George Russell Shaw

The following classification is based on the gradual evolution of the fruit from a cone symmetrical in form, parenchymatous in tissue, indehiscent and deciduous at maturity, releasing its wingless seed by disintegration—to a cone oblique in form, very strong and durable in tissue, persistent on the tree, intermittently dehiscent, releasing its winged seeds partly at maturity, partly at indefinite intervals during several years. This evolution embraces two extreme forms of fruit, one the most primitive, the other the most elaborate, among Conifers.

Two sections of the genus, Soft and Hard Pines, are distinguished by several correlated characters, and moreover are distinct by obvious differences in the tissues of their cones as well as in the quality and appearance of their wood.

With the Soft Pines the species group naturally under two subsections on the position of the umbo, the anatomy of the wood and the armature of the conelet. In one subsection (Cembra) are found three species, P. cembra and its allies, with the cone-tissues so completely parenchymatous that the cones cannot release the seeds except by disintegration. In both subsections there is a gradual evolution from a wingless nut to one with an effective wing, adnate in one subsection, adnate and articulate in the other. The different stages of this evolution are so distinct that the Soft Pines are easily separated into definite groups.

Among the Hard Pines a few species show characters that are peculiar to the Soft Pines. These exceptional species form a subsection (Parapinaster) by themselves.

With the remaining species, the majority of the Pines, the distinctions that obtain among Soft Pines have disappeared. The dorsal umbo, the articulate seed-wing, the persistent fascicle-sheath, the dorsal and ventral stomata of the leaf and its serrate margins, the dentate walls of the ray-tracheids have become fixed and constant. But a new form of seed-wing appears, with a thickened blade, assuming such proportions in P. Sabiniana and its two allies that these three constitute a distinct group, remarkable also for the size of its cones.

Here also appear a new form of fruit, the oblique cone, and a new method of dissemination, the serotinous cone. Associated with the latter are the persistent cone and the multinodal spring-shoot. These characters do not develop in such perfect sequence and regularity that they can be employed for grouping the species without forcing some of them into unnatural association. The oblique cone first appears sporadically here and there and without obvious reason. The persistent cone, the first stage of the serotinous cone, is equally sporadic in the earlier stages of evolution. The same may be said of the multinodal shoot.

Nevertheless these characters show an obvious progression toward a definite goal, where they are all united in a small group of species remarkable for the form and texture of their cones, for a peculiar seed-release and for the vigor and rapidity of their growth. It is possible, with the assistance of other characters, to segregate these species in three groups in which the affinities are respected and the general trend of their evolution is preserved.

The first group, the Lariciones, contains species with large ray-pits, cones dehiscent at maturity, and uninodal spring-shoots. They are, with two exceptions, P. resinosa and P. tropicalis, Old World species.

The second group, the Australes, contains species with small ray-pits, cones dehiscent at maturity and spring-shoots gradually changing, among the species, from a uninodal to a multinodal form. They are, without exception, species of the New World.

The third group, the Insignes, contains the serotinous species. The ray-pits are small and the spring-shoots are, with two exceptions, multinodal. With two exceptions, P. halepensis and P. pinaster, they are New World species.

These three groups, being the progressive sequence of a lineal evolution, are not absolutely circumscribed, but are more or less connected through a few intermediate species of each group. The systematic position of these intermediate species is determined by their obvious affinities. It cannot be expected that the variations, which take an important part in the evolution of the species, progress with equal step or in perfect correlation with each other.

As to specific determinations, a little experience in the field discloses an amount of variation in species that does not always appear in the descriptions of authors; and species that are under the closest scrutiny of botanists, foresters or horticulturalists, attest by their multiple synonymy their wide variation. The possibilities of variation are indefinite and, with adaptable Pines, the range of variation is somewhat proportionate to change of climate. In mountainous countries, where there are warm sheltered valleys with rich soil below cold barren ledges, the most variable Pines are found. The western species of North America, for instance, are much more variable than the eastern species, while in Mexico, a tropical country with snow-capped mountains, the variation is greatest.

Therefore in the limitation of species undue importance should not be given to characters responsive to environment, such as the dimensions of leaf or cone, the number of leaves in the fascicle, etc. Moreover, there are familiar examples (P. sylvestris, etc.) that show the possibility of wide differences in the cone of the same species.

In the following classification species only are considered without attempting to determine varietal or other subspecific forms. But varieties are often mentioned as one of the factors illustrating the scope of species. Synonymy serves a like purpose, but synonyms not conveying useful information are omitted, Roezl's list of Mexican species, for instance, and variations in the orthography of specific names.

PINUS

• 1755 Pinus Duhamel, TraitÉ des Arbres, ii. 121.
• 1790 Apinus Necker, Elem. Bot. iii. 269.
• 1852 Cembra Opiz, Seznam, 27.
• 1854 Strobus Opiz, Lotos, iv. 94.
• 1903 Caryopitys Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.

Leaves and shoots dimorphous, primary leaves on long shoots, secondary leaves on dwarf shoots. Flowers diclinous, the pistillate taking the place of long shoots, the staminate taking the place of dwarf shoots. Growth of wood and fruit emanating from the nodes; buds, branchlets and cones, therefore, in verticillate association. Leaves and staminate flowers in internodal position, the primary leaves along the whole length of the internode, subtending secondary leaf-fascicles on the apical, staminate flowers on the basal part. Buds compounded of minute buds in the axils of bud-scales, becoming the bracts of the spring-shoot. Branchlets of one or more internodes, each internode in three parts—a length without leaves, a length bearing leaves and a node of buds. Cone requiring two, rarely three years to mature, displaying its annual growths by distinct areas on each scale. Seeds wingless or winged, edible and nutritious.

The Pines are confined to the northern hemisphere, but grow in all climates and under all conditions of soil, temperature and humidity where trees can grow. Some of the species are of very restricted range, but others are adaptable and can cover wide areas. The sixty-six species are distributed as follows—

Eastern Hemisphere, 23.

• 1 exclusively African (Canary Islands).
• 2 exclusively European.
• 3 about the Mediterranean Basin.
• 2 common to Europe and northern Asia.
• 14 exclusively Asiatic.

