Abacus, Chinese, 105.
Abdomen, the seat of intellect, 85.
Actors debarred from literary degrees, 54;
different grades, 57;
salaries, 58.
Adobe houses, construction, 23.
Adoption, conditions, 251, 252.
Aged, occasional hard lot of the, 326.
“Analects” quoted, 93.
Architecture of China described, 25.
Arnold of Rugby vs. Confucius, 72.
“Backing” the lesson, 81;
illustration, 81, 82.
Betrothal, evils of early, 267.
Bookkeeping, difficult in Chinese, 52.
“Book of Surnames,” 84.
Books copied by poor scholars, 100.
Borrowing, its universal necessity, 204, 205.
“Bowl associations,” 188.

Boys and men, village:
infancy of, 237, 238;
“milknames” given them, 238;
why called by girls’ names, 238;
names a clue to relationship, 239;
“style,” 239, 240;
secret titles used on letters, 240;
titles for men, 240;
boys carried about for years, 241;
Chinese fathers not sympathetic with childhood, 242, 243;
boys’ amusements and toys, 242-245;
do not rob birds’ nests, 244;
work of boys, 245-247;
their wages, 247;
outings, 247;
“donning the cap” on arriving at majority, 247, 248;
getting married, 248-250;
adoption of sons, 251, 252;
adopting a daughter’s husband, 252;
“reverting to original names,” 253, 254;
two branches of a family represented by one man, 254;
treatment in serious illness, 255, 256;
subordination of men to the elder relationships, 256;
summary of village boy’s limitations, 256, 257.
Bricks, colour and manufacture of, 22;
adobe, 23.
Bridal chair, 269;
its dismantling, 271.
Bully, the village:
peculiar to China, 211;
Chinese traits favouring his existence, 211;
names, 211, 216;
differentiated from four cognate classes of society, 211, 212;
dual classification of villagers, 212;
three varieties of bully, 212-225;
dress of bullies, 213;
how one becomes a “village king,” 214;
gymnastic preparation, 215;
poverty as a qualification, 216;
bullies as incendiaries, 217;
as crop injurers, 217, 218;
feeders to the yamÊns, 218;
devices used against the rich, 218, 219;
the literary bully, 219;
the female bully, 219;
organization of a bully’s followers, 220, 221;
attacks on yamÊns, 222;
worsted, 223;
power when influential, 223;
an illustration of such a bully, 223-225.
Candidates for examination, 112.
Carts, 39;
how drawn, 39.

Cash, one way of securing rare coins, 52.
Cash payments rare, 206.
Cave dwellings, 22.
Chang Kung, 27.
ChÊn-tien, or market towns, 147.
Christianity, what can it do for China? it can care for children physically, 341, 342;
it creates sympathy between parents and children, 342;
it teaches child-training, 342;
it will revolutionise education, 342, 343;
will educate girls as well as boys, 343;
will foster girl friendships, 344;
will lead to Christian choice of partners in marriage, 344, 345;
will postpone marriage to a suitable age, 345;
will oppose polygamy and concubinage, 345;
will sweeten and purify home life, 345;
will be a true peacemaker, 346;
will make man and wife the unit of society, 346;
will change ideals of friendship, 347;
will implant Christian idea of brotherhood, 347;
will improve the government, 348;
will implant patriotism, 348, 349;
the time required for this process, 349, 351, 352;
this prophecy based on past accomplishment, 350;
Christianity’s ultimate triumph, 352.
Chu Hsi’s Commentary, 87.
Cities irregular in form and reason therefor, 20;
monotonous appearance, 25.
Civilization unable to vitally change China, 348.
“Classics,” their excellencies, 95;
their defects, 95, 96.
Classification unheard of in Chinese schools, 90.
Colquhoun’s volume and its importance, 16, note.
Concubinage, 297, 300-302.
Confucius and his son, 70, 71;
his theory of teaching, 71, 72;
honoured in schools, 76.
Constables, local, 228.
Conversation, topics of, 315.
Cotton-gathering and manufacture, 276.
Cotton-gleaning, 166, 167.
Courtyard, arrangement of buildings in a, 25;
animals in, 28.
Crop-watching societies, why necessary, 161-164;
description of watchers’ lodges, 162;
fate of captured thieves, 163;
announcing the existence of a society, 164;
how expense is borne, 164;
agreement entered into, 165;
trial and punishment of thieves, 165, 166;
fines, 168;
effect on health, 168.
Daughters, infancy of, 237.
Dead, marrying to the, 298, 299.
Degrees, sale of, 121;
three methods of falsely securing, 122-126;
motives leading men to compete for degrees, 132, 133.
Democracy in China apparent, not real, 226.
Dictionary, standard Chinese, 97.
Digging through walls by thieves, 28.
Display, Chinese love of, 191.
“Distant reserve,” a Chinese factor in education, 72, 73.
District officials’ occasional objections to theatres, 59.
Divorce, seven grades of, 288.
Dogs destroyers of crops, 162.
Door-locking and thieves, 28.
Dunning must be repeated, 206, 207.
Educational Edicts of 1898, 134, 135;
results, 135.

