  [As many of the words occurring in “Lancelot” are well explained either in Jamieson’s Scottish Dictionary or in Roquefort’s “Glossaire de la langue Romane,” Ihave frequently referred to these works by means of the letters J. andR. Other abbreviations, as O.N. for Old Norse; Goth. for Moeso-Gothic; Su.-G. for Suio-Gothic, etc., will be readily understood. Ch. has also been used as an abbreviation for Chaucer. The various French, Danish, German, and other words referred to in the Glossary are merely added by way of illustration, to indicate in what direction a word may be most easily traced up. To ensure accuracy as far as possible, Ihave verified every foreign word by the aid of dictionaries, referring for Gothic words to my own Glossary, edited for the Philological Society; for Suio-Gothic words, to Ihre’s Glossarium; for Icelandic words, to Egilsson; and for Old French words, to Roquefort and Burguy. Whatever errors occur below may thus, Ihope, be readily traced.] delay, tarrying, 1882, 2147, 3069, 3308. A.S. abÍdan, J.
abashed, humbled, dispirited, cast down, 378, 1452, 2664. Abasit of, dispirited by, 3301. R. abaiser. Abasit of (used passively), were dispirited by, 2243. Abraid, awoke, 1231; (Ch.) A.S. on-bredan. Abwsyt (abused), made an ill use of, 1207. Access, a fever; or better, a fit of the ague; Lat. accessus febris, (Wright’s Glossary), 31. Accorde, to agree with, 1526. Fr. s’accorder. Accordith, is suitable for, becomes, 1679, 1951; According for, suitable for, 1512. R. accordant. A.S. on-dr?dan, to dread. Affek, effect, 382. Cf. Fek. Afferd, afraid, 3472. A.S. afered, af?ran. Affere, warlike preparation, 985; See J., who makes it of Teutonic origin; but it may be no more than the O.Fr. afeire, afaire = state, condition; as explained by Burguy. Afferith, belongs to, suits, 1550. Afferis, is suitable, 1690, 1961. R. aferer. Affrait, terrified, from the verb Affray (Ch.), 2462, 3469. R. effraer. Affray, terror, fright, 636, 3454. Fr. effroi. Affy in till, trust to, rely upon, 499, 1394. R. affier. Afyre, on fire, 30, 251;
aggrieved, vexed, 1308, 1538; R. agrever. Ago, gone, 159. A.S. of-gÁn. Aire, are, 1732. Algait, Algat, always, 1996, 1792. Gothic gatwÔ, a street, way. Al magre thine, in spite of thee, 115. An expression compounded of A.S. al, wholly; maugre (Fr. mal grÈ), ill-will, and thine (A.S. thÍn, the gen. case of thÚ, thou). Al-out, altogether, 1676, 1791, etc. Alowit, approved, 1754. Fr. allouer. Als, (1) as; (2) also.
Lat. amoenus. Anarmyt, fully armed, 545, 620, 2219, 2771. See And, if, 1024, 1591; A.S. ?n-lÍc.
Anoyt, annoyeth, 1407. Anterous, (for Aunterous, the shortened form of Aventurous), adventurous, 2618. Fr. aventure. Aparalit, apparelled, 338. Aperans, an appearance, a vision, 364. So also Apperans, 1284. Apone, upon, 765, etc. Appetit, desire, 2722. Ch. has appetite as a verb, to desire. Aqwynt, acquainted, 1295. Burns uses acquent. Aras, to pluck out, 240. Fr. arracher. Araid, disordered, afflicted, 3270. See Araye in Halliwell. The examples there given shew that to araye sometimes actually signifies to disorder. Arest, stop, delay, 678, 3072, 3308. Fr. arrÊt. A.S. ÁrlÍce. Artil?ery, implements of warfare, 2538. See R. artillerie. Compare 1 Samuel, xx. 40. Assay, (1) assault, trial, 11, 35, 112, 712; As a verb, to assault, attack, assail, 570, 1044. Fr. assaillir. (2) to essay, attempt, 2936; Fr. essaier.
Assall, assault, attack, 842. We should perhaps read “assaill,” as in l. 855. Assal?eing, assail (3 pers. plural), 3385. Assemblay, an assembling of knights for a combat, a tournament, 267. See J. Assemblyng, encountering, 2588. Assemblyng on, attacking, 2956. Assey, to test, 478. See Assay. Astart, to start away from; hence to escape from, avoid, 228, 3296. Ch. has asterte. At, that, 1019, etc. Compare Dan. at; O.N. at. Atour, at over, i.e. across, 841, 849, 873; Ather, either, 2629, 2819, 3264. A.S. ?gther. Aucht, eight, 3263. Compare Ger. acht. Auentur, adventure, 601. Auer, ever, 273, etc. Auerding to, belonging to (?), 345. The sense seems to point to the A.S. and-weardian, to be present, Goth. and-wairths, present. Aventur, Auentoure, adventure, 80, 222. A.S. Áh, Áhte. Goth. wakan. The form awalk occurs in Dunbar, “Awalk, luvaris, out of your slomering.” Awant, boast, 2136. As a verb, 1588; Fr. se vanter. Ch. has avante. Awin, own, 89. A.S. Ágen. Awodith, maketh to depart, 2474. See Avoid in Nares’ Glossary, edited by Halliwell and Wright.
Ch. has avowe. Awys, consideration, advisement, 558. Awyß the, advise thee, consider, 1913.