Western Hemisphere, 43.

• 28 in western North America, of which 12 are confined to Mexico and Central America.
• 15 in eastern North America, of which 2 are exclusively West Indian.

The two sections of the genus correspond with those of Koehne (Deutsch. Dendrol. 28 [1893]) and his two names, Haploxylon and Diploxylon, are adopted here, together with his two subsections of Haploxylon, Cembra and Paracembra.

Of the two subsections of Diploxylon, Pinaster has been employed by Endlicher (Syn. Conif. 166 [1847]) and later authors for smaller or larger groups of Hard Pines. The subsection Parapinaster is now proposed.

The names of groups, Cembrae, Strobi, Cembroides, Gerardianae, Balfourianae, Pineae, Lariciones and Australes, are taken from Engelmann's Revision of the Genus Pinus (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, iv. 175-178 [1880]). The remainder, Flexiles, Leiophyllae, Longifoliae, Insignes and Macrocarpae, are here proposed.

In order to bring the illustrations within the limits of the page the dimensions of cone and leaf, as shown on the plates, are a little smaller than life. In plates X and XXV the reproductions of the cones are reduced to 2/5 life-size.

SECTIONS, SUBSECTIONS, AND GROUPS

Bases of the fascicle-bracts non-decurrent	A—HAPLOXYLON
Umbo of the cone-scale terminal	a—Cembra
Seeds wingless.
Cones indehiscent	I.Cembrae
Cones dehiscent	II.Flexiles
Seed with an adnate wing	III.Strobi
Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal	b—Paracembra
Seeds wingless	IV.Cembroides
Seed-wing short, ineffective	V.Gerardianae
Seed-wing long, effective	VI.Balfourianae
Bases of the fascicle-bracts decurrent	B—DIPLOXYLON
Fascicle-sheath or seed of Haploxylon	c—Parapinaster
Fascicle-sheath deciduous	VII.Leiophyllae
Fascicle-sheath persistent.
Seed-wing of the Strobi	VIII.Longifoliae
Seed-wing of the Gerardianae	IX.Pineae
Fascicle-sheath persistent, seed-wing articulate, effective	d—Pinaster
Base of wing-blade thin or slightly thickened.
Cones dehiscent at maturity.
Pits of ray-cells large	X.Lariciones
Pits of ray-cells small	XI.Australes
Cones serotinous, pits of ray-cells small	XII.Insignes
Base of wing-blade very thick	XIII.Macrocarpae

HAPLOXYLON

Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles not decurrent. Staminate flowers not sufficiently developed in the bud to be apparent. Spring-shoots uninodal. Fibro-vascular bundle of the leaf single. Cone symmetrical, of relatively fewer larger scales, its tissues softer. Bark-formation late, the trunks of young trees smooth. Wood soft and with little resin, of uniform color and with relatively obscure definition of the annual rings. Tracheids of the medullary rays with smooth walls.

All the species of this section, except P. Nelsonii, have deciduous fascicle-sheaths. There are but two species of Diploxylon with deciduous sheaths, P. leiophylla and P. Lumholtzii, both of them easily recognized. The deciduous sheath, therefore, is an obvious and useful means for recognizing the Soft Pines. On the characters of the fruit and the wood Haploxylon can be divided into two subsections.

a. Cembra	Umbo of the cone-scale terminal.
b. Paracembra	Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal.

Cembra

Umbo of the cone-scale terminal. Scales of the conelet unarmed. Leaves in fascicles of 5, the sheath deciduous, the two dermal tissues distinct, the hypoderm-cells uniform. Pits of the cells of the wood-rays large.

Seeds wingless.
Cones indehiscent	I.Cembrae.
Cones dehiscent	II.Flexiles.
Seeds with an adnate wing	III. Strobi.

I. CEMBRAE

Seeds wingless. Cones indehiscent, deciduous at maturity.

In this group of species there is no segregation of sclerenchyma into an effective tissue. The cones are inert under hygrometric changes and may always be recognized in herbaria by their persistent occlusion and soft tissues. The seeds are released only by the disintegration of the fallen cone. There is, however, a vicarious dissemination by predatory crows (genus Nucifraga) and rodents.

Leaves serrulate, their stomata ventral only.
Cones relatively larger, the apophyses protuberant	1.koraiensis.
Cones relatively smaller, the apophyses appressed	2.cembra.
Leaves entire, their stomata ventral and dorsal	3.albicaulis.

1. PINUS KORAIENSIS

• 1784 P. strobus Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 275 (not Linnaeus).
• 1842 P. koraiensis Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 38.
• 1857 P. mandschurica Ruprecht in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. PÉtersb. xv. 382.

Spring-shoots more or less densely tomentose. Leaves from 8 to 12 cm. long, serrulate, stomata ventral only, resin-ducts medial and confined to the angles. Conelets large, subterminal, or on young trees often pseudolateral. Cones indehiscent, from 9 to 14 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conical or subcylindrical; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, rugose, shrinking much in drying and exposing the seeds, prolonged and tapering to a more or less reflexed tip, the umbo inconspicuous; seeds large, wingless, the spermoderm entire.

A species of the mountains of northeastern Asia with valuable wood and large edible nuts; hardy and often cultivated in cool-temperate climates.

The P. koraiensis of Beissner (in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser. iv. 184) and of Masters (in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34, ff.) are P. Armandi and have led to an erroneous extension of the range of this species into Shensi and Hupeh. In the original description of the species the authors call attention to an error in the plate, where a cone of another species has been substituted.

P. koraiensis resembles P. cembra in leaf and branchlet but not in the cone. It is often confused with P. Armandi, but can easily be distinguished by its tomentose branchlets, indehiscent cone and peculiar seed. The two species, moreover, do not always agree in the position of the foliar resin-ducts.

Plate VIII.

Fig. 85, Cone and seed. Fig. 86, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

2. PINUS CEMBRA

• 1753 P. cembra Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.
• 1778 P. montana Lamarck, Fl. FranÇ. iii. 651 (not Miller).
• 1858 P. pumila Regel in Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 23.
• 1884 P. mandschurica Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 61, ff. (not Ruprecht).
• 1906 P. sibirica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 388.
• 1913 P. coronans Litvinof in Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. St. PÉtersb. xi. 23, f.

