The War with Mexico, Volume 1 (of 2)

CONTENTS OF VOLUME I

		PAGE
Maps and Plans in Volume I		xvii
Conspectus of Events		xix
Pronunciation of Spanish		xxi
CHAPTER
I.	Mexico and the Mexicans	1
II.	The Political Education of Mexico	29
III.	The Relations between the United States and Mexico, 1825–1843	58
IV.	The Relations between the United States and Mexico, 1843–1846	82
V.	The Mexican Attitude on the Eve of War	102
VI.	The American Attitude on the Eve of War	117
VII.	The Preliminaries of the Conflict	138
VIII.	Palo Alto and Resaca de Guerrero	156
IX.	The United States Meets the Crisis	181
X.	The Chosen Leaders Advance	204
XI.	Taylor Sets out for Saltillo	225
XII.	Monterey	239
XIII.	Saltillo, Parras, and Tampico	262
XIV.	Santa Fe	284
XV.	Chihuahua	298
XVI.	The California Question	315
XVII.	The Conquest of California	331
XVIII.	The Genesis of Two Campaigns	347
XIX.	Santa Anna Prepares to Strike	370
XX.	Buena Vista	384
Notes on Volume I		402
Appendix (Manuscript Sources)		565

MAPS AND PLANS IN VOLUME ONE

As equally good sources disagree sometimes, a few inconsistencies are unavoidable. Numerous errors have been corrected. An asterisk indicates an unpublished original. Statements, cited in the notes, have also been used.

1.	Mexico in 1919. Based upon standard maps	xxii
2.	Profile of the Route between Vera Cruz and Mexico	2
	Drawn by Lieut. Hardcastle (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.).
3.	Matamoros and Fort Brown	159
	Sketch map based on a map drawn by Luis Berlandier, Arista’s chief engineer (War Dept., Mexico); Meade, Letters, i, 73; McCall, Letters, 444; New Orleans Picayune, June 28, 1846; sketch by Mansfield, Taylor’s chief engineer (War Dept., Washington); and an anonymous plan (Mass. Hist. Society).
4.	Fort Brown to Brazos Island	162
	Sketch map based principally upon the map in Apuntes para la Historia de la Guerra entre MÉxico y los Estados-Unidos and a map by Eaton of Third Infantry (Ho. Ex. Doc. 209; 29 Cong., 1 sess.).
5.	Battle of Palo Alto	164
	Sketch map drawn by a U. S. army officer. Based on Eaton’s plan (Ho. Ex. Doc., 209; 29 Cong., 1 sess.); a *sketch by Berlandier (War Dept., Mexico); Apuntes; MÉxico Á travÉs de los Siglos, iv, 562; El Republicano (Berlandier); a map in CampaÑa contra los Norte-Americanos; a map by Lieut. Dobbins in Life of General Taylor; and Journal of Milit. Service Institution, xli, 96.
6.	Battle of Resaca de la Palma (i.e. Resaca de Guerrero)	170
	Sketch map based on Apuntes; New Orleans Picayune, June 25, 1846, from official drawings; a plan by Dobbins in Life of General Taylor; a map in CampaÑa contra, etc.; a plan by Berlandier in El Republicano; a plan by Eaton (Ho. Ex. Doc. 209; 29 Cong., 1 sess.); French, Two Wars, 52; and Journal of Milit. Service Instit., xli, 100.
7.	From Matamoros to Monterey	210
	Based on an official Mexican map prepared by the Fomento Dept. and on Gen. Arista’s map.
8.	Battles of Monterey: General Map	232
	Based on three plans drawn by Lieut. Gardner from surveys of Lieut. Scarritt (War Dept., Washington); Picayune Extra, Nov. 19, 1846 (Lieut. Benjamin); a drawing by Adjutant Heiman (Tennessee Hist. Society); a map in Apuntes; and a plan by BalbontÍn (InvasiÓn Americana).
9.	Battles of Monterey. Central Operations	240
	Based on the same sources as No. 8 supra.
10.	General Wool’s March	271
	Based on reconnaissances of Capt. Hughes, Lieut. Sitgreaves, and Lieut. Franklin (Sen. Ex. Doc. 32; 31 Cong., 1 sess.).
11.	Tampico and Its Environs	276
	Based on a sketch by Lee and Gilmer (War Dept., Washington); and a Fomento Dept. Map (see No. 7 supra).
12.	General Kearny’s March to Santa Fe	287
	From a sketch drawn by A. Wislizenus (Sen. Misc. Doc. 26; 30 Cong., 1 sess.).
13.	El Paso to Rosales, Mexico	305
	From a U. S. War College map, Washington.
14.	Battle of Sacramento	307
	Based on a map in Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.; and a plan in MÉxico Á travÉs de los Siglos, iv, 644.
15.	California in 1846	316
	Based on a map in Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.
16.	Northern California	317
	From a sketch by Lieut. Derby (Sen. Ex. Doc. 18; 31 Cong., 1 sess.) and recent maps.
17.	Fight at San Pascual	341
	From a plan in Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.
18.	Fight near Los Angeles	344
	From a plan in Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.
19.	General Patterson’s March	360
	From a map in Ho. Ex. Doc. 13; 31 Cong., 2 sess.
20.	From Mexico City to Agua Nueva	381
	From a Fomento Dept. map.
21.	From Monterey to La EncarnaciÓn	382
	Based on a map in RÁpida Ojeada sobre la CampaÑa, etc.; and a *sketch by Lee and Gilmer (War Dept., Washington).
22.	Battle of Buena Vista	387
	Based on a map drawn by Capt. Linnard from the surveys of Capt. Linnard and Lieuts. Pope and Franklin (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.); two plans by the same officers (War Dept., Washington); a map based on a sketch by Dr. Vanderlinden, chief Mexican surgeon (War Dept., Mexico); a map by BalbontÍn (InvasiÓn Americana); a map drawn by Stanislaus Lasselle (Indiana State Library); a plan by Lieut. Green (Scribner, Campaign in Mexico); Croquis para la intelligencia de la Batalla de la Angostura (War Dept., Washington).