Fr. s’aviser. Awysment, advisement, consideration, 360, 680. Ay, ever, continually, 1135, 1486. A.S. Á. Ayar (written instead of Athar), either, 2712. Ayre, are, 2011.
against. A.S. ongean. A?ane, A?eine, again, 3253, 380. Bachleris, bachelors; a name given to novices in arms or arts, 1689. See bacheler in R. Banaris, banners, 770.
See Bertes. Barnag, baronage, nobility, 2492. See barniez in R. Batell, a battalion, division of an army, 784, 808, etc. Be, by. A.S. be. Behest, promise, 2766. A.S. behÆs. Behufis, behoves, 579. A.S. behÓfan, often used impersonally.
it behoves, it is necessary (to do), 944, 2342; apparently contracted from behufis. Beleif, in phr. ore belief = beyond belief, 112. Bent, a grassy plain (properly a coarse grass; in German, binse), 2670. J. R. bretesche, from Low Latin brestachia. Betak til, to confer upon, 1724. A.S. be-t?can, in the sense, to assign. Betakyne, betoken, 2014. A.S. be-t?can, in the sense, to shew. Bewis, boughs, 338. A.S. boh. Billis, letters, 142. Fr. billet. Blindis, blindness (?), 1903. Borde, to meet in a hostile manner, encounter, 809. We find in R. border, to joust, fight with lances. Compare Fr. aborder, and Spenser’s use of bord. See horde in Burguy. Bot, (1) but; (2) without. In general, without is expressed by but, and the conjunction by bot; but this distinction is occasionally violated. Bown, ready, prepared, 1036. O.N. bÚinn, past part. of bÚa, to prepare. Su.-G. boa, to prepare. J. Bretis, fortifications, forts, 874; “properly wooden towers or castles: BretachiÆ, castella lignea, quibus castra et oppida muniebantur, Gallis Bretesque. Du Cange.” Jamieson. See Burdis, boards, i.e. tables, 2198. A.S. bÓrd, which means—1. a plank; 2. a table, etc. But, without; common in the phrase but were, without doubt. But if, unless, except, 958.
A.S. be-h?tan. Byknow, notorious for, known to be guilty of, 1627. Compare “I know nothing by myself” (1 Cor. iv. 4). Compare also Dan. bekiende, to make known.
Can, an auxiliary verb, used nearly as we now use did. Careldis, plural of Careld, a merry-making, revel (?), 1318. “Caraude, rÉjouissance;” and “Caroler, danser, se divertir, mener une vie joyeuse.” Roquefort. Catifis, wretches, 2102. R. caitif, captif. Compare Ital. cattivo. Chalmer, chamber, 2281, 2308, 2427, 2808. J.
R. cher. Charge, load, 693. Fr. charge; see discharge in the line following (694), meaning to shake off a load. Chargit, gave attention to, 710, 2454. Fr. se charger de. Chen, chain, 2375. Cher, car, chariot, 735. See Chere, cheer, demeanour, 83, 341, 695; Fr. chÈre; compare Ital. ciera, the face, look. “Wepinge was hyr mostÉ chere.” Cheß, choose, 1611, 1636, 2368. A.S. ceÓsan; Ger. kiesen; Dutch kiezen. Clariouns, clarions, 771, 789. A.S. clepan. Clepit, callest, 93; Clepith, is called, 1919. Clergy, science, knowledge, 504, 511, 2041. R. clergie. Closine, closed, concluded, 316. Closith, enclosed, shut up, 427. Commandit, commended, 2802. Comprochit, approached, 2472, 2509. Conpilour, compiler, poet, 319. Conquest, conquered, 574; Conseruyt, preserved, 332. Conten (used as a reflective verb), to demean oneself valorously, to maintain one’s ground, 823, 1107, 1130. See R. “contenement, contenance, conduite, maintien, posture.” Contenit hyme, behaved himself, 3219; Contenyt, endured, 3190. Contretioun, contrition, 1415, 1426. Contynans, demeanour, 1693, 1747. Counter, encounter, attack, charge, 3239. Couth, could, 793. A.S. cunnan; past tense, ic cÚÐe. Cowardy, cowardice, 1023, 3287. Cownterit, encountered, 2609, 2621. J. Crownel, coronal, corolla of a flower, 59. J.
come (past part.). Cunyng, knowledge, 1455.
kinswoman. Lat. cura. (N.B. Though Cwre = cura, yet cura should be distinguished from A.S. cearu.) Danger, power to punish; “the power of a feudal lord over his vassals,” (Wright), 444. Also, power to injure, 3006. See R. dangier. Dans, (dance), in the phrase “wrechit dans,” evil mode of life, 1321. See Chaucer’s use of daunce; and compare— “I sai ?ow lely how thai lye Dongen doun alle in a daunce.” Lawrence Minot; quoted in Specimens of Early English, by R. Morris; p.194.
death. Dan. dÖd. A.S. deÁÐ. O.N. dauÐi. Deden, deign, 949. J. Dedenyt, deigned, 240. Deid, died, 215. Deith, dead (past part.), 3160. Delitable, delightful, 1738. R. delitable. Deliuer, nimble, clever, 3134. Deliuerly, (cleverly), nimbly, lightly, 3089, 3131. R. delivre. Demande, demur, 191, 397, 3052, 3354. See R. “demander, contremander, changer, revoquer l’ordre donnÉ.” Depart, to part, 3421. R. departir. Departit, parted, 3403. Fr. dÉpeint. Ch. depeint. Depend me, waste or consume (my powers), 214; possibly miswritten for despend. Cf. Dispendit. Depend to, to concern, appertain to, 466. Deren, to speak out, tell, 2376. R. derainier. Dereyne, a plea, 2313; “haith o dereyne ydoo,” hath appealed to trial by combat. R. derainier. Des, daÏs, high table, 2762. R. deis; Lat. discus. Deuit, availed, 18. See note.