Spring-shoots densely tomentose. Leaves from 5 to 12 cm. long, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts medial or, in the dwarf form, often external. Conelets short-pedunculate, purple during their second season. Cone from 5 to 8 cm. long, ovate or subglobose, subsessile; apophyses dull nut-brown, thick, slightly convex, the margin often a little reflexed, the umbo inconspicuous; seeds wingless, large, the dorsal spermoderm adnate partly to the nut, partly to the cone-scale, the ventral spermoderm wanting.

The Swiss Stone Pine attains a height of 15 or 25 metres and occupies two distinct areas, the Alps, from Savoy to the Carpathians at high altitudes, and the plains and mountain-slopes throughout the vast area from northeastern Russia through Siberia. Beyond the Lena and Lake Baikal it becomes a dwarf (var. pumila) with its eastern limit in northern Nippon and in Kamchatka. It is successfully cultivated in the cool-temperate climates of Europe and America. The wood is of even, close grain, peculiarly adapted to carving. The nuts are gathered for food and confections, but are destroyed in great numbers by squirrels, mice and a jay-like crow, the European Nutcracker. It is generally conceded, however, that these enemies assist in dissemination.

Plate VIII.

Fig. 87, Cone, seed and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 88, Tree at Arolla, Switzerland. Fig. 89, Cone, leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section of var. pumila.

3. PINUS ALBICAULIS

• 1853 P. flexilis Balfour in Bot. Exped. Oregon, 1, f. (not James).
• 1857 P. cembroides Newberry in Pacif. R. R. Rep. vi-3, 44, f. (not Zuccarini).
• 1863 P. albicaulis Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, ii. 209.
• 1867 P. shasta CarriÈre, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 390.

Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Branchlets pliant and tough. Leaves from 4 to 7 cm. long, entire, stout, persistent for several years; stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets short-pedunculate, dark purple during the second season, their scales often tapering to an acute apex. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, oval or subglobose; apophyses nut-brown or fulvous brown, dull or slightly lustrous, very thick, the under surface conspicuous, meeting the upper surface in an acute margin, and terminated by a salient, often acute umbo; seed wingless, the testa bare of spermoderm.

This species ranges from British Columbia through Washington and Oregon, over the mountains of northern California and the Sierras as far south as Mt. Whitney, and, on the Rocky Mountains, through Idaho and Montana to northern Wyoming. It is found at the timber-line of many stations and forms, in exposed situations, flat table-like masses close to the ground. It is a species of no economical importance and is too inaccessible for the profitable gathering of its large nuts, which are devoured in quantity by squirrels and by Clark's crow, a bird of the same genus with the pinivorous Nutcracker of Europe.

P. albicaulis is distinguished from its allies by its entire leaves with both dorsal and ventral stomata, from P. flexilis by its indehiscent cone, and from all of these species by its seed without membranous cover or rudimentary wing. It was united with P. flexilis by Parlatore and Gordon, and, later, was referred to that species as a varietal form by Engelmann (in Brewer & Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 124). Parrish's P. albicaulis (in Zoe, iv. 350), extending its range to the mountains of southern California, proves to be P. flexilis (Jepson, Silva Calif. 74).

Plate VIII.

Fig. 90, Two cones and seed. Fig. 91, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 92, Magnified leaf-section.

PLATE VIII. P. KORAIENSIS (85, 86), CEMBRA (87-88), ALBICAULIS (90-92) PLATE VIII. P. KORAIENSIS (85, 86), CEMBRA (87-89), ALBICAULIS (90-92)

II. FLEXILES

Seeds wingless, the spermoderm forming a narrow border with a rudimentary prolongation. Cones dehiscent at maturity.

The dehiscent cone distinguishes this group from the Cembrae. Therefore confusion of P. koraiensis with P. Armandi, or P. albicaulis with P. flexilis should be impossible. The peculiar seed is found again only in the northern variety of P. ayacahuite.

Leaves usually entire, the stomata dorsal and ventral	4.flexilis.
Leaves serrulate, the stomata ventral only	5.Armandi.

4. PINUS FLEXILIS

• 1823 P. flexilis James in Long's Exped. ii. 34.
• 1882 P. reflexa Engelmann in Bot. Gaz. vii. 4.
• 1897 P. strobiformis Sargent, Silva N. Am. xi. 33, tt. 544, 545 (not Engelmann).

Spring-shoots pubescent; branchlets very tough and pliant. Leaves from 3 to 9 cm. long, entire, or serrulate in the southern variety, persistent for five or six years; stomata dorsal and ventral or, in the south, sometimes ventral only; resin-ducts external. Cones from 6 to 25 cm. long, ovate or subcylindrical, short-pedunculate; apophyses pale tawny yellow, or yellow ochre, lustrous, often prolonged and more or less reflexed, thick, the margin together with the umbo raised above the surface of the cone.

This species grows on the Rocky Mountains from Alberta in the Dominion of Canada to Chihuahua in northern Mexico and ranges westward to the eastern slope of the Sierras and to the southern mountains of California. The wood, where accessible, is manufactured into lumber. It may be seen in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Royal Gardens at Kew.

P. flexilis is recognized by its lustrous yellow cones. This and the constantly external ducts of its usually entire leaves distinguish it from P. Armandi. From P. albicaulis, with similar leaves, it differs by its dehiscent cone. At one extreme the cone of P. flexilis is not unlike that of P. albicaulis, at the other extreme it approaches the characteristic cone of P. ayacahuite, with prolonged reflexed scales. Hence the confusion of P. albicaulis with P. flexilis (Murray, Parlatore and others) and of P. flexilis with Engelmann's P. strobiformis. Sargent's P. strobiformis, illustrated in the Silva of North America, is the form of this species known as var. reflexa of Engelmann.

Plate IX.

Fig. 93, Two cones and seed. Fig. 94, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 95, Magnified leaf-section.

