelphia, some passages occur, the implication of which is very far from being creditable to the police-gentry, and is, moreover, rather startling to the lovers of peace and security.

“So long as there is collision between police officers and criminals, crime will continue, and it will be difficult to suppress it. If police officers will suppress evidence against the perpetrators of offences; if they will associate and correspond with criminals, and participate in the fruits of robbery, crime will continue to increase, because the chances for escape are great. In some of the Incorporated Districts it is believed, the police force is efficient and useful.”

This makes the whole matter so vague as to aggravate, rather than alleviate apprehensions.

In the same charge, the magistrate is represented as saying, that “if there were no pardons there would be but few convictions.” Is it possible that the indulgence of executive clemency is so frequent as to make juries careless or forward to convict from the impression that their verdict will be reviewed under an application for pardon?

We confess we had no idea that the exercise of the pardoning power had been such, either in character or extent, as to warrant a statement like the following from the same source:

“If any one will look at the records of conviction throughout the State for the last fifteen years, and then at the list of pardons, and the history and convictions of the convicts, it will be found, that rarely has a criminal served out the period of his sentence, if he were a person of wealth or previous influence, or who had wealthy connections, or friends and relations of great political influence. While no one can doubt that every Executive has been honest and sincere in the exercise of this power, yet the unseen effect of money and political relations enables the convict to surround the governor with influences which he does not resist.”

Can the yielding to such influences be regarded as consistent with “honesty and sincerity” in the exercise of the Executive prerogative?

“The principles on which pardons are often obtained, are, in my opinion, incorrect. The Executive generally hears but one side of the case—the one presented by the criminal—while the Court and Jury hear both sides. The case of the prisoner is always strongly stated in his favor, and that backed by the influence of friends or hired agents, and the incautious signing by citizens of a petition for pardon, usually produces the result of a liberation from that sentence.

“Nothing tends more to the suppression of crime than the certainty of punishment, no matter how short. Let people once be convinced that criminals will be punished as the law provides, and we should find the number of crimes rapidly diminishing.

We think much of the principle here asserted, but it is perhaps made to carry too much weight for its bottom.

Article II.—The President, and in his absence one of the Vice-Presidents, shall preside in all meetings, and shall subscribe all public acts of the Society. The President, or in his absence either of the Vice-Presidents, shall moreover have the power of calling a special meeting of the Society whenever he shall judge proper. A special meeting shall likewise be called at any time when six members of the Society shall concur in requesting it.

Article III.—The Secretaries shall keep fair records of the proceedings of the Society, and shall correspond with such persons and societies as may be judged necessary to promote the views and objects of the institution.

Article IV.—The Treasurer shall keep all moneys and securities belonging to the Society, and shall pay all orders of the Society or Acting Committee, signed by the President or one of the Vice-Presidents, which orders shall be his vouchers for his expenditures. He shall, before he enters upon his office, give a bond of not less than two hundred pounds for the faithful discharge of the duties of it.

Article V.—The Acting Committee shall consist of the President, two Vice-Presidents, two Secretaries, two Counsellors, Treasurer, and six [now ten] other members, three of whom to go off at the meetings in the months called January and July. They shall visit the prisons at least once a month, inquire into the circumstances of the prisoners, and report such abuses as they shall discover to the proper officers appointed to remedy them. They shall examine the influence of confinement or punishment upon the morals of the prisoners. They may draw upon the Treasurer for such sums of money as may be necessary. They shall keep regular minutes of their proceedings, to be read at every quarterly meeting of the Society. This committee shall have the sole power of electing new members, but no member shall be admitted who has not been proposed at a previous meeting of the Society, nor shall an election for a member take place in less than one month after the time of his being proposed.

Article VI.—Every member who on his admission shall subscribe the constitution, and pay ten dollars, shall be a member for life, and every member who on his admission shall subscribe the constitution, and annually pay the sum of seven shillings and sixpence, shall be a member while he continues to contribute.8

Article VII.—Corresponding members may be elected, not resident in the city of Philadelphia, nor within ten miles thereof, who shall not be required to make pecuniary contributions to the funds of the Society, nor sign the constitution.

Article VIII.—The Society shall meet on the second Second-day, called Monday, in the months called January, April, July, and October, at such place as shall be agreed to by a majority of the Society.

