Greek Biology & Greek Medicine

PREFACE

This little book is an attempt to compress into a few pages an account of the general evolution of Greek biological and medical knowledge. The section on Aristotle appears here for the first time. The remaining sections are reprinted from articles contributed to a volume The Legacy of Greece edited by Mr. R. W. Livingstone, the only changes being the correction of a few errors and the addition of some further references to the literature.

In quoting from the great Aristotelian biological treatises, the History of Animals, the Parts of Animals, and the Generation of Animals, I have usually availed myself of the text of the Oxford translation edited by Mr. W. D. Ross. For the De anima I have used the version of Mr. R. D. Hicks.

I have to thank my friends Mr. R. W. Livingstone, Dr. E. T. Withington, and Mr. J. D. Beazley for a number of suggestions. To my colleague Professor Arthur Platt I have to record my gratitude not only for much help in the writing of these chapters but also for his kindness and patience in reading and rereading the work both in manuscript and proof. I am specially indebted, moreover, to the notes appended to his translation of the Generation of Animals.

C. S.

University College, London.
March 1922.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

GREEK BIOLOGY
FIGURE		PAGE
1.	Lioness and young, from an Ionian vase of the sixth century b. c.	7
2.	A, Jaw bones of lion; B, head of lioness from Caere vase	7
3.	Paintings of fish on plates: Italo-Greek work of the fourth century b. c.	8
4.	Head and talons of the Sea-eagle, HaliaËtus albicilla:
	A, from an Ionic vase of the sixth century b. c.;
	B, drawn from the object	9
5.	Minoan gold cup, sixteenth century b. c.	facing 12
6.	Horse’s head, from Parthenon. 440 b. c.	” 12
7.	Aristotle. From Herculaneum; probably work of fourth century b. c.	” 18
7a.	The Order of Living Things according to Aristotle	30
7b.	The Four Elements and the Four Qualities	39
8.	Theophrastus. From Villa Albani;
	copy (second century a. d.?) of earlier work	facing 60
9, 10.	Fifth century drawings from Juliana Anicia MS.,
	copied from originals of the first century b. c. (?): 9,
	S????? t??fe??? = Crepis paludosa, Moen.; 10,
	Ge?????? = Erodium malachoides, L.	” 64
11.	Illustrating Galen’s physiological teaching	67
GREEK MEDICINE
1.	Hippocrates. British Museum, second or third century b. c.	facing 90
2.	Asclepius. British Museum, fourth century b. c.	” 90
3, 4.	From MS. of Apollonius of Kitium, of ninth century
	(copied from a pre-Christian original):
	3, reducing dislocated shoulder; 4, reducing dislocated jaw	” 104
5.	A Greek clinic of about 400 b. c.: from a vase-painting	106
6.	A kylix, from the Berlin Museum, of about 490 b. c.	107
7.	Athenian funerary monument. British Museum, second century a. d.	facing 114
8.	Votive tablet, representing cupping and bleeding instruments,
	from Temple of Asclepius at Athens	” 120

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