Education, Chinese theories of, 71-73;
its object, 91, 106.
Education of girls unnecessary, 264.
Emigration made necessary in Yung Lo’s time, 20.
Essay brokers, 124, 125.
Essay, its place in Chinese education, 110, 111.
Examinations announced, 111, 112;
District Examinations, first day, 112, 113;
second to fourth days, 113;
fees, 113, 114;
second examination on fifth or sixth day, 114;
third examination, 114;
fourth examination, 114;
fifth examination, 115;
number of successful candidates small, 115;
Prefectural Examinations, their character, 116;
number of candidates, 116;
severity of hall regulations, 117, 118;
fees of successful candidates, 119;
“joyful announcements,” 119, 120;
honours paid successful candidates, 120;
diplomas lacking, 120, 121;
literary buttons and their forfeiture, 121;
result of negligence of examiners, 127, 128;
examinations required after first degree is obtained, 129.
Fairs, shopkeepers preparing for, 50;
gambling at temple fairs, 144;
differentiated from markets, 149;
numbers attending, 149;
duration, 150;
essentials to their success, 150;
opened by a play, 150.
“Falconing” with a woman, 296.
Family disunity:
why marriage is an element in this, 324-326;
disunity due to daughters, 326;
due to married sons living at home, 326, 327;
due to distribution of property, 327-329;
due to “empty grain-tax land,” 329, 330;
due to poisoning propensities, 330, 331;
due to lack of mutual confidence, 332;
due to lack of sympathy and pity, 333;
due to “face,” 335, 336;
due to transmigration ideas, 336;
due to domestic brawls, 337;
partial remedy for this disunity, 338.
Family, unstable equilibrium of the Chinese:
unit of social life, 317;
equilibrium affected by famine, 317;
by inundation, 317, 318;
by rebellions, 318;
by the labour market, 318;
by lawsuits, 319;
by debts, 320;
by sickness, 320, 321;
by gambling and opium among the wealthy, 321;
by social immorality, 322.
Farmers in China comparatively independent, 146.
Farms in various plots, 163.
“Feast” in its technical sense, 183.
Ferries, why essential in the North, 39;
loading animals and carts on the boats, 40, 41;
unloading, 41;
why ferry reforms are deemed impossible, 42.
Ferule and its uses, 78, 89.
Financiering, seven deadly sins of Chinese, 204-208.
“Five Classics,” 85.
Five degrees of relationship, 193.
Foot-binding, 261.
Foreigners attacked in theatres, 65, 66.
“Four Books,” 85.
Freedom of assembling, 228.
Funerals:
of suicides, 253.
Kitchen god, 27;
at New Year, 199.
Kung-shÊng’s rank, 129, 130.
Lending a necessity, 205, 206.
Letters, ambiguity of address, 240.
Letter-writing, 101, 102.
Life in villages, monotony and vacuity of: villages a fixture, 312;
their intellectual life in grooves, 313;
illiteracy a source of vacuity, 315;
topics of conversation, 315;
indifference to happenings outside the village, 315, 316;
travelled villagers speedily stagnate, 316.
Li Hung Chang honouring snakes, 169.
Literary chancellor’s duties, 111.
Live-stock fairs, 148.
Loan Societies, object, 152;
simplest form, 152, 153;
feasts, 153;
societies charging interest, 154;
method of securing loans, 154, 155;
tables illustrating their working, 155, 156;
insuring payment, 157;
risks involved, 157, 158;
Hong Kong lawsuit re such societies, 158-160.