5. PINUS ARMANDI

• 1884 P. Armandi Franchet in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sÉr. 2, vii. 95, 96, t. 12.
• 1898 P. scipioniformis Masters in Bull. Herb. Boiss. vi. 270.
• 1903 P. koraiensis Masters in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxiii. 34, ff. 18, 19 (not Siebold & Zuccarini).
• 1908 P. Mastersiana Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xliii, 194.

Spring-shoots glabrous; branches and most of the trunk covered with a smooth gray cortex. Leaves from 8 to 15 cm. long, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external, external and medial, or medial, all three conditions sometimes occurring in leaves of the same branchlet. Cones from 6 to 20 cm. in length, pendent on peduncles of various lengths, the peduncle often remaining on the tree after the fall of the cone; apophyses fulvous brown, dull or sublustrous, the margin rounded or tapering to an acute apex, sometimes a little prolonged and reflexed, the umbo inconspicuous.

A tree of the mountains of central, southern and western China with an outlying station on the Island of Formosa. Recently planted in Europe and America, it has so far proved hardy. The nuts are gathered for food and some use is made of the wood.

The glabrous shoots of P. Armandi distinguish it from P. flexilis and P. koraiensis. From the latter it is also distinct in its dehiscent cone and in its seed. The section of its leaf, with dorsal ducts often in two positions, is peculiar to this species among Soft Pines.

Plate IX.

Fig. 96, Two cones and seed. Fig. 97, Leaf-fascicle. Figs. 98, 99, Magnified sections of three leaves.

PLATE IX. P. FLEXILIS (93-95), ARMANDI (96-99) PLATE IX. P. FLEXILIS (93-95), ARMANDI (96-99)

III. STROBI

Seed with a long effective wing adnate to the nut.

The base of the seed-wing corresponds to the marginal spermoderm of the Flexiles but is prolonged into an effective adnate wing. This form of wing appears again in the species Balfouriana and in the group Longifoliae.

Cones very long, usually exceeding 25 cm.
Cone-scales prolonged and reflexed	6.ayacahuite.
Cone-scales appressed	7.Lambertiana.
Cones less than 25 cm. long.
Cone-scales prominently convex.
Leaves less than 7 cm. long	8.parviflora.
Leaves 9-12 cm. long	9.peuce.
Leaves 12-18 cm. long	10.excelsa.
Cone-scales thin, conforming to the surface of the cone.
Cone relatively longer, its phyllotaxis 8/21	11.monticola.
Cone relatively shorter, its phyllotaxis 5/13	12.strobus.

6. PINUS AYACAHUITE

• 1838 P. ayacahuite Ehrenberg in Linnaea, xii. 492.
• 1848 P. strobiformis Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 102.
• 1857 P. Veitchii Roezl, Cat. Graines Conif. Mex. 32.
• 1858 P. Bonapartea Roezl in Gard. Chron. 358.
• 1858 P. Loudoniana Gordon, Pinet. 230.

Spring-shoots glabrous or pubescent. Leaves from 10 to 20 cm. long, serrulate, their stomata ventral only, their resin-ducts external, often numerous. Cones from 25 to 45 cm. long, pendent on long stalks, subcylindrical or tapering, often curved; apophyses pale nut-brown, dull or sublustrous, varying much in thickness, prolonged in various degrees, the prolongations patulous, reflexed, recurved or revolute; seeds of the southern typical form with a long wing, the wing diminishing and the nut increasing in relative size northward.

The White Pine of Mexico and Guatemala grows on mountain-slopes and at the head of ravines. It is not very hardy in cultivation except in the milder parts of Great Britain and in northern Italy, where the forms of central and northern Mexico have been very successful. The species is best recognized by the prolonged apophyses of its large cone.

The variations in the size of the cone and in the prolongations of its scales are many, but of far more significance is the remarkable variation of the seed-wing, which is long in the southern part of the range, short and broad in central Mexico, and rudimentary, like the seed of P. flexilis, in the north. This makes it possible to establish two well defined varieties—Veitchii and brachyptera. The three forms of the species present a gradation from the long effective wing of the Strobi to the rudimentary form of the Flexiles. Many of the seed-wings of the var. Veitchii correspond, in their short broad form and opaque coloring, with the characteristic wing of P. Lambertiana.

Plate X. (leaves and cones much reduced).

Fig. 103, Cone and cone-scale of var. Veitchii. Fig. 104, Cone and seed of var. brachyptera. Fig. 105, Cone-scale of the typical form. Figs. 106, 107, Leaf-fascicles and magnified leaf-sections.

7. PINUS LAMBERTIANA

• 1827 P. Lambertiana Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 497.

Spring-shoots pubescent. Leaves from 7 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external or with one or two ventral medial ducts. Cones from 30 to 50 cm. long, pendent, subcylindrical, tapering to a rounded apex; apophyses pale nut-brown, thick, a narrow border of the under surface showing on the closed cone, the margin rounded or tapering to a blunt slightly reflexed tip; seed with a large nut and a broad short opaque wing.

The Sugar Pine is the tallest of the genus and attains a height of 50 or 60 metres. It grows on mountain slopes and the sides of ravines. Its southern limit is in Lower California on the plateau of San Pedro Martir, its northern limit is in western Oregon. The wood is valuable, its nuts are eaten by native Indians, and the sweet exudation, which gives the tree its popular name, is a manna-like substance of some officinal value. P. Lambertiana is recognized by its long cone and by the constant dorsal stomata of its leaves.

Plate X. (leaves and cone much reduced).

Fig. 100, Cone and seed. Fig. 101, Conelet. Fig. 102, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

PLATE X. P. LAMBERTIANA (100-102), AYACAHUITE (103-107) PLATE X. P. LAMBERTIANA (100-102), AYACAHUITE (103-107)

8. PINUS PARVIFLORA

• 1784 P. cembra Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274. (not Linnaeus).
• 1842 P. parviflora Siebold and Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 27, t. 115.
• 1890 P. pentaphylla Mayr, Mon. Abiet. Jap. 78, 94, t. 6.
• 1908 P. morrisonicola Hayata in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xliii. 194.
• 1908 P. formosana Hayata in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxviii. 297, t. 22.