“Su.-G. deofwa; Icel. deyfa,” J. Compare Dan. dÖve. Burns has deave. Dewod the, devoid thyself, 1022. Deuoydit was = departed, 1031. Compare Awodith. Dewyß, to tell, narrate, 373. Discharg, to put aside one’s liability, 163, 1665. Diseß, lack of ease, misery, 707. Disiont (Disioint?), disjointed, out of joint; hence uncertain, hazardous, 2907. “Disjoint, A difficult situation.” Halliwell. Dispendit, spent, 1808. R. despendre. Dispens, expenditure, 1746. Fr. dÉpense. Dispol?eith, despoileth, 1879. Dispone, to dispose, provide; or, as a reflective verb, to be disposed to do, to intend, 54, 446, 980, 1590, 2428, 2462. Disponit, declines (?); but much more probably, intends; and we must read “disponit not,” 2984. Dout, fear, 2599, 3404, 3438; Ch. doute. R. doubtance. Drent, drowned, 1319. A.S. drencan. Dreß (as a reflective verb), to direct oneself, proceed, go, 1975, 2288, 2486. Lat. dirigere. Drywith, drives; “he drywith to the end,” i.e. concludes, 2470. Duclar, declare, 3022. Compare Affere. Efter, after, 217. A.S. efter. A.S. yldo. Gothic alds. Elyk, Eliche, alike, 182, 2452. Eme, uncle, 2572. A.S. eÁm. Empit, emptied, empty, 180. A.S. Æmtian. Empleß, to please, 2455. J. Empriß, worth, honour, 129, 269, 3458; cf. Romans of Partenay, l. 2013. Anxiety, oppression, 393. R. emprindre. Endit, indited, 138; If the meaning were, “this ends,” the form “endis” would be required; besides which, the rime shews that the i is long; cf. ll.138, 206. Endlong, along, 2893. A.S. andlang; Ger. entlang. Entent, intention, will, meaning, thoughts, 448, 1451, 1499, 2938. R. entente. Used by Chaucer. Entermet, to intermeddle with, to have do with, 2914. R. entremetre. Enweronyt, environed, 53. Erde, earth, 1072, 1540, 2601. Compare Ger. erde. Erdly, earthly, 498. Erith, earth, 128. A.S. eorÐ. Eschef (1. eschew), to shun, withdraw himself, 3475. R. eschever; (2. achieve), to accomplish, 2212, 2513. R. eschavir. Eschef deith, to die, 2732. Escheuit, achieved, 258. Eschevit, is achieved, 2998.
ease. Essen?eis (ensigns), warcries, 3349, J. See also R. enseigne. Euerilkon, every one, 1039, etc. Exasy, extasy, 76. (Possibly miswritten.) Exortith, beseecheth, 3026. Extend, attain, 3281. Fail?eis, fail, (3 pers. plu. indicative), 1151. In A.S. fÆgernes, but in Dan. fÖrhed. Fall, to happen, befall, 493, 2139. A.S. feallan; Dan. falde. Falowschip, used as we now use company, 1105, 2687, etc. Fal?eing, failing, 1499. Fal?et, Fal?heit, failed, 1460, 1469, 1498, 1503. Farhed, beauty, 2440. See Fayndit (feigned), dissembled, 2397. Fays, foes, 3006. A.S. fÁh. Fechtand, fighting, 2691, 3127, 3407. Ger. fechten. Fechteris, fighters, 686. Feill, knowledge, skill, 2854. J. A.S. fÉlian. Fek (effect), sum, amount, result, drift, 2938. Fr. effet. Fellith, feeleth, 3368. Fell, many; als fell, as many, 768. A.S. fÉala; Gothic filu. Fell, horrible, 260. A.S. fell, cruel, fierce. Ferde, fourth, 815, 973, 2285. Compare Dan. fierde. Ferleit, wondered, 3117. A.S. f?r-lÍc, sudden, fearful. Burns has ferlie. A.S. feccan, past tense, ic feahte. Fongith, catcheth, seizeth, 1922. A.S. fangan; Goth. fahan. Forfare, to fare amiss, to perish, 1348. A.S. for-faran. Forlorn, lost, 3305. A.S. forloren; cf. Goth. fra-liusan. For-quhy; see For-why.
(there-fore), on that account, 332, 2261, 2731. A.S. forthÝ; where thÝ (Gothic thÊ) is the instrumental case of se, that. For-wrocht (for-wrought), over-worked, wearied out, 888. A.S. forwyrcan.
for the reason that, because that. Found, to advance, go, 2612. J. A.S. fundian, to try to find, go forward. Franchis, generosity, 230. R. franchise. Fremmytneß, strangeness, alienation, 1508. A.S. fremdnes. Froit, enjoyment, 1644; R. fruit. Frome, from the time that, 17, 1432. Goth. frums, a beginning. Fruschit, broken, dashed in pieces, 1201. R. frois, broken; from the verb froier.
found (past part.). Fyne, faithful, true, 519. See R. “fine, fidÉle;” and “fine, foi.” Fr. fin. Icel. gegna. J. Compare Dan. gavne. Ganyth, it; it profits; used impersonally, 121. R. gaagner. Dan. giÖre; Icel. gÖra. See Gentrice.