Local deity, T‘u-ti, 137, 138.
Lord Clive a Chinese bully in boyhood, 218.
“Lord-of-bitterness,” i. e., elder brother, 283.
Markets, why necessary, 146;
harmful to morals, 147;
“official” markets, 147;
number attending, 147;
use made of market taxes, 148;
market-day nomenclature, 148, 149;
“market” and “fair” differentiated, 149;
taxes levied, 149, 150;
coÖperation most helpful in one respect, 151.
Mencius’ view of teachers, 70.
Men (See Boys and men).
Mill, James, and his method of teaching, 72.
Mind, characteristics of the Chinese, 102;
like a high bicycle, 103.
Ming Huang, the god of actors, 54.
Mohammedans exempt from temple assessment, 137.
Mothers-in-law, 276, 277.
Names of villages derived from surnames, 30;
from temples, 30;
confusion in names, 31, 32;
names derived from distances, 31;
villages nicknamed, 33;
singular names, 33, 34.
Naming children, 238;
a clue to relationship, 239.
New Year in China:
dumplings, 196, 197;
family reunions, 197, 198;
new clothes essential to, 198, 199;
New Year religious rites, 199, 200;
its social ceremonies, 200, 201;
universal leisure of the time, 201, 202;
gambling, 202, 203;
debt-paying, 203, 204;
lantern search for debtors, 208.
New Year Societies:
fees, 209;
use of funds, 209;
consequences if not paid, 210;
gamblers’ use of its funds, 210.
“Odes, Book of,” quoted, 237.
Parents, care of in Chinese theory, 328, 329.
Partial payments in China, 207, 208.
Peking Gazette, 99.
Pig-styes, 28, 29.
Pits near villages, 24.
Poisoning in China, 330, 331.
Population of China:
ignorance of the Chinese people concerning it, 17;
official ignorance on the subject, 17;
attempts of foreigners to ascertain density in certain districts, 18, 19;
too great, 308, 309.
Poverty characteristic of China, 310, 311;
its alleviation, 311.
Property, distribution of, 327-329.
Proverbs:
concerning teachers, 73, 74;
school discipline in last month, 76;
necessity of continuous study, 91;
reading required, if one would know history, 99;
funeral feasts, 192;
girls vs. boys, 258;
obstreperous women, 305;
daughters useless to mother’s family, 326.
Punctuality a lost art in China, 151.
Rain-making:
gods connected therewith, 169, 170;
iron tablets used, 170;
why these methods seem efficacious, 171;
detrimental influences, 171;
punishment of unsuccessful rain-gods, 172.
Reforms in China, how to be secured, 43;
difficult in educational matters, 107.
Relationships, assumed, 240.
Religious societies, four characteristics of, 141;
two varieties of “Mountain Societies,” 142, 143;
program on reaching the mountain, 144, 145;
the secret sects, 145.
Roads in villages used as shops, 35;
“low-ways,” 35;
why crooked, 35;
flanked by ditches, 36;
in rainy season often rivers, 36;
method of making new ones, 37;
road-building and la grippe, 38.
Scholars “not utensils,” 93;
economically they are useless, 94;
an exception, 94;
begging of foreigners, 94, 95;
without adequate literary apparatus, 96, 97;
their ignorance of history, 98, 100;
of geography, 101;
their conservatism, 103;
lack of literary judgment, 104;
ignorance of arithmetic, 105;
strolling scholars, 107-109;
functions at funerals, 133;
in lawsuits, 133;
subjectivity of, 313;
gullibility, 314;
riots due to their credulity, 314, 315.
Schoolboy beginning his studies, 80;
honoured in the family, 91, 92;
a spoiled child, 92;
effects of study, 92, 93.
Schoolhouses, 75;
their furniture, 75, 76.
Schools in villages, why important, 70;
prevalence of schools, 73;
abundance of teachers, 73;
salaries, 74;
school lists, 74;
arrangements concerning tuition, 75;
schoolhouses, 75;
furniture, 75, 76;
duration of school year, 76;
vacations, 76, 90;
honour shown to Confucius, 76;
school hours and intermissions, 77;
heating schoolrooms, 77;
returning from school, 77;
severity of discipline, 79, 80;
shouting in study, 80;
“backing,” 81, 82;
books studied, 82-85;
“explaining,” 85, 86;
writing exercises, 87;
studies interrupted by teacher’s guests and his examinations, 88, 89;
playing in the school, 89;
irregular attendance of pupils, 89, 90;
lack of classification, 90;
no genuine intellectual work done, 90;
two valuable lessons learned at school, 93;
do not teach arithmetic, 104, 105;
their strength and weakness, 106, 107.
Screens before gates, their use, 21.
Secret sects, 145.
Seers or “bright-eyes,” 283, 284.
Shan-tung productions, 161, 162.
Shops in villages, goods sold, 49, 50;
headquarters from which to radiate to fairs, 50;
hard lot of clerks, 51, 52;
case of meat seller, 51, 52;
cheating methods, 53.
Sorghum, 161;
stripping off lower leaves, 166.
Strolling scholars, 107, 109.
“Style” of individuals, 239, 240.
Suicide, punishment for inciting to, 322, 323.
Superintendent of Instruction, 130, 131.
“Surety” for literary candidates, 115, 116.
“Surnames, Book of,” 84.
Surnames, the four common ones, 31.
T‘ai Shan’s historical importance, 141;
its pilgrimages, 141, 142;
“Mountain Societies,” 142.
Taxes on “empty grain-tax land,” 329
Teacher’s hard lot as pictured in a play, 67, 68;
in proverbs, 73;< br/> in experience, 74;
do not teach in their own towns, 74, 75;
their manner of life, 75;
honourable position, 76, 78;
unlimited power, 78;
relation to pupils, 78;
substitute teachers, 89;
Western criticism of, 102.
Temples to be used as schoolhouses, 135;
how village temples came to be built, 136;
reasons for their absence in some villages, 137;
two gods most commonly honoured with temples, 137, 138;
uses made of building fund surplus, 138;
resorts of thieves and beggars, 139;
temple expenses, 139;
as receptacles of coffins and funeral paraphernalia, 139;
different deities in same temple, 140;
temple tax at fairs, 149;
lawsuits over, 232.
Theatre, its origin in China, 54;
little understood by foreigners, 55;
the stage and its equipment, 55, 56;
the theatre an investment, 56, 57;
costumes, 57;
classes of players, 58;
amateurs, 58;
child apprentices, 58, 59;
plays a public benefit, 60, 65;
occasions for giving a play, 60, 61;
cost of presenting it, 61;
the “program bearer,” 62;
transporting stage properties, 62;
preparations for a theatre, 62;
used as a device for attracting customers for fairs, 62;
impression made by a play, 63;
plays as a social factor, 63, 64;
a drain upon hosts, 64;
subjects of plays, 66;
synopsis of one, 66-68;
the theatre an index of the Chinese theory of life, 68, 69.
Thieves’ action at theatres, 65;
use temples as resorts, 139.
“Thousand Character Classic,” 84.
Title deeds often lost, 27.