Spring-shoots pubescent or glabrous; branches becoming studded with prominent resin-cells of the cortex. Leaves from 3 to 8 cm. long, slender, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external and dorsal. Cones subsessile, often persistent, from 5 to 10 cm. long, patulous or horizontal, short-ovate, or elongate and slightly conical; apophyses nut-brown, abruptly convex near the apex, or irregularly warped, varying much in size, the umbo confluent with the thin margin of the scale and resting on the apophysis beneath; seeds with a large nut and a short broad wing, often temporarily adherent to the cone-scale and breaking apart at the fall of the nut.

A tree of the mountains of Japan and Formosa, cultivated extensively. It is recognized by its very short quinate leaves and by its nearly sessile cones. The frequent but not invariable retention of the seed-wing in the cone is due to adhesion. Many seeds fall with their wings intact, others break away from the wing which, after a while, loosens and also falls.

Plate XI.

Figs. 114, 115, Three cones and seed. Fig. 116, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

9. PINUS PEUCE

• 1844 P. peuce Grisebach, Spicil. Fl. Rumel. ii. 349.
• 1865 P. excelsa Hooker in Jour. Linn. Soc. viii. 145. (not Wallich).

Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 7 to 10 cm. long, erect, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Connective of pollen-sacs small and narrow. Cones deciduous, from 8 to 15 cm. long, subcylindrical, often curved, the peduncle short; apophyses tawny yellow, prominently and abruptly convex, the umbo against the scale beneath; seed-wing long.

A tree of the Balkan Mountains, very hardy and bearing abundant fruit in the gardens of both hemispheres. The cone resembles that of P. excelsa, but is prevalently much shorter and with a relatively shorter peduncle. Its leaves are also much shorter and are always erect. A curious difference is found in the connectives of the pollen-sacs, small in peuce (fig.113), large in excelsa (fig.110). The convexity of its apophyses distinguishes the cone from those of P. monticola and P. strobus. Beissner followed Hooker and named this species excelsa, var. peuce, in the first edition of his Handbuch (1891), but in the second edition he restored the Balkan Pine to specific standing.

Plate XI.

Fig. 111, Cone and seed. Fig. 112, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 113, Pollen-sacs and connective magnified.

10. PINUS EXCELSA

• 1824 P. excelsa Wallich ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii, 5, t. 3.
• 1845 P. nepalensis De Chambray, Arbr. RÉsin. 342.
• 1854 P. Griffithii McClelland in Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv, 17; Icon. Pl. Asiat. t. 365.

Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 10 to 18 cm. long, drooping, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external but often with a medial ventral duct. Connective of the pollen-sacs large. Cones from 15 to 25 cm. long, narrow-cylindrical; apophyses tawny yellow or pale fulvous brown, prominently convex, the umbo against the apophysis beneath; seeds with a long wing.

A tree with gray-green drooping foliage, found, with some interruptions, along the Himalayas. It furnishes resin, tar and wood of considerable value. It is cultivated in all temperate climates and is a familiar tree of American and European gardens. Madden states that the foliage of P. excelsa is sometimes erect and is occasionally bright green. Such variations are often met in other species of Pinus. Usually the drooping gray-green foliage and the peculiar cone are sufficient for the recognition of this species. The not infrequent presence of a medial duct and the large connective are valuable aids for identifying it.

Plate XI.

Fig. 108, Cone and seed. Fig. 109, Leaf-fascicle and magnified section of two leaves. Fig. 110, Pollen-sacs and connective magnified.

PLATE XI. P. EXCELSA (108-110), PEUCE (111-113), PARVIFLORA (114-116) PLATE XI. P. EXCELSA (108-110), PEUCE (111-113), PARVIFLORA (114-116)

11. PINUS MONTICOLA

• 1837 P. monticola Douglas ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. iii. t.
• 1884 P. porphyrocarpa Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i, 83, ff.

Spring-shouts pubescent. Leaves from 4 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata ventral or rarely with a few dorsal stomata; resin-ducts external. Cones from 10 to 25 cm. long, cylindrical or tapering, sometimes curved; apophyses brown-ochre or fulvous brown, thin, smooth, conforming to the surface of the cone, the apex sometimes slightly prolonged and reflexed, the umbo not quite touching the surface of the scale below.

The western White Pine grows in southern British Columbia and on Vancouver Island, on the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Idaho, in Washington, on the Blue Mountains, Cascades and Coast Range of Oregon, across northern California and along the Sierras to the mountains of southern California. Where it is abundant and accessible it furnishes valuable timber. It is hardy in New England and in northern and central Europe.

It differs from P. strobus in the higher phyllotaxis of its cone, an obvious difference that may be seen by comparing cones of the two species of the same length (figs. 117, 119), the number of scales on the cone of P. monticola being much greater than that on the cone of P. strobus. Nuttall (Sylva, iii, 118) followed Hooker in considering it to be a variety of P. strobus.

Plate XII.

Fig. 117, Cone and cone-scale. Fig. 118, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

12. PINUS STROBUS

• 1753 P. strobus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1001.
• 1855 P. nivea Booth ex CarriÈre, Trait. Conif. 305.
• 1862 P. alba-canadensis Provancher, Fl. Canad. ii. 554.
• 1903 Strobus strobus Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.

Spring-shoots pubescent. Leaves from 6 to 14 cm. long, serrulate; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Cones from 8 to 24 cm. long, narrow cylindrical, sometimes curved; apophyses fulvous brown, or rufous brown, thin, the smooth or slightly rugose surface conforming to the general surface of the cone; seed with a long wing.

A valuable timber-tree of singular beauty and rapid growth. The northern limit of its range extends from Newfoundland to Manitoba; it grows throughout the northern states from Minnesota to the Atlantic, and, south of Pennsylvania, along the Appalachians to northern Georgia. Its tractable and reliable wood, its adaptability to various soils and climates, its early maturity and stately habit, recommend it to the forester and gardener.