Article IX.—No law or regulation shall contradict any part of the Constitution of the Society, nor shall any law or alteration of the Constitution be made without it be proposed at a previous meeting. All questions shall be decided, where there is a division, by a majority of votes; in those where the Society is equally divided, the presiding officer shall have a casting vote.

OFFICERS FOR 1849.

President—James J. Barclay. Vice-Presidents—Townsend Sharpless, Charles B. Trego. Treasurer—Edward Yarnall.
Secretaries and Committee of Correspondence—
William Parker Foulke, Charles D. Cleveland.
Counsellors—Job R. Tyson, William A. Porter.

Acting Committee.

James J. Barclay, Townsend Sharpless, Charles B. Trego, Edward Yarnall, William Parker Foulke, Charles Dexter Cleveland, Job R. Tyson, William A. Porter, Frederick A. Packard, Jeremiah Hacker, William Shippen, John M. Whitall, Marmaduke Cooper Cope, Rene Guillou, Charles Ellis, Edward Townsend.

?? Quarterly Meeting of the Society on the ninth day of April, inst.

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NOTICE.

?? Communications and orders for this work may be addressed “Editors of the Journal of Prison Discipline,” care of the publishers, No. 6, South Fifth Street, Philadelphia.

?? “Officers of State, Inspectors, or Wardens of Penitentiaries, Keepers of Common Gaols, Houses of Correction, &c., Superintendents or Physicians of Insane Asylums, (whether public or private, and whether for paupers or pay-patients,) officers of Houses of Refuge, Police Magistrates, and others who may be in possession of, or have access to reports or other documents bearing on prison discipline, insanity, juvenile delinquency, police regulations, pauperism, &c., &c., will confer a particular favour by forwarding to the above office copies of such publications for use or notice in this Journal. All such attentions will be gratefully acknowledged, and cheerfully reciprocated.

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“JOURNAL OF PRISON DISCIPLINE AND PHILANTHROPY,”
Published by the “Philadelphia Society for alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons.”

DESIGN AND PLAN OF THE WORK.

The members of this venerable Institution, which has been mainly instrumental, in introducing the great reform in Prison Discipline that has distinguished the last half century, have long felt the need of such a medium of communication with the public as is now proposed. Their attention has of late been more especially aroused to the importance of the measure, from the deep interest which has been awakened in such reform; and from the misapprehension which prevails, as to the true principles and results of what is termed the “Pennsylvanian,” or “Separate System.”

Of the intrinsic usefulness of a Journal of this nature, it is believed but one opinion can prevail among the intelligent and humane. One of the most active and well-informed of those engaged in the reform of Prisons, has justly remarked, that “judgment is but the result of comparison.” All reasonable men, before deciding on a measure, will acknowledge the importance of becoming acquainted with the history and results of similar efforts. Hence the necessity felt by all civilized nations, of publishing and preserving public documents, reports, discussions, criticisms, &c. In America there is no adequate provision for the preservation of these, so far as they relate to prison reform; they are scattered among an accumulation of pamphlets on other subjects, are frequently destroyed, and are always difficult of access; and the labour which ought to furnish instruction for our future progress, and for posterity, becomes too often merely temporary in its utility.

At the present time a greatly enhanced importance is attached to a publication of this kind, as a medium of communication with foreign countries. Several of the governments of Europe are endeavouring to ascertain the best system of Prison Discipline, with a view to its adoption; and although the Society have no doubt which of the methods now in existence is the best, some Philanthropists of the Old World are yet undecided.

It is from a knowledge of these facts and from a belief that it is due to themselves and the cause of humanity, that the Society have been induced to undertake this publication.

The Journal will be devoted to the exposition and promulgation of correct views on Prison Discipline, Police systems, Asylums for the insane poor, Societies for the aid of discharged prisoners, and other reforms immediately connected with these subjects. It will also be rendered more interesting and instructive by the introduction of biographical sketches of celebrated Philanthropists, accompanied with portraits; and by plans and descriptions of the best methods of Prison construction. Such being the object, the Society cannot doubt that it will meet with cordial support from the friends of humanity, throughout the Old and New World.

TERMS.

This periodical is published quarterly; each number to contain at least 48 pages octavo. It will be delivered without charge to members of the Society; but to those who are not members, the price is $1 per aum, always in advance, or 25 cents a number.