There is one argument in support of the contention that Bacon was the author of Venus and Adonis which seems to me to deserve more attention than it has hitherto received. It was, I believe, first put forward by the late Reverend Walter Begley, of St. John’s College, Cambridge, in his book, Is it Shakespeare? And in the end (the end of love I wot), Pigmalion hath a jolly boy begot. So Labeo did complaine his love was stone, Obdurate, flinty, so relentlesse none; Yet Lynceus knowes that in the end of this He wrought as strange a metamorphosis. Now compare the following lines from Venus and Adonis (199-200): Art thou obdurate, flinty, hard as steel— Nay, more than flint, for stone at rain relenteth. Here we have Labeo’s complaint almost word for word, and we are reminded that at the end of Venus and Adonis there was the “strange metamorphosis” of Adonis into a flower, quite as strange as that of “Pigmalion’s Image.” Is it not clear, then, that by Labeo is meant the author of Venus and Adonis? It may be said, of course, that it was not the author, but Venus who complained that Adonis was “obdurate, flinty,” and relentless, but that is a futile objection, for Marston evidently puts the words of Venus into Labeo’s mouth, and it can only be the author of the poem to whom he alludes. Who, then, was Labeo? Well, “these University wits,” as Mr. Begley writes, “were steeped in Horace, Juvenal, Persius, and Ovid, and thence brought forth a nickname whenever an occasion required it.” Now in Horace we read: Labeone insanior inter sanos dicatur. and we learn that M. Antistius Labeo was a famous lawyer, who, it is said, by too much free speaking had offended the Emperor Augustus. But what more have we about this sixteenth century Labeo? Well, Bishop Hall in his satires mentions him several times, and reflects upon him as a licentious writer who takes care to preserve his anonymity, and, like the cuttle-fish, involves himself in a cloud of his own making. Thus in the second book of his satires, which he called (after Plautus) VirgidemiÆ, i.e., a bundle of rods, Hall attacks Labeo in the following words: For shame! write better, Labeo, or write none; Or betterwrite, or, Labeo, write alone. (Bk. II, Sat. 1) and he ends this satire thus: For shame! write cleanly, Labeo, or write none. From these lines we may infer, as Mr. Begley says, that Labeo did not write alone, but in conjunction with, or under cover of, another author, and also that he did not write “cleanly,” but in a lascivious style, such as the style of Venus and Adonis, it might be. But there is a further passage in Hall’s VirgidemiÆ (Book IV, Sat. 1) which I must quote: Labeo is whipp’d and laughs me in the face: Why? for I smite, and hide the gallÉd place. Gird but the Cynick’s Helmet on his head, Cares he for Talus or his flayle of lead? Long as the crafty Cuttle lieth sure In the black Cloude of his thick vomiture, Who list complain of wrongÉd faith or fame When he may shift it to another’s name? It would take too long if, in this note, I were to attempt the explanation of this “Sphinxian” passage, as Dr. Grosart called it, but the general meaning seems clear enough, viz.: “I, the Satirist, whip Labeo, but Labeo merely laughs at me, for he knows he can shift the blame, and the punishment, on to another whose name he makes use of, while he himself lies, like the Cuttle, in the Cloud of his own vomiture.” Then, writes Mr. Begley, “Labeo is the writer of Venus and Adonis; and as there is every reason to think that Marston used the name Labeo because Hall had used it, we are therefore able to infer that Hall and Marston both mean the same man. We, therefore, advance another step, and infer that the author of Venus and Adonis did not write alone, that he shifted his work to another’s name (certainly a Baconian characteristic), and acted like a cuttle-fish by interposing a dark cloud between himself and his pursuers.” But what proof or evidence is there that Labeo stood for Bacon? Well, Marston’s Satires were published, with his “Pigmalion’s Image,” in 1598, several months after Hall’s first three books of VirgidemiÆ had appeared, and in his Satire IV, entitled Reactio, Marston goes through pretty well the whole list of writers whom Hall had attacked, and defends them, but, curiously enough, he seems to take no notice of Hall’s attack on That is to say: “What, did not even mediocria firma escape thy spite?”—or we might translate: “What, was not even mediocria safe (firma) from thy spite?” “Mediocria firma,” therefore, stands for a writer, and one who had been attacked by Hall. And who was that writer? Of this there can, surely, be no doubt. “Mediocria firma” was Bacon’s motto, and we find it engraved over the well-known portrait of Franciscus Baconus Baro de Verulam, which appears at the commencement of his Sylva Sylvarum. Moreover, it is a motto which has never been used except by the Earls of Verulam or the Bacon family. “Mediocria firma,” therefore, stands for Bacon. But is “Mediocria firma” identical with “Labeo”? Well, “Labeo,” as used by Marston, stands for the author of Venus and Adonis. Of that, I think, there can be no doubt. And Hall’s “Labeo,” the elusive author of a lascivious poem, The above is but a brief outline of the argument put before his readers by the late Walter Begley, and I have no space to elaborate it further in this note. I should like, however, to add one final word. If Bacon was the author of Venus and Adonis, then he was also the author of Lucrece. Well, for myself, I should not be at all surprised to find that he was, in fact, the author of that long, wearisome, tedious, and pedantic poem, where the outraged matron, “aprÈs avoir ÉtÉ violÉe autant qu’on peut l’Être,” like Candide’s Cunegonde, and “pausing for means to mourn some newer way,” at last “calls to mind where hangs a piece of skilful painting, made for Priam’s