courtesy, nobleness. R. gentilesse. Gere, gear, equipment, armour, 2777. A.S. gearwa. Gert, 384. See Giffis, give thou, (lit. give ye, the plural being used in addressing the king), 463. A.S. gifan. Gifyne, given, 1752. Gilt, offended, done wrong, 699, 3015. A.S. gyltan. Grewhundis, greyhounds, 533, 537. “O.N. grey, grey-hundr, a bitch.” Wedgwood. Gowerne the, conduct thyself, 1598. Grawis, groves, 2481. Ch. greves. Gyrß, grass, 10. A.S. gÆrs. Gyß, guise, fashion, custom, 545. Ch. gise. Habariowne, habergeon, 2889. From haubergeon, the French form of Ger. halsberge. See Habirioune, habergeon, 3380. Haill, whole, 3246. A.S. hÆl. Haknay, an ambling horse for a lady, 1730. R. hacquenÉe. Half; in the phrase on arthuris half, i.e. on Arthur’s side, 883. Compare use of Germ. halb. A.S. hafoc.
various spellings of Haill, whole. Hals, neck, 1054. A.S. hals. Goth. hals. Fr. hanter, lit. to frequent.
hardihood, boldness. R. hardement. Harrold, herald, 1047. Hate, hot, 2552. Havith, hath, 1940;
hauberk, neck-defence; Ger. hals-berge, armour for the neck. Hawnt, to use, 3418. See Hawntis, exercise, 2772. A.S. hÁh. Hecht, hight, is called, 2140; Hecht, to promise, 3101; A.S. hÁtan.
heavy. A.S. hefig.
high. See Hienes, highness, 126. Ho, pause, stop, cessation, 2970. According to J. radically the same with the verb Houe, or How (see Hore, hair, 365. “Hol?e were his y?en and vnder campe hores.” The meaning of the line quoted is, “Hollow were his eyes, and under bent hairs.” Hot, hight, was called, 754, 806; A.S. hÁtan (neuter). “W. hofian, hofio, to fluctuate, hover, suspend,” Morris. Hovith, stays, halts, 2829. Howyns, halts, tarries, 2821. Probably miswritten for “howyng.” Hufyng, halting, delaying, 1046. Hundyre, a hundred, 756, 1554. Dan. i; Icel. Í. Iclosit, y-closed; i.e. enclosed, shut in, 53. If, to give, 554. In lines 1718-1910 the word occurs repeatedly in several forms; as iffis, iffith, giveth; iffis, give ye (put for give thou); ifyne, given, etc. Ifyne, to give, 3454. Iftis, gifts, 1741. In the line preceding we have giftis. Literally, the ilk = the same. A.S. ylc. See 1367. Ilk, each, 2211, etc. A.S. Ælc. Illumynare, luminary, 3.
immediately, 253, 1215, 2647, 2834. Still used in French. In-to-contynent (= Incontinent), 3020. In to, used for “in;” passim. Iornaye, journey, 680. Irk, to become slothful, grow weary, tire, 2709. A.S. eargian. Iuperty, combat, 2547. Fr. jeu parti, a thing left undecided; hence the meanings, 1. strife, conflict; 2. jeopardy, as in Ch. See J.; and Tyrwhitt’s note to C.T. 16211.
wounded. We find in A.S. both wÚnd and wÚnded. A.S. gewÍs; Ger. gewiss. Often wrongly See Laif, the remainder (lit. what is left), 1802, 3472. A.S. lÁf. Burns has “the lave.” Lametable, lamentable, 3265. The omission of the n occurs again in l. 2718, where we have lemytable. Larges, liberality, 608, 1681, 1750. Fr. largesse. Larg, prodigal, profuse, 2434. Lat, impediment, 958. A.S. l?tan, means (1) to suffer, (2) to hinder. Lat, to let, permit (used as an auxiliary verb), 803. Latith, preventeth, 1927. Lawrare, a laurel, 82. Ch. laurer. Learis, liars, 493. Led, put down, beat down, depressed, overpowered, 2663. It is the past tense of A.S. lecgan, to lay, to cause to submit, to kill. Leful, lawful, 1427. Legis, lieges, subjects, 1957. R. lige; Lat. ligatus. Leich, leech, physician, 106. A.S. l?ce; Dan. lÆge. A.S. lybban; Goth. liban. Leir, to learn, 1993. Comp. D. leeren. Lest, to list, to please, 555, 621. A.S. lystan. Lest, to last out against, sustain, 811. A.S. l?stan. Lest, least, 1628. Let, hindrance, 2495. Leuch, laughed, 3240. A.S. hlihan, past tense ic hloh. Lewis, liveth, 1209. Lewith, left, deserted, 1854. Liging, 376. The sense requires lay, i.e. the 3rd p. s. pt. t. indic., but properly the word is the present participle, lying. Longith, belongeth, 738, 1921, 2429, 2778. Compare Dan. lange, to reach. Longith, belonged, 3242. Longyne, belonging, 433. Lorn, lost, 2092; See For-lorn. Loß, praise, 1777. Lat. laus. Ch. has losed, praised.
