Ventriloquism we always supposed, like many other arts, depended to a certain extent on natural talent, or was a peculiar gift.

Professional ventriloquists favor the idea that it is a natural gift, in order to enhance their profits. But boys of the present age are not so ready to believe in marvellous gifts, and may have persevered in trying to imitate famous ventriloquists, and to try was to succeed.

A friend of ours once met a boy only ten or eleven years old, who was an excellent ventriloquist, so far as the power of throwing the voice into a closet or adjoining room goes. On being questioned if he could explain the power he had, the boy said he had heard Harrington the ventriloquist some time previous, and having a desire to possess the same acquirement, he passed in practice in a garret all the spare time he could get for many days, and at the end of that time was fairly startled himself at hearing a voice come distinctly from an old chest of drawers.

The persevering little fellow had found out for himself the true theory.

We will give our young friends some plain and simple rules and directions how to acquire the power of ventriloquism, which we have obtained from a reliable English work; many persons following these rules have obtained proficiency in this art, according as they devoted time and attention to the subject. The word ventriloquism is derived from venter, the belly, and loquor, I speak; literally signifying, belly-speaking.

1.—WHAT IS VENTRILOQUISM.

Ventriloquism may be divided into two sections, or general heads, the first of which may be appropriately designated as Polyphonism, consists of the simple imitation of the voices of human creatures, of animals, of musical instruments, and sounds and noises of every description, in which no illusion is intended, but where, on the contrary, the imitation is avowedly executed by the mimic, among which we may classify sawing, planing, door-creaking, sounds of musical instruments, and other similar imitations.

Secondly, we have ventriloquism proper, which consists in the imitation of such voices, sounds, and noises, not as originally in him, but in some other appropriate source, at a given or varying distance, in any, or even in several directions, either singly or together, a process exciting both wonder and amusement, and which may be accomplished by thousands who have hitherto viewed the ventriloquist as invested with a power wholly denied by nature to themselves.

Polyphony is very common, for there is scarcely a public school which does not possess at least one boy capable of imitating the mewing of a cat, the barking of a dog, or the squeaking voice of an old woman. It is very seldom that even a blundering attempt at ventriloquism is heard, except from a public platform, simply from the want of knowledge of how to proceed. The art does not depend on a particular structure or organization of these parts, but may be acquired by almost any one ardently desirous of attaining it, and determined to persevere in repeated trials.

If a man, though in the same room with another, can, by any peculiar modifications of the organs of speech, produce a sound, which, in faintness, tone, body, and every other sensible quality, perfectly resembles a sound delivered from the roof of an opposite house, the ear will naturally, without examination, refer it to that situation and distance; the sound which he hears being only a sign, which from infancy he has been accustomed by experience to associate with the idea of a person speaking from the house-top. A deception of this kind is practised with success on the organ and other musical instruments.

The English CyclopÆdia says “the essence of ventriloquy consists in creating illusions as to the distance and direction whence a sound has travelled.” How these sounds are produced, we will now show.

2.—THE THEORY OF VENTRILOQUISM.

Many physiologists aver that ventriloquism is produced by speaking during the inspiration of air. It is quite possible to articulate under these circumstances, and the plan may be occasionally adopted; but the practical experience of many performers prove that the general current of utterance is, as in ordinary speech, during expiration of the breath.

Some think ventriloquism comprises a management of the echoes; but echo only repeats what has been already spoken. Baron Mingon, a famous ventriloquist, had an automaton doll with which he could apparently converse. He thus describes his modus operandi: “I press my tongue against the teeth, and thus circumscribe a cavity between my left cheek and teeth, in which the voice is produced by the air held in reserve in the pharynx. The sounds thus receive a hollow and muffled tone, which causes them to appear to come from a distance.” The Baron says, “It is essential to have the breath well under control, and not to respire more than can be avoided.” Ventriloquists often experience fatigue in the chest, and have attributed it to the slow expiration of the breath. Some are often compelled to cough during the progress of exercitation.

To attain an exact and positive knowledge of the modifications of voice specified as ventriloquism, it is important to be familiar with the distinctions of the sounds uttered by the mouth; and to ascertain how the organs act in producing those vocal modifications, it is necessary to know how the breath is vocalized in all its distinctions of pitch, loudness, and quality, by the ordinary actions of the vocal organs. In ordinary language we speak of noise, of common sound, and of musical sounds. A quill striking a piece of wood causes a noise, but striking successively against the teeth of a wheel, or of a comb, a continued sound, and if the teeth of the wheel are at equal distances, and the velocity of the rotation is constant, a musical sound.