Troy,” the contemplation of which leads to a prolonged train of reflection concerning Ajax and Ulysses, Paris and Helen, Hector and Troilus, Priam and Hecuba, etc., etc., all of which is singularly out of place in the mouth of Tarquin’s unhappy victim. Nor would I, in this connection, omit to refer to that long and curious and unwanted passage concerning heraldry which we find in an earlier part of the poem (lines 54-72), and upon which Mr. George Here, in conclusion, I would advert to a passage in this stilted poem which is curiously illustrative of “Shakespeare’s knowledge of a not generally known custom among the ancient Romans.” When Tarquin has forced an entry into the chamber of Lucrece, we read: “Night wandering weasels shriek to see him there,”—a line which for a long time puzzled all the commentators. For what could weasels be doing in Collatine’s house or in Lucrece’s chamber? At last, however, some scholar directed attention to the note on Juvenal’s Satire XV, 7, in Mayor’s edition, where we learn that some animal of the weasel tribe was kept by the Romans in their houses for some purpose or another; and referring to Facciolati’s Dictionary, we read: “Mustela, ?a??, animal quadrupes parvum sed oblongum, flavi coloris, muribus, columbis, gallinis infestum. Duo autem sunt genera: alterum, domesticum quod in domibus nostris oberrat, et catulos suos, ut auctor est Cicero, quotidie transfert, mutatque sedem, serpentes persequitur,” etc. The Romans then, it seems, had no knowledge of the domestic cat, and had domesticated an animal of the weasel tribe which they kept in the house to kill mice or it might be snakes, and for THE END. FOOTNOTES: Like the Pontic Sea Whose icy current and compulsive course Ne’er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on To the Propontic and the Helespont.” See the Sunday Times, August 28, 1921. With reference to the 160 new lines added in the folio version of Othello and which “cannot be attributed to any other hand but the author’s,” it will be remembered that William Shakspere of Stratford died some six years before the publication of the quarto of 1622. (See Is there a Shakespeare Problem? p. 443 et seq.) “Who in an angle, where the ants inhabit, (The emblems of his labours) will sit curl’d,” etc. [Ed.] “It is for you I revel so in rhyme, Dear Mistress, not for hope I have, the Time Will grow the better by it; to serve Fame Is all my end, and get myself a name.” To which Fame answers: “Away, I know thee not, wretched impostor, Creature of glory, mountebank of wit, Self-loving braggart, Fame doth sound no trumpet To such vain empty fools: ’tis Infamy Thou serv’st, and follow’st, scorn of all the Muses! Go revel with thine ignorant admirers, Let worthy names alone.” Whereupon Chronomastix makes an appeal to his “ignorant admirers”: “O you, the Curious, Breathe you to see a passage so injurious, Done with despight, and carried with such tumour ’Gainst me, that am so much the friend of rumour? I would say, Fame? Who with the lash of my immortal pen Have scourg’d all sorts of vices and of men. Am I rewarded thus? have I, I say, From Envy’s self-torn praise and bays away, With which my glorious front, and word at large, Triumphs in print at my admirers’ charge? Whereat “Ears,” one of “The Curious,” exclaims: Rare! how he talks in verse, just as he writes! [Ed.] Jonson’s words are: “There is a school-master Is turning all his works too into Latin, To pure Satyric Latin; makes his boys To learn him; call’s him the Times Juvenal; Hangs all his school with his sharp sentences; And o’er the execution place hath painted Time whipt, for terror to the infantry.” This also appears to be an allusion to George Wither. [Ed.] “Within yond’ darkness, Venus hath found out That Hecate, as she is queen of shades, Keeps certain glories of the time obscured, There for herself alone to gaze upon As she did once the fair Endymion. These Time hath promised at Love’s suit to free As being fitter to adorn the age. By you [i.e., King James] restored on earth, most like his own; And fill this world of beauty here, your Court.” What were the “certain glories of the time obscured” which Time had “promised at Love’s suit to free” is matter for speculation. “Turn hunters then Again But not of men. Follow his ample And just example, That hates all chase of malice, and of blood, And studies only ways of good. To keep soft peace in breath Man should not hunt mankind to death, But strike the enemies of man. Kill vices if you can,” etc. Here was yet another hit at George Wither, but who was he whose “ample and just example” was held up as a model for imitation? [Ed.] Henricus neque Septimus tacetur, Et quicquid venerum politiorum, et Si quid prÆterii inscius libellum Quos magni peperit vigor Baconi. Where the appended translation reads: “Nor must the Seventh Henry fail of mention, or if aught there be of more cultured loves, aught that I unwitting have passed over of the works which the vigor of great Bacon hath produced.” A note explains “quicquid venerum politiorum” as “stories of love more spiritually interpreted,” and refers to Bacon’s De Sapientia Veterum. The author of No. XVIII of the Manes tells us that “the Day Star of the Muses hath fallen ere his time! Fallen, ah me, is the very care and sorrow of the Clarian god [Phoebus to wit], thy darling, nature and the world’s—Bacon: aye—passing strange—the grief of very Death. What privilege did not the crule Destiny [Atropos, one of the Fates] claim? Death would fain spare, and yet she [Atropos] would not. Melpomene, chiding, would not suffer it, and spake these words to the stern goddesses [the ParcÆ, or Fates]: ‘Never was Atropos truly heartless before now; keep thou all the world, only give my Phoebus back.’” It is to be noted that the Muse who here speaks of Bacon as her “Phoebus,” or Apollo, is Melpomene the Muse of Tragedy. [Ed.] |