Mature trees of P. strobus tower above the evergreens associated with it. It is also recognized by the color and horizontal massing of its foliage. The cone, when closed, is very narrow; its thin flat scales distinguish it from the cone of P. peuce, and its phyllotaxis from the cone of P. monticola. To illustrate the possibilities of variation in the size of Pine cones, I once collected several in Tamworth, N. H., on the estate of Mr. Augustus Hemenway, on the same slope and within an area of one square kilometre. These cones varied in length from 6 to 24 cm., with all intermediate sizes. Also on each tree were cones of various lengths, but the longest were confined to two or three trees among the several hundred examined. Dimensions of leaves also varied with individual trees; not infrequently the leaves of a tree were twice the length of those of an adjacent tree. Such variations appear in many species and in many localities.

Plate XII.

Fig. 119, Two cones. Fig. 120, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 121, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 122, Conelets. Fig. 123, A cultivated tree in Massachusetts.

PLATE XII. P. MONTICOLA (117, 118), STROBUS (119-123) PLATE XII. P. MONTICOLA (117, 118), STROBUS (119-123)

Paracembra

Umbo of the cone-scale dorsal. Scales of the conelet mucronate or aristate. Epiderm and hypoderm of the leaf similar, appearing as a single tissue; resin-ducts external. Pits of the ray-cells small.

The wood of this subsection differs from that of other species, except that of P. pinea, in the Picea-like characters of the medullary rays—tracheids with smooth walls combined with the thick walls and small pits of the ray-cells. On the character of the seeds the species may be divided into three groups.

Seeds wingless	IV.Cembroides.
Seeds with a short, ineffective, articulate wing	V.Gerardianae.
Seeds with a long and effective wing	VI.Balfourianae.

IV. CEMBROIDES

Seeds wingless, the nut large, wholly or partly bare of membranous cover. Cones varying from yellow-ochre to deep red-orange in color.

These are the Nut Pines, growing on the arid slopes and table-lands above the great plateau of northern Mexico and its extension into the southwestern United States. There are three distinct species.

Leaves entire, the sheath deciduous.
Cones subglobose, subsessile	13.cembroides.
Cones cylindrical, pedunculate	14.Pinceana.
Leaves serrulate, the sheath persistent	15.Nelsonii.

13. PINUS CEMBROIDES

• 1832 P. cembroides Zuccarini in Abh. Akad. MÜnch. i. 392.
• 1838 P. Llaveana Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 488.
• 1845 P. monophylla Torrey in FrÉmont's Rep. 319, t. 4.
• 1847 P. Fremontiana Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 183.
• 1848 P. edulis Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 88.
• 1848 P. osteosperma Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 89.
• 1862 P. Parryana Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 332 (not Gordon).
• 1897 P. quadrifolia Sudworth, Bull. 14, U. S. Dep. Agric. 17.
• 1903 Caryopitys edulus Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 29.

Spring-shoots pruinose. Leaves from 2 to 6 cm. long, in fascicles of 1 to 5, the sheath-scales revolute at the apex, then deciduous; stomata ventral, or ventral and dorsal; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet armed with a minute prickle. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, subglobose, subsessile; apophyses lustrous ochre-yellow, crowned with a quadrilateral umbo bearing the minute prickle of the conelet; seed flaxen yellow when fresh, its testa bare, the spermoderm adnate to the cone-scale.

A broad tree with a round head, similar in size and form, but not in ramification, to the cultivated Apple-tree; growing on arid slopes and table-lands. Its eastern limit is in southwestern Wyoming, central Colorado, Texas, western Tamaulipas and northwestern Vera Cruz. It ranges over Utah, Nevada, Arizona and the northern states of Mexico to the southern Sierras of California and to the northern and southern extremities of Lower California. It is recognized by its small cone, which expands, when open, into an irregular flat aggregate of loosely attached scales. The leaves are shorter than those of the other Pines of this group.

The cone of this species always retains its peculiar character. The variations are mainly in the number of leaves in the fascicle. On this character this Nut Pine is divided by many authors into four species—cembroides, with three slender leaves—edulis, with two stout leaves—monophylla, with one leaf and—Parryana, with four stout leaves. But there are intermediate forms that may be either cembroides or edulis, edulis or monophylla etc., and Voss's reduction of the four to a single species with three varieties seems to be justified (Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. xvi. 95).

Plate XIII.

Fig. 130, Cone, cone-scale and seed. Fig. 131, Open cone. Fig. 132, Branchlet with leaves and magnified leaf-section.

14. PINUS PINCEANA

• 1846 P. cembroides Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 236, f. (not Zuccarini).
• 1858 P. Pinceana Gordon, Pinet. 204.
• 1882 P. latisquama Engelmann in Gard. Chron. ser. 2, xviii. 712. f. 125 (as to cone only).

Spring-shoots slender, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of three, the sheath revolute at the base, then deciduous; stomata ventral, or ventral and dorsal; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet minutely mucronate. Cones from 6 to 9 cm. long, cylindrical, pendent on long peduncles; apophyses lustrous ochre-yellow, elevated in the centre, the umbo usually retaining the small prickle; seed large, bearing on its dorsal surface remnants of the spermoderm.

A small bushy tree with long slender branchlets, clear gray cortex, persistently smooth except on the lower part of the trunk, and glaucous-green foliage. It grows along water-courses, dry in autumn and winter, from southern Coahuila to central Hidalgo, and is associated with P. cembroides, from which it may be distinguished by its longer leaves and much longer cylindrical cone.

Plate XIII.

Fig. 127, Cone, cone-scale and seed. Fig. 128, Branchlet with leaves. Fig. 129, Magnified leaf-section.

15. PINUS NELSONII

• 1904 P. Nelsonii Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxvi. 122, f. 49.

Spring-shoots slender, pruinose; branchlets very pliant and tough, summer-shoots abundant. Leaves with a persistent sheath, from 6 to 9 cm. long, united in threes along a portion of their ventral surface into pseudomonophyllous fascicles, serrulate on the two margins of the dorsal surface, entire on the ventral margin; stomata dorsal and with one row along the free portion of each ventral face. Conelets usually, if not always, pseudolateral by reason of the summer growth of the branchlets, and attaining in their first season an unusually large size. Cones from 6 to 12 cm. long, on very long stout and curved peduncles, cylindrical, deciduous by an articulation between the cone and its peduncle, leaving the latter for several years on the tree; apophyses dark lustrous orange-red, rugose, elevated along a sharp transverse keel, the umbo obscurely defined, the mucro usually broken away; nuts large, flaxen yellow, the spermoderm adnate to the cone-scale.