(1) law, 1602, 1628, 1636, etc. It is sometimes hard to say which is meant. Compare Dan. lov, law; A.S. luf, love. Luges, tents, 874, 881, 2500, 2680. Fr. loge, logis; Ger. laube, a bower, from laub, foliage; Gothic laÚf, a leaf. Lugyne, a lodging, tent, 891. Lyt, a little, 1233. At lyte, in little, used as an expletive, 143. Maad, made, 697. Magre of, in spite of, 500, 960, 2679, 2702, 2711. Sometimes “magre” is found without “of.” Fr. mal grÉ.
displeasure, anger, 2169, 2660. In both cases Mr Stevenson wrongly has maltalent. R. maltalent, mautalent. Mayne, 1026. See Medyre, mediator (?), 1624. I am not at all sure of this word, but we find in R. many strange forms of “mediator,” such as mÉener, mÉeisneres, etc. In the Supplement to the “Dictionnaire de l’Academie” we find mediaire, qui occupe le milieu, from Low Lat. mediarius. N.B. See mediare in Ducange. A.S. mÆtan. Mokil, 1265. Melle, contest, battle, 2619. Fr. melÉe, J. Memoratyve, mindful, bearing in remembrance, 1430. Fr. mÉmoratif. Fr. moyen. Men, to tell, declare, 510. A.S. mÆnan. Menye, a company, multitude (without special reference to number); whence “afew menye,” asmall company, 751. Apparently from A.S. menigu; Ger. menge; but it may have nothing to do with the modern word many, and is more probably from the O.F. maisnÉe, a household. Met, dreamt, 440. See Meyne, 41. See Misgyit, misguided, 1663. R. guier. Mo, more, 3187, etc. A.S. mÁ. Mon, man, 96. Moneth, month, 569. A.S. mÓnÁÐ; Goth. menoth. Morow, morning, 1, 30, 64, 341. Goth. maÚrgins. Mot, must, 195. A.S. ic mÓt. Mys, a fault, 1888, 1937, 3230. A.S. mis. Do o myß, to commit a fault, 1926. Mysour, measure, 1830. Ch. mistere; R. mester; Lat. ministerium. Cf. Ital. mestiere. Shortened from A.S. nÁ wuht, i.e. no whit. Nece, nephew, 2200, 2245, 2720. R. niez. Nedlyngis, of necessity, 2337, J. A.S. neÁdinga. Nemmyt, considered, estimated, 649, 2852. A.S. nemnan, to name, call. Ner, near, 441. Neulyngis, newly, again, 36, J. A.S. nÍwe-lÍce (?). Newis, for Nevis, nieves, fists, 1222. Icel. hnefi. Dan. nÆve. Burns has nieve; Shakspeare neif. Noght, not, 1182. Noiß, nose, 2714. R. nÉis. Nome, name, 226, 320, 1546, 3341. Fr. nomme. A.S. niman, past tense, ic nÁm. Northest, north-east, 677. Not (shortened from Ne wot), know not, 522, 3144. A.S. nÁt, from nitan = ne witan. Not, naught, 720. See Noyith, annoyeth, 904. Fr. nuire. Lat. nocere. Noyt, annoyed, offended, 471.
Fr. niais. O, a, an, passim; one, a single, 2998, 3003, 3393, etc. Obeisand, obedient, 641. Obeß, obey, 2134. Oblist, obliged, 969. Occupye, to use, employ, 3457; Lat. occupare. Of, with, 66. Oft-syß, oft-times, 2304, 2594, 2789, 2885, 2929. See On, and, 519. Possibly a mistake. One, on, often used for In; One to = unto.
The form “onan,” l. 3086, suggests the Onys, once, at some time or other, 3013; at onys, at once, 3187.
open. Or, ere, before, 77, 1887, 2545. A.S. ?r. Ordand, to set in array, 784; R. ordener; Lat. ordinare. Ordan, to provide, 2416, 2777. Ordynat, ordained, 490. See l. 507. Orest (= Arest), to arrest, stop, 3186. Orient, east, 5. Oucht, it; it is the duty of (= Lat. debet), 2995. Strictly, we should here have had “it owes” (debet), not “it ought” (debuit). See Ourfret, over-adorned, decked out, 71, 2480. A.S. frÆtwian, to trim, adorn. Out-throng (= Lat. expressit), expressed, uttered, 65. A.S. Út, out, and Þringan, to press. Owtrag, outrage, 3454. R. outrage; Ital. oltraggio, from Lat. ultra. The MS. has outray, probably owing to confusion with affray in the same line. We find “owtrag” in l. 2578. Oyß, to use, 1701, J. Paid, pleased; ill paid, displeased, 908. Low Lat. pagare, to pay, satisfy. Pal?onis, pavilions, tents, 734; plural of Pal?oune, a pavilion, a tent, 1305. R. gives pavillon, a tent; cf. Low Lat. papilio, a tent. Pan, pain, 1273. Pas hyme, to pace, go, 362. Paß, to go, 1213. Pasing, pacing, departing, 371; Pens, to think of, 1431. Fr. penser. Planly, at once, 3319. J. gives “Playn, out of hand, like Fr. de plain.” In the same line “of” = off. Plant, plaint, complaint, 137. Fr. plainte. Plesance, Plesans, pleasure, 941, 1939. Plessith, pleases, 68. Possede, to possess, 578. Fr. posseder. Poware, a power, a strong band of men, 2647. We now say force. Prekand, pricking, spurring, 3089. See the very first l. of Spenser’s Faerie Queene. Prekyne, 2890, showy(?), gaudy(?). J. gives “Preek, to be spruce; to crest; as ‘A bit preekin bodie,’ one attached to dress; to prick, to dress oneself.” Compare D. prijcken. Pretend, to attempt, aspire to, 3282, 3465. Fr. prÉtendre. So, too, in lines 559, 583. Pretendit, endeavour, attempt, 3442. Process, narration, 316. Wright gives “Proces, a story or relation, a process.” The writer is referring to his prologue or introduction. Promyt, to promise, 965. Pupil, people, 285. Puple, people, 1367, 1498, 1520.
poor. Quh-. Words beginning thus begin in modern English with Wh. Thus, Quhen = when, etc. Quhilk (whilk), which, 184. A.S. hwylc = Lat. qualis rather than qui. Quhill, while, used as a noun, 1229, 1293. A.S. hwÍl, a period of time. See Quhy; the quhy = the why, the reason, 123, 1497. Qwhelis, wheels, 736. A.S. hweol. Qwheyar, whether, 1187.