Phonation, or the production of voice, is a result of actions taking place under two distinct classes of laws, namely: the ordinary mechanical laws of acoustics, and the physiological laws of muscular movement. The adjustment of the vocal mechanism to be brought into operation by the current of air, is made by actions, under the latter laws; and phonation is the result of the reaction of the mechanism on the current of air by mechanical movements under the former laws. Now the pitch of the voice essentially depends on the tension of the vocal ligaments; the loudness on the extent of the excursion of these ligaments in their vibrations; the duration on the continuance of the vocalizing causes; the equality on the organization of the larynx, and also on the form and size of the vocal tube. The form and size of this tube can be altered in various ways. For instance, by dilating or contracting the mouth; by contracting the communication between the pharynx and mouth, so as to constitute them distinct chambers, or by dilating the opening so as to throw them into one, which is chiefly attained by movements of the soft palate, and by altering the form of the mouth’s cavity, which is effected by varying the position of the tongue. Each of these modifications of the vocal tube conveys a peculiarity of quality to the voice, all, however, being local or laryngeal sounds. Moreover, sounds can be produced in the vocal tube, apart from the larynx. These, strictly speaking, are not vocal sounds, though some of them may be of a definite and uniform pitch, while others are mere noises, as rattling, whispering, gurgling, whistling, snoring, and the like. Now, as everything audible comes under the classes of noise, sound, or musical sound, and as each variety originates in the vocal apparatus of man, it is obvious that an ordinary vocal apparatus is all that is required for the achievement of the feats of ventriloquy.

A person in a house cannot judge by the noise of an approaching carriage, with any certainty, whether it is coming from the right or left. Thus it is in many other sounds. But we judge the direction sound has travelled from its source on reaching the ear. The ventriloquist indicates, either directly or indirectly, the direction from which he wishes his audience to believe the sound is coming. Thus he directly indicates it by words, such as, “Are you up there?” “He is up the chimney,” “He is in the cellar,” “Are you down there?” &c. He indirectly indicates it by some suggestive circumstance, as an action or gesture, which is so skilfully unobtrusive and natural as to effect its object without being discovered. Thus, when the ventriloquist looks or listens in any direction, or even simply turns towards any point, as if he expected sound to come thence, the attention of an audience is by that means instantly directed to the same place. Thus, before a sound is produced, the audience expect it to come in the suggested direction, and the ventriloquist has merely by his adjustment of vocal loudness, to indicate the necessary distance, when a misjudgment of the audience will complete the illusion which he has begun.

The effect which is produced on sound by its travelling from a distance, is observed to be,—

1. That its loudness is reduced in proportion to its distance.

2. That its pitch remains unaltered.

3. That its quality or tone is somewhat altered.

4. That its duration remains unaltered.

5. That the human speech is somewhat obscured, chiefly in the consonant sounds.

It must be remembered that the ventriloquist makes the sound, not as it is heard at its source, but as it is heard after travelling from a distance.

Too much attention cannot be bestowed on the study of sound as it falls on the ear, and an endeavor to imitate it as it is heard, for the secret of the art is, that as perspective is to the eye, so is ventriloquism to the ear. When we look at a painting of a landscape, some of the objects appear at a distance, but we know that it is only the skill of the artist which has made it appear as the eye has seen it in reality. In exactly the same manner a ventriloquist acts upon and deceives the ear, by producing sounds as they are heard from any known distances.

We have given the acoustical theory of the effect on the auric nerve, and the means are the organs of respiration and sound with the adjoining muscles. The organs and muscles used are the diaphragm, the lungs, the trachea, the larynx, the pharynx, and the mouth.

3.—PRACTICAL RULES AND ILLUSTRATIONS.

The first voice a student of ventriloquism will strive to acquire is what is called “The voice in the closet.” To acquire this voice, which we so name for distinction’s sake, speak any word or sentence in your own natural tones; then open the mouth, and fix the jaws fast, as though you were trying to hinder any one from opening them farther, or shutting them; draw the tongue back in a ball; speak the same words, and the sound, instead of being formed in the mouth, will be formed in the pharynx. Great attention must be paid to holding the jaws rigid. The sound will then be found to imitate a voice heard from the other side of a door when it is closed, or under a floor, or through a wall. To ventriloquize with this voice, let the operator stand with his back to the audience, against a door. Give a gentle tap at the door, and call aloud in the natural voice, inquiring, “Who is there?” This will have the effect of drawing the attention of the audience to a person supposed to be outside. Then fix the jaw as described, and utter in the “closet voice” any words you please, such as, “I want to come in.” Ask questions in the natural voice, and answer in the other. When you have done this, open the door a little, and hold a conversation with the imaginary person. As the door is now open, it is obvious that the voice must be altered, for a voice will not sound to the ear when a door is open the same as when closed. Therefore the voice must be made to appear face to face, or close to the ventriloquist. To do this, the voice must not be altered from the original note or pitch, but be made in another part of the mouth. This is done by closing the lips tight and drawing one corner of the mouth downwards, or towards the ear. Then let the lips open at that corner only, the other part to remain closed. Next, breathe, as it were, the words out of the orifice formed.