CONSPECTUS OF EVENTS

1845
March.		The United States determines to annex Texas; W. S. Parrott sent to conciliate Mexico.
July.		Texas consents; Taylor proceeds to Corpus Christi.
Oct.	17.	Larkin appointed a confidential agent in California.
Nov.	10.	Slidell ordered to Mexico.
Dec.	20.	Slidell rejected by Herrera.
1846
Jan.	13.	Taylor ordered to the Rio Grande.
Mar.	8.	Taylor marches from Corpus Christi.
21.		Slidell finally rejected by Paredes.
28.		Taylor reaches the Rio Grande.
Apr.	25.	Thornton attacked.
May	8.	Battle of Palo Alto.
9.		Battle of Resaca de la Palma.
13.		The war bill becomes a law.
June	5.	Kearny’s march to Santa Fe begins.
July	7.	Monterey, California, occupied.
14.		Camargo occupied.
Aug.	4.	Paredes overthrown.
7.		First attack on Alvarado.
13.		Los Angeles, California, occupied.
16.		Santa Anna lands at Vera Cruz.
18.		Kearny takes Santa Fe.
19.		Taylor advances from Camargo.
Sept.	14.	Santa Anna enters Mexico City.
20–24.		Operations at Monterey, Mex.
22–23.		Insurrection in California precipitated.
23.		Wool’s advance from San Antonio begins.
25.		Kearny leaves Santa Fe for California.
Oct.	8.	Santa Anna arrives at San Luis PotosÍ.
Oct.	15.	Second attack on Alvarado.
24.		San Juan Bautista captured by Perry.
28.		Tampico evacuated by Parrodi.
29.		Wool occupies Monclova.
Nov.	15.	Tampico captured by Conner.
16.		Saltillo occupied by Taylor.
18.		Scott appointed to command the Vera Cruz expedition.
Dec.	5.	Wool occupies Parras.
6.		Kearny’s fight at San Pascual.
25.		Doniphan’s skirmish at El Brazito.
27.		Scott reaches Brazos Id.
29.		Victoria occupied.
1847
Jan.	3.	Scott orders troops from Taylor.
8.		Fight at the San Gabriel, Calif.
9.		Fight near Los Angeles, Calif.
11.		Mexican law regarding Church property.
28.		Santa Anna’s march against Taylor begins.
Feb.	5.	Taylor places himself at Agua Nueva.
19.		Scott reaches Tampico.
22–23.		Battle of Buena Vista.
27.		Insurrection at Mexico begins.
28.		Battle of Sacramento.
Mar.	9.	Scott lands near Vera Cruz.
29.		Vera Cruz occupied.
30.		Operations in Lower California opened.
Apr.	8.	Scott’s advance from Vera Cruz begins.
18.		Battle of Cerro Gordo; TuxpÁn captured by Perry.
19.		Jalapa occupied.
May	15.	Worth enters Puebla.
June	6.	Trist opens negotiations through the British legation.
16.		San Juan Bautista again taken.
Aug.	7.	The advance from Puebla begins.
20.		Battles of Contreras and Churubusco.
Aug. 24–Sept. 7. Armistice.
Sept.	8.	Battle of Molino del Rey.
13.		Battle of Chapultepec; the “siege” of Puebla begins.
14.		Mexico City occupied.
22.		PeÑa y PeÑa assumes the Presidency.
Oct.	9.	Fight at Huamantla.
20.		Trist reopens negotiations.
Nov.	11.	MazatlÁn occupied by Shubrick.
1848
Feb.	2.	Treaty of peace signed.
Mar.	4–5.	Armistice ratified.
10.		Treaty accepted by U. S. Senate.
May	19, 24.	Treaty accepted by Mexican Congress.
30.		Ratifications of the treaty exchanged.
June	12.	Mexico City evacuated.
July	4.	Treaty proclaimed by President Polk.

THE PRONUNCIATION OF SPANISH

The niceties of the matter would be out of place here, but a few general rules may prove helpful.

A as in English “ah”; e, at the end of a syllable, like a in “fame,” otherwise like e in “let”; i like i in “machine”; o, at the end of a syllable, like o in “go,” otherwise somewhat like o in “lot”; u like u in “rude” (but, unless marked with two dots, silent between g or q and e or i); y like ee in “feet.”

C like k (but, before e and i, like [C]th in “thin”); ch as in “child”; g as in “go” (but, before e and i, like a harsh h); h silent; j like a harsh h; ll like [D]lli in “million”; Ñ like ni in “onion”; qu like k; r is sounded with a vibration (trill) of the tip of the tongue (rr a longer and more forcible sound of the same kind); s as in “sun”; x like x in “box” (but, in “MÉxico” and a few other names, like Spanish j); z like [C]th in “thin.”

Words bearing no mark of accentuation are stressed on the last syllable if they end in any consonant except n or s, but on the syllable next to the last if they end in n, s or a vowel.

MEXICO IN 1919

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THE WAR WITH MEXICO

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