Su-G. racka, a bitch, which from the v. racka, to race, course. Perhaps connected with brach. Radur, fear, 1489, J. From Su-G. rÆdd, fearful; Dan. rÆd.
fear. Ralef, relieve, 3364. Ramed, remedy, 117. See Randoune, in, 2542. The corresponding line (l. 739) suggests that in Randoune = al about, i.e. in a circuit. But if we translate it by “in haste,” or “in great force,” we keep nearer to the true etymology. In Ogilvie’s Imperial Dictionary, s.v. Random, we find the Nor. Fr. randonnÉe explained to mean the “sweeping circuit made by a wounded and frightened animal;” but the true meaning of randonnÉe is certainly force, impetuosity; see R., Cotgrave, etc. In Danish, rand is a surrounding edge or margin; while in Dutch we find rondom round about. Raquer, require, 2409. Raß, race, swift course, 3088. A.S. r?s. Compare Eng. mill-race, and D. ras. R. residier, to defer. Recist, resist, 566, 660, 2578. Recounterit, met (in a hostile manner), encountered, 2958. Fr. rencontrer. Record, witness, testimony; hence value, 388. R. record. Recorde, to speak of, mention; hard recorde, heard say, 121, 595. See R. recorder. Recordith, is suitable, belongs, 606. Recourse, to return, 1798. Lat. recurrere. A.S. r?dan; Goth. rÊdan. Relewit (relieved), lifted up again, rescued, 2617. Fr. relever. J.
remedy. Remuf, remove, 655. Report, to narrate, 266; Reprefe, reproof, defeat, 764. Reput, he reputed, i.e. thought, considered, 743. Resauit, received, 2796. Resawit, received, kept, 2106. We should have expected to find “reseruit.” Resonite, resounded, 66. Resydens, delay, 670. See
river. Reweyll, proud, haughty, 2853. R. revelÉ, fier, hautain, orgueilleux. Compare Lat. rebellare. Richwysneß, righteousness, 1406. A.S. rihtwÍsnes.
a kingdom. Fr. rÉgne. Ch. regne. Rignis, kingdoms, 1858. Rignis, Rignith, reigneth, 1825, 782. Ringne, a kingdom, 1952. Rout, a company, a band, 812, 2956, 3403. Rowt, 2600. Rowmyth, roometh, i.e. makes void, empties, 3390. A.S. rÚmian. Rown, run; past part. 2488, 2820. Rwn, run, 2545. Rygnis, kingdoms, 1904. Dan. saa. Saade, said, 698. Salust, saluted, 546, 919, 1553, 2749. Ch. salewe. Salosing, salutation, 1309. Sar, sorely, 1660. A.S. ic seÁh, from seÓn. Schawin, shewn, 2387. Schent, disgraced, ruined, 1880. A.S. scendan; Dan. skiÆnde. Schrewit, accursed, 1945. Scilla, the name of a bird, also called Ciris, 2483. ——“plumis in avem mutata vocatur Ciris, et a tonso est hoc nomen adepta capillo.” Screwis, shrews, ill-natured persons, 1053. More often used of males than females in old authors. Sedulis, letters, 142. R. cedule. Sege, a seat, 2258. Fr. siÉge. Semble, a warlike assembly, hostile gathering, 988, 2206. Semblit, assembled, 845. G. sammeln; from Goth. sama, samana. Semblyng, encountering, 2951. See Sen at, since that. In Piers Plowman we find syn. Septure, sceptre, 666. Sere, several, various, 594, 731, 746. “Su-G. sÆr, adv. denoting separation.” J. Cf. Lat. se-. Sess, to cease, 14, etc. Fr. cesser. Set, although. Sew, to follow up, seek, 2326. R. suir; Fr. suivre. Sew, to follow up, go, proceed, 3145. Sewyt, 2614. Shauyth, shewith, 412. Sice, such, 2115. Scotch, sic. Snybbyth, snubs, checks, 3387. Comp. D. sneb, a beak; snebbig, snappish. Sobing, sobbing, moaning, 2658.
sought to go; and hence, made his (or their) way, proceeded, went, 2619, 3179, 3357, 3428. Sought one, advanced upon, attacked, 3149, 3311. Sought to, made his way to, 3130. A.S. sÉcan, past tense ic sÓhte, to seek, approach, go towards. Sor, sorrow, anxiety, 74. A.S. sorh; Goth. saÚrga. Sort, lot, fate, 26. Fr. sort. Sound, to be consonant with, 149. See Gloss. to Tyrwhitt’s Chaucer. Lat. sonare. Soundith, 1811. “So the puple soundith,” so the opinion of the people tends. “As fer as souneth into honestee.” Soundith, tend, 1943; Sown, sound, 1035. Fr. son. Spent, fastened, clasped, 2809. A.S. spannan, to clasp, join. Comp. Dan. spÆnde, to stretch, span, buckle together.