Do not speak distinctly, but expel the breath in short puffs at each word, and as loud as possible. By so doing you will cause the illusion in the mind of the listeners that they hear the same voice which they heard when the door was closed, but which is now heard more distinctly and nearer on account of the door being open. This voice must always be used when the ventriloquist wishes it to appear that the sound comes through an obstacle, but from some one close at hand.

The description of voice and dialogue may be varied, as in the following example:—

“The Suffocated Victim.” This was a favorite illustration of Mr. Love, the Polyphonist.

A large box or closed cupboard is used indiscriminately, as it may be handy. The student will rap or kick the box, apparently by accident.

The voice will then utter a hoarse and subdued groan, apparently from the box or closet.

Conversations can be held with pedlers at the door, or with some one in the cellar or basement; and as a rule the lower notes of the voice will be best for voices in the basement, and formed as low in the chest as possible.

The second kind of voice, or voice No. 2, we will call it, is more easy to be acquired. It is the voice by which all ventriloquists make a supposed person speak from a long distance, or from or through the ceiling. In the first place, with your back to the audience, direct their attention to the ceiling, by pointing to it, or by looking intently at it. Call loudly, and ask some questions, as though believed a person to be concealed there. Make your own voice very distinct, and as near the lips as possible, as that will help the illusion. Then, in exactly the same tone and pitch, answer; but, in order that the voice may seem to proceed from the point indicated, the words must be formed at the back part of the roof of the mouth. To do this, the lower jaw must be drawn back and held there, the mouth open, which will cause the palate to be elevated and drawn nearer to the pharynx, and the sound will be reflected in that cavity, and appear to come from the roof. Too much attention cannot be paid to the manner in which the breath is used in this voice. When speaking to the supposed person, expel the words with a deep, quick breath.

When answering in the imitative voice, the breath must be held back, and expelled very slowly, and the voice will come in a subdued and muffled manner, little above a whisper, but so as to be well distinguished. To cause the supposed voice to come nearer by degrees, call loudly, and say, “I want you down here!” or words to that effect; at the same time make a motion downwards with your hands. Hold some conversation with the voice, and cause it to say, “I am coming,” or “Here I am,” each time indicating the descent with the hand.

Let the voice, at every supposed step, roll, as it were, by degrees, from the pharynx more into the cavity of the mouth, and at each supposed step contracting the opening of the mouth, until the lips are drawn up as if you were whistling. By so doing, the cavity of the mouth will be very much enlarged. This will cause the voice to be obscured, and so to appear to come nearer by degrees. At the same time care must be taken not to articulate the consonant sounds plainly, as that would cause the disarrangement of the lips and cavity of the mouth; and in all imitation voices the consonants must scarcely be articulated at all, especially if the ventriloquist faces the audience. For example, suppose the imitative voice is made to say, “Mind what you are doing, you bad boy,” it must be spoken as if it were written, “ind ot you’re doing, you ’ad whoy.” (It is rarely a ventriloquist shows a full face to his audience, unless at a great distance from them. It would help to destroy the illusion if the jaws were seen to move.) This kind of articulation is made by forming the words in the pharynx, and then sending them out of the mouth by sudden expulsions of the breath clean from the lungs at every word. This is often illustrated by a ventriloquist pretending to talk to a man on the roof.

4.—POLYPHONIC IMITATIONS.

Mr. Love, the great polyphonist, delighted in his youth to imitate the buzzing of insects and the cries of animals. Such accomplishments are easily acquired, and we think if our young boy friends will follow our directions, they will acquire at least polyphonic powers to amuse their friends at home and abroad.

To imitate a “tormenting bee,” a boy must use considerable pressure on his chest, as if he was about to groan suddenly, but instead of which the sound must be confined and prolonged in the throat; the greater the pressure, the higher will be the faint note produced, and which will perfectly resemble the buzzing of the bee or wasp. In all imitations of insect noises, the bee should be heard to hum gently at first, so as in a private party not to attract attention till the right pitch is obtained. The sound will penetrate every corner of a large room. To assist the illusion, the person imitating a bee should pretend to try to catch the insect. To imitate the buzzing of a blue-bottle fly, it will be necessary for the sound to be made with the lips instead of the throat: this is done by closing the lips very tight, except at one corner, where a small aperture is left; fill that cheek full of wind, but not the other, then slowly blow or force the wind contained in the cheek out of the aperture; if this is done properly, it will cause a sound exactly like the buzzing of a blue-bottle fly.

To make the above perfectly effective, the person imitating a fly or bee, should turn his face to the wall; with a handkerchief strike at the pretended bee or fly, at the same time pretend to follow his victim, first this way and then that, and finally to “dab” his pocket handkerchief on the wall, as though he had killed it; the sound should be at times suddenly louder and then softer, which will make it appear as it is heard in different parts of the room.