A small bushy tree with long pliant branches, clear gray cortex all over the limbs and trunk, and sparse gray-green foliage. It grows, together with P. cembroides, on the lower slopes of the northeastern Sierras of Mexico, near the boundary between the states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon. It is apparently confined to a small area near the latitude of the city of Victoria, the capital of Tamaulipas, where its nuts are often exposed for sale.

In many characters this species is unique. It can be recognized at once by the connate leaves that form the fascicle or by the remarkable stout curved peduncle of its cone. Such seeds as I have seen differ from those of P. cembroides by a reddish area at one end, but this can be seen with fresh seeds only.

Plate XIII.

Fig. 124, Cone, cone scale and seed. Fig. 125, Branchlet with leaves. Fig. 126, Magnified section of a leaf-fascicle.

PLATE XIII. P. NELSONII (124-126), PINCEANA (127-129), CEMBROIDES (130-132) PLATE XIII. P. NELSONII (124-126), PINCEANA (127-129), CEMBROIDES (130-132)

V. GERARDIANAE

Seeds with a very short ineffective articulate wing. Leaves in fascicles of 3, serrulate, the sheath deciduous. Bark exfoliating in large scales, leaving parti-colored areas.

These Asiatic Nut Pines are alike in leaf and cortex as well as in the peculiar seed-wing. The last often remains in the cone after the nut falls. The mechanical nature of this adhesion is apparent in P. Gerardiana, where the wing adheres not to its own, but to the adjacent scale. The two species are alike in their leaves but distinct in their cones and seeds.

Cones smaller, the nut short-ovate	16.Bungeana.
Cones larger, the nut long-cylindrical	17.Gerardiana.

16. PINUS BUNGEANA

• 1847 P. Bungeana Zuccarini ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 166.

Spring-shoots glabrous, summer-shoots common on fruiting branches of young trees. Leaves from 6 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Conelets subterminal or often pseudolateral, their scales gradually narrowed into a spine. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, short-pedunculate, short-ovate; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the dark brown umbo forming a spine with a broad base; seeds with a short loosely attached wing, sometimes remaining in the cone when the short-ovate nut falls.

A tree cultivated about the temples of China and recently found by Wilson growing on the mountains of Hupeh. The earlier parti-colored bark changes to chalky white on old trunks, by which the tree is recognized from a great distance. The stem of the tree is often multiple by the vertical growth of some of the lower branches. It is very hardy and is cultivated in Europe and America, although these cultivated trees are not yet of sufficient age to show the remarkable white trunk.

Plate XIV.

Fig. 138, Cone and cone-scale with adhering wing. Fig. 139, Seed and wing. Fig. 140, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 141, Parti-colored bark. Fig. 142, Tree with white trunk.

17. PINUS GERARDIANA

• 1832 P. Gerardiana Wallich ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, ii. t. 79.

Spring-shoots glabrous. Leaves from 6 to 10 cm. long, serrulate; stomata dorsal and ventral; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet armed with a short spine. Cones from 9 to 15 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid or oblong; apophyses fulvous brown, very thick, with a prominent reflexed or erect protuberance culminating in an umbo on which the spine is more or less persistent; nuts remarkably long, narrow, terete, the shell fragile, the short wing falling with the nut or adhering to the adjacent scale.

A tree of the northwestern Himalayas found on the borders of Cashmere and Thibet and in Kafiristan and north Afghanistan, and so highly prized for its nuts that it is rarely felled for its wood. It grows in dry regions and rarely attains a height of 20 metres. Attempts to cultivate this species, even in the milder parts of Great Britain, have generally failed.

The apophysis of the cone varies much in prominence (figs. 134, 135), but the peculiar seed is invariable and quite unlike that of any other Pine. The general color of the trunk at a distance is silver-gray.

Plate XIV.

Fig. 133, Cone. Fig. 134, Cone-scale with adhering seed-wing. Fig. 135, Cone-scale of flatter form. Fig. 136, Seed and wing. Fig. 137, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

PLATE XIV. P. GERARDIANA (133-137), BUNGEANA (138-142) PLATE XIV. P. GERARDIANA (133-137), BUNGEANA (138-142)

VI. BALFOURIANAE

Seeds with long effective wings. Leaves entire, in fascicles of 5, the sheath deciduous.

The two species known as Foxtail Pines are alike in their short entire falcate leaves, persisting for many years and forming long dense foliage-masses. They differ in the armature of their cones and in their seed-wings. The presence of both adnate and articulate wings in these closely related species suggests that these two forms of wing are not fundamentally distinct.

Cone-scales short-mucronate, the seed-wing adnate	18.Balfouriana.
Cone-scales long-aristate, the seed-wing articulate	19.aristata.

18. PINUS BALFOURIANA

• 1853 P. Balfouriana Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 1, f.

Spring-shoots somewhat puberulent. Leaves from 2 to 4 cm. long, persistent for many years; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet short-mucronate. Cones from 7 to 12 cm. long, tapering to a rounded apex, short-pedunculate; apophyses dark terracotta-brown, tumid, the umbo bearing a short recumbent prickle; seed with a long adnate wing.

An alpine species growing often at the timber-limit. It is found in two distinct stations in California, on the northern Coast Range and on the southern Sierras. It is not often cultivated, but young plants may be seen in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Royal Gardens at Kew.

Plate XV.

Fig. 147, Cone, seed and enlarged cone-scale. Fig. 148, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 149, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 150, A branch with persistent leaves.

19. PINUS ARISTATA

• 1862 P. aristata Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 331.
• 1871 P. Balfouriana Watson in King's Rep. v. 331 (not Balfour).

Spring-shoots glabrous or temporarily pubescent. Leaves from 2 to 4 cm. long, persistent for many years; stomata ventral only; resin-ducts external. Scales of the conelet prolonged into long slender bristles. Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, subcylindrical or tapering to a rounded apex, short-pedunculate; apophyses terracotta or purple-brown, tumid, the long bristles of the umbo often partly or wholly broken away; seeds with a long articulate wing.