speris, spheres, circuits, 24. Spere, to inquire, 1170. A.S. spirian, to track. Cf. G. spur. Sperithis, spear’s, 810. Spill, to destroy, ruin, 1990. A.S. spillan. Stak, 226. J. gives “to the steeks, completely;” and this is the sense here. See Jamieson: s.v. “Steik.” Halliwell gives stake, to block up; also steck, a stopping place (cf. Shakespeare’s sticking-place, Macb. i. vii. l.60). In the N. of France it is said of one killed or severely wounded, il a eu son estoque, he has had his belly-ful; from estoquer, to cram, satiate, “stodge.” Compare Ital. stucco, cloyed. It has also been suggested that to the stak may mean to the stock, i.e. up to the hilt, very deeply. Start, started up, leapt, 994, 1094. Stede, stead, place, 218, 1124. A.S. stede. A.S. stirian. Stekith, shuts, 1651. Ger. stecken. Burns has steek. Stek, shut, concluded, 316. Stell, steel, 809. Stell commonly means a stall, or fixed place; but the form stell for steel occurs; e.g. “Brounstelle was heuy and also kene.” Arthur, l.97.
stirrups. A.S. stÍ-rap or stÍge-rÁp, from stÍgan, to mount, and rÁp, rope. Stere, ruler, arbiter, 1020; Stere, to rule, control, 1344, 2884, A.S. stÝran. Stere, to stir, move, go, 3430. See Sterith, stirreth, 2829. Sterf, to die, 1028. A.S. steorfan. Sterit, governed, 612. A.S. stÝran. Stert, started, 377. Stok, the stake to which a baited bear is chained, 3386. Stour, conflict, 1108, 2607, 3124. R. estour. Straucht, stretched out, 3090. A.S. streccan, past part. gestreht. Strekith, stretcheth, i.e. exciteth to his full stride, 3082.
subject; subjects. Sudandly, Sodandly, suddenly, 1009, 1876. Suet, sweet, 331. Suppris, (surprise), overwhelming power, 691, 860, 2651; Fr. surprendre, to catch unawares. Supprisit, overwhelmed, 1237, 1282; Supprisit ded, suddenly killed, 3125. Surry?enis, surgeons, 2726. A.S. sÓÐ. Suthfastnes, truth, 1183. A.S. sÓÐfÆstnes. Sutly, soothly, truly, 963. Swelf, a gulf such as is in the centre of a whirlpool, a vortex, 1318, J. A.S. swelgan, to swallow up. Sweuen, a dream, 440. A.S. swefn. Swth, sooth, true, 2753. See
sin. Syne, afterwards, next. J. 45, 794, etc. A.S. siÐ.
See Tane, taken, 264. Ten, grief, vexation, 2646, 3237. A.S. teonan, to vex. Tennandis, tennants, vassals holding fiefs, 1729. R. tenancier. Than, then, 3111. The, (1) they, (2) thee, (3) thy. Thelke, that, 709. See l. 629, where the ilk occurs; and see Thir, these, those, 2734, 2745, 2911, 3110, etc. Thithingis, tidings, 2279. A.S. tidan, to happen. Tho, then, 545, 2221; Thoore, there, 628. Thore, 1102. Thrid, third, 370, 2347, 2401. A.S. Þridda. Throng, closely pressed, crowded, 3366. A.S. Þringan. Til, to; til have, to have, 706. Tint, lost, 1384. See Tithandis, tidings, 2310. Tithingis, tidings, 902, 2336. To, too, besides, 3045. Togidder, together, 254. To-kerwith, carves or cuts to pieces; al to-kerwith, cuts all to pieces, 868. A.S. to-ceorfian. The prefix to- is intensive, and forms a part of the verb. See Judges ix. 53: “All to-brake his skull;” i.e. utterly brake; sometimes misprinted “all to break” (!). Ton, one; the ton, the one, 1822. The tone = A.S. ÞÆt Áne. To-schent, disfigured, 1221. The intensive form of the A.S. verb scendan, to shame, destroy. In the same line we have to-hurt, and in the next line to-rent, words modelled on the same form. We find, e.g., in Spenser, the forms all to-rent, all to-brus’d. (See the note on the prefix To- in the Glossary to William of Palerne.) Tothir, the other, 2536. The tothir = A.S. ÞÆt oÞere, where ÞÆt is the neuter gender of the definite article. Burns has the tither. Toyer (= tother), the other; y being written for the A.S. Þ (th), 2571, 2584. Traist, to trust, to be confident, 390, 1129, 1149, J. Trast, 1659. Traisting of (trusting), reliance upon, or expectation of, 25, J.
to transfer, remove. Tratory, treachery, 3224. See R. traÏtor. Trety, treatise, 145. Fr. traitÉ. Trewis, truce, 1568, 2488, 2545.
a truncheon, astump of a spear. Fr. tronÇon; from Lat. truncus. In the last passage it means a sceptre, bÂton. “One hytte hym vpon the oldÉ wounde Wyth A tronchon of an ore;” (oar.) Troucht, truth, 161.