“The Spectre Carpenter.” The noise caused by planing and sawing wood we often hear imitated. Yet but few boys know how easily it is done. Much amusement is often caused by this imitation. To imitate planing, a boy must stand at a table a little distance from the audience, and appear to take hold of a plane and push it forward; the sound, as of a plane, is made as though you were dwelling on the last part of the word hash. Dwell upon the sh a little, tsh, and then clip it short by causing the tongue to close with the palate, then over again. Letters will not carry the peculiar sound of sawing; but any bright boy, by carefully listening to the sound made by carpenters, with these suggestions, can, with practice, imitate the sound perfectly. To make the deception more perfect, put some shavings in your pocket to sprinkle as you pretend to saw, also a piece of wood to fall when the sawing is ended. A friend of ours told us of a negro, well known as a famous whistler about the streets of Boston years ago, who would place both hands tightly over his ears, incline his head downwards, and imitate with great precision a music-box; but he said it pained him to do this.

5.—TO IMITATE AN ECHO.

It is impossible for a ventriloquist to produce an echo in a room of ordinary size, as the walls, being so near, would cause the sounds to be blended, and would only produce one impression on the ear; and yet a skilful ventriloquist can with ease imitate, in a room, a mountain echo. We will give the instructions, as it is very amusing.

Turn your back to the listeners; whistle loud several short, quick notes, just as if you were whistling to a dog; then as quick as possible, after the last note, and as softly and subdued as possible to be heard, whistle about a third the number of notes, but it must be in the same note or pitch; this will cause the last whistle to appear just like an echo at a great distance. This imitation, if well done, causes much surprise to those listening. The same thing can be done by shouting any sentence, such as, “Halloa, you, there!” or, “Ship, ahoy!” Let your voice be formed close to the lips; then quickly, and in the same pitch or note, speak the same words very subdued, and formed at the back of the mouth. This is very simple, yet effective.

6.—CONCLUDING REMARKS.

“Any person acquainted with the voices before described, may imitate many others by contraction and expansion of the glottis, and by modifications of the cavity of the pharynx and mouth. The best way to practise is in a room alone, to talk aloud, and, while so doing, to make all sorts of contortions with the muscles of the mouth and jaws, first fixing the jaws in the manner already described, then drawing the lips inward, next putting them forward, at the same time placing the tongue in different shapes and positions in the mouth; also by speaking in the natural voice, and answering in the falsetto pitch, which is the imitating voice for women and children.”

The ordinary compass of a voice is about twelve notes, and a very good practice to the attainment of the art is to call aloud in a certain note, and then in the octave to that note; do this several times a day, changing the note or pitch, loud at first, and by degrees decrease the sounds; this kind of practice will assist any one in learning to modulate the voice to appear to recede or come near by degrees.

We think enough has been said to enable any boy, sufficiently persevering, to become a good ventriloquist. “Always remember, that to render a voice perspective, the most essential thing is to attend to the study of sound as it falls upon an ear; then imitate that sound by the different contractions and expansions of the muscles of the throat, mouth, face, and jaws. During these various contractions and expansions, draw in a long breath, and talk, first rapidly, then slowly, but always with a slow expiration of breath. Do this a dozen times consecutively for several days, at the same time elevate and depress the roof of the mouth, especially the back part, as this movement causes the voice to appear near or at a distance.”

We have now given our young friends the best practical directions we could obtain from the rules given by a skilful ventriloquist. All boys who have faithfully followed our directions, should try their powers before some friend. We think they will be astonished at their success, and will be pleased to become a source of great amusement to their friends as well as themselves. But beware, boys, of misusing your power; always remember the “golden rule,” and never frighten any person seriously.

Ventriloquism was well known, even before Christ; but it was used only as a means to foster superstition, and often took the form of divination. The statue of Memnon will instantly suggest itself as a familiar example. The gigantic head was heard to speak the moment the sun’s rays glanced on its features. Undoubtedly the magic words were pronounced by the attendant priest, who must have been a ventriloquist. We could give innumerable instances of its use among the ancients; but we will close with an amusing anecdote we once heard of a famous ventriloquist. He was passing through a street with a friend, at the same time a load of hay was passing along. The ventriloquist called the attention of his friend and others passing along to the suffocating cries of a man in the centre of the hay. A crowd gathered round and stopped the astonished carter, and demanded why he was carrying a fellow-creature in his hay. The complaints and cries of the suffocated man now became fainter, and he appeared to be dying. The crowd, instantly proceeded to unload the hay into the street, the smothered voice urging them to make haste. The feelings of the people may be imagined, when the cart was found empty. The ventriloquist and his friend walked off, laughing at the unexpected result of their trick.