Torture as a means of raising temple funds, 136.
“Trimetrical Classic” quoted,

[1] A consideration of the important crisis through which the Chinese Empire is passing at the close of the century, does not fall within the scope of a work like the present. All who are interested in that subject should not omit to read attentively Mr. Colquhoun’s “China in Transformation,” London and New York, 1898, embodying the matured convictions of an accomplished traveller, and an experienced Oriental administrator, with an exceptional first-hand acquaintance with China.

[2] A Chinese woman for many years employed in the writer’s family, remarked that for a long time after she was married she was never allowed to leave the narrow courtyard in her hamlet. The wife of a Tao-t‘ai told a foreign lady that in her next existence she hoped to be born a dog, that she might go where she chose!

[3] We have known occasional instances in which a betrothed girl was not required to attend the funeral of her future father-in-law or mother-in-law, a trying ordeal which she must be glad to escape. Sometimes when she does attend, she merely kneels to the coffin, but does not “lament,” for usage is in this, as in other particulars, very capricious.

[4] A Chinese woman whose parents are living, is constantly referred to not only as a “girl,” but as an unmarried girl (ku-niang), although she may be herself the mother of half-a-dozen children.

[5] See a small pamphlet on “The Status of Woman in China,” by Dr. Ernst Faber, Shanghai, 1889, containing many illustrative classical citations.

[6] For ample illustration of this subject see Dr. Ernst Faber’s “The Famous Women of China,” Shanghai, 1890, and “Typical Women of China,” by the late Miss A. C. Safford, an abridged translation of a famous and authoritative Chinese work.

[7] An extreme case of chronic misery from this cause is found in the HsiÊn District of Chih-li, where there is a section wedged in between the high artificial banks of two rivers. Every year many villages are deluged as matter of course, and the houses have been repeatedly destroyed. No autumn crop can ever be raised here, but wheat is put in after the waters have subsided. In the winter one sees many of the houses with doors and windows plastered up, almost all the inhabitants having gone off in droves to beg a living where they can, returning the next spring to look after their wheat. This has become a regular practice even with families who own fifty or sixty acres of land, and who elsewhere would be called well off.

[8] A case of this sort came to the writer’s notice in which a man from Ho-nan had gathered a stock of goods amounting to more than the value of fifty Mexican dollars, and departed for Manchuria, nearly 1,500 miles distant, in order to learn what had become of his sister’s son who had left home in anger. The goods were disposed of to pay travelling expenses, but the journey of a few months as planned, was lengthened to more than a year. The poor man fell sick, his goods were spent, and he was many months slowly begging his way back, and after all had learned nothing of his nephew.

Transcriber’s Notes:

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