touching. Icel. tÝna. Tynith, loseth, 1761. Valis, falls; we should read “falis,” 2475. Valkyne, to waken, 8. See Vall, billow, wave, 1317. Ger. welle, a wave; quelle, a spring; Icel. vella, to well up, boil. Cf. also A.S. wÆl; Du. wiel; Lancashire weele, an eddy, whirlpool. So, too, in Burns:— “Whyles owre a linn the burnie plays, As thro’ the glen it wimpl’t; Whyles round a rocky scaur it stays, Whyles in a wiel it dimpl’t.” Varand, to warrant, protect, 3411. R. warandir. Varnit, warned, 622. Pasing vassolag, surpassing valour, 257. R. has vasselage, courage, valour, valourous deeds, as indicative of the fulfilment of the duties of a vassal. We now speak of rendering good service. Vassolage, valour, 2724. Veir, were, 818. Veris, wars, 305. See Veryng, were, 2971. A.S. w?ron. Vicht, a wight, a person, 10, 55, 67. A.S. wiht. Virslyng, wrestling, struggling, 3384. J. gives the forms warsell, wersill. Visare, wiser, 607. Viting, to know, 410. A.S. witan. A.S. uncÚÐ. Vodis, woods, 1000. Vombe, womb, bowels, 375. Goth. wamba. Vondit, wounded, 700. Vpwarpith, warped up, i.e. drawn up, 63. See Note to this line. It occurs in Gawain Douglas’s prologue to his translation of the 12th Book of the Æneid. Du. opwerpen, from Goth. waÍrpan, to cast. Vsyt, used, 1197, 1208. R. vire; cf. Lat. vertere. Walkin, to waken, wake, 1239. See Wapnis, weapons, 241. A.S. w?pen, or w?pn. Ward, world, 3184. Grose’s Provincial Dictionary gives Ward = world; and the omission of the l is not uncommon; see Genesis and Exodus (E.E.T.S.), ll.32, 1315. Wassolage, valour, 2708. See Wat, know, 512. Wawasouris, vavasours, 1729. A Vavasour was a sub-vassal, holding a small fief dependent on a larger fief; asort of esquire. R. vavaseur. Weil, very. Weil long, a very long time, 79. Comp. Ger. viel, J. Wencussith, vanquisheth, 3331; Wencust, vanquished, 2841. Wend, (1) to go, 2191; (2) weened, thought, 3481. Wentail, ventaile, a part of the helmet which opened to admit air, 1056. R. ventaile; from Lat. ventus. (2) doubt, 84, etc. “But were,” without doubt. A.S. w?r, cautious, wary. (3) worse, 1930. Burns has waur. Wering, weary, 58. A.S. wÉrig. Werray, very, true, 1262, 2017. Werroure, warrior, 248. Weriour, warrior, 663. Wers, worse, 515. Weryng, were, 2493. Wex, to be grieved, be vexed, 156. Weyne, in phr. but weyne, without doubt, 2880. A.S. wÉnan, to ween, to suppose. Wice, advice, counsel, 1909. Shortened from Awys. Wichsaif, vouchsafe, 355, 1391. Wichsauf, id. 2364. Wicht, wight, person, 131. “Su-G. wig” J. Sw. vig. Wight, with, 918. Possibly miswritten. Wist, knew, 225, 1047. See A.S. witan; pres. ic wÁt, past tense, ic wiste. Wit, knowledge, 2504. With, by, 723. Withschaif, vouchsafe, 1458. With-thy, on this condition, 961. See For-thy. Wnkouth, little known, 146. See Wnwemmyt, undefiled, 2097. A.S. wam, wem, a spot. Wnwyst, unknown, secretly, 219, 269. A.S. wÓd. Goth. wÔds. Woid, mad, 2695. Perhaps we should read woud. Wonde, wand, rod, or sceptre of justice, 1601, 1891. J. Wonk, winked, 1058. Wonne, to dwell, 2046. A.S. wunian. A.S. weorÐ-scipe. Wot, know, 192, etc. See Wox, voice, 13. Lat. vox. Woyß, voice, 3473. Wrechitnes, misery, 2102; Wy, reason; “to euery wy,” for every reason, on all accounts, 2356. Compare Quhy. Wycht, strong, nimble, 2592. See Wynyth, getteth, acquireth, 1832. Wyre, a cross-bow bolt, 3290. See Wys, vice, 1795. Wysis, 1540. Y, written for “th.” Thus we find “oyer” for “other,” etc. The error arose with scribes who did not understand either the true form or force of the old symbolÞ. Yaf, gave, 387. Yald, yield, 553; A.S. gildan. Yclepit, called, 414. Yef, give, 563. Yeif, give, 923. Yer, year, 610. Used instead of the plural “yeris,” as in l. 3243. Yewyne, given, 1500. Ygrave, buried, 1800. Comp. Ger. begraben. Yhere, ear, 1576. Yher, year, 2064. Used instead of “yheris,” 3243. Yhis, yes, 1397. Ymong, among, 821. Yneuch, enough, 2135. A.S. genog. Yolde, yielded (to be), 951, 1088. Ystatut, appointed, 2529. Fr. statuer. See ?eme, to take of, regard, have respect to, 665. A.S. gÉman. ?ere, year, 342. ?ewith, giveth, 1772. ?ha, yes, 2843. Ger. ja. ?he, ye, 921. Observe that, as in this line, ye (A.S. ge) is the nominative, and you (A.S. eÓw) the objective case. Ch. has yede. A.S. ic eÓde, past tense of gÁn, to go. Goth. ik Ïddja, past tense of gaggan, to go. ?hing, young, 2868. ?his, yes, 1397. ?houth-hed, youth-hood, youth, 2772. ?hud, went, 2696. See ?is, yes, 3406. ?olde, yielded, 291, 380, 951. A.S. ic geald, past tense of gyldan, to pay, to yield. ?ude, went, 2944. See |
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