A bushy tree, similar in foliage to the preceding species, growing at the timber-limit from Colorado through Utah, central and southern Nevada and northern Arizona into southeastern California, but separated from the nearest station of P. Balfouriana by an arid treeless desert. Engelmann (in Brewer and Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 125) considered it to be a variety of P. Balfouriana.

Plate XV.

Fig. 143, Cone. Fig. 144, Seed and enlarged cone-scale. Fig. 145, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 146, Conelet.

PLATE XV. P. ARISTATA (143-146), BALFOURIANA (147-150) PLATE XV. P. ARISTATA (143-146), BALFOURIANA (147-150)

DIPLOXYLON

Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Leaves serrulate; fibro-vascular bundle double; stomata dorsal and ventral. Cones with a dorsal umbo, the phyllotaxis complex. Wood hard, with dark resinous bands, the annual rings clearly defined.

In this section there are a few species combining the essential characters of Diploxylon with important characters of Haploxylon. A subsection, Parapinaster, is established for these exceptional species.

c.Parapinaster	Species with the fascicle-sheath or seed-wing of Haploxylon.
d.Pinaster	Sheath persistent, seed-wing articulate, effective.

Parapinaster

Sheath of the leaf-fascicle deciduous	VII.Leiophyllae.
Sheath of the leaf-fascicle persistent.
Seed-wing of the Strobi	VIII.Longifoliae.
Seed-wing of the Gerardianae	IX.Pineae.

VII. LEIOPHYLLAE

Sheath of the leaf-fascicles deciduous.
Leaves short, erect, the fructification triennial	20.leiophylla.
Leaves long, pendent, the fructification biennial	21.Lumholtzii.

20. PINUS LEIOPHYLLA

• 1831 P. leiophylla Schlechtendal and Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.
• 1848 P. chihuahuana Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour. Mex. 103.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, the sheath deciduous, from 8 to 14 cm. long; resin-ducts medial with an occasional internal duct. Conelets single or verticillate, their scales mucronate; conelets of the second year only slightly enlarged. Cones maturing the third year, not exceeding 7 cm. in length, ovate or ovate-conic, subsymmetrical, more or less reflexed, persistent for several years on some trees, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lighter or darker brown, often with an olive or fuscous shade, thin or tumid, the umbo double, the mucro more persistent near the apex of the cone.

This species grows at subtropical or warm-temperate altitudes in Mexico, from Oaxaca through the central and western states to southern Arizona and New Mexico. As it approaches the northern part of its range the leaves become thicker and more rigid and the number in the fascicle is reduced to 3 or 4 (var. chihuahuana, Shaw, Pines Mex. 14). Like P. rigida it sprouts freely along the branches and trunk, and stumps of felled trees put out shoots in great numbers. The species is easily recognized by the deciduous sheath and triennial cone.

Plate XVI.

Fig. 151, Branch with fruit of first, second and third years. Fig. 152, Leaf-fascicles. Fig. 153, Magnified leaf-section of the species. Fig. 154, Magnified leaf-section of the variety.

21. PINUS LUMHOLTZII

• 1894 P. Lumholtzii Robinson & Fernald in Proc. Am. Acad. xxx. 122.

Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath deciduous, from 20 to 30 cm. long, absolutely pendent; resin-ducts medial and internal. Conelets subterminal, or lateral and subterminal, mucronate. Cones not exceeding 7 cm. in length, symmetrical, pendent on slender peduncles, ovate-conic, early deciduous; apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, tumid at the margins, flat on the surface, the umbo large, the mucro rarely persistent.

A remarkable Pine with long pendent bright green foliage, confined to the western states of Mexico and ranging on the mountains from southern Jalisco to the latitude of the city of Chihuahua. Each season's growth of leaves hangs from the branchlet like a long beard, from which the tree receives, in some localities, the name "Pino barba caida." In the herbarium the long leaves, deciduous sheaths, and the decurrent bases of the bracts, present a combination of characters not found in other species.

Plate XVI.

Fig. 155, Cone. Fig. 156, Cone. Fig. 157, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 158, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 159, Tree at Ferraria de Tula.

PLATE XVI. P. LEIOPHYLLA (151-154), LUMHOLTZII (155-159) PLATE XVI. P. LEIOPHYLLA (151-154), LUMHOLTZII (155-159)

VIII. LONGIFOLIAE

Seed-wing adnate to the nut. Leaves long, in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent.

Apophysis of the cone prolonged and reflexed	22.longifolia.
Apophysis of the cone low-pyramidal	23.canariensis.

22. PINUS LONGIFOLIA

• 1803 P. longifolia Roxburgh ex Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 29, t. 21.
• 1897 P. Roxburghii Sargent, Silva N. Am. xi. 9.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent, from 20 to 30 cm. long; resin-ducts external, the hypoderm often in large masses, some or all of the endoderm cells with thick outer walls. Cones from 10 to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses lustrous brown-ochre or fuscous brown, elevated into thick, often reflexed, beaks with obtuse mutic umbos; seeds with large nuts and adnate striated dark gray or fuscous brown wings.

Of the three Pines of the Himalayas this species is the most important. It grows on the outer slopes and foot-hills from Bhotan to Afghanistan. The wood is used for construction and for the manufacture of charcoal, the thick soft bark is valuable for tanning, the resin is abundant and of commercial importance, and the nuts are gathered for food. The tree is not hardy in cool-temperate climates, but has been successfully grown in northern Italy.

It differs from P. canariensis in the usually protuberant apophysis of the cone, in the thick outer walls of the leaf-endoderm and in the nearly smooth walls of the ray-tracheids of the wood. In the dimensions of cone and leaf, in the dermal tissues and resin-ducts of the leaf and in the peculiar coloring of the seed-wing, the two species are alike.

Plate XVII.

Fig. 160, Cone. Fig. 161, Leaf-fascicle. Fig. 162, Magnified leaf-section.

23. PINUS CANARIENSIS

• 1825 P. canariensis Smith in Buch, Canar. Ins. 159.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Bud-scales with conspicuously long free fimbriate margins. Leaves in fascicles of 3, the sheath persistent, from 20 to 30 cm. long; the hypoderm often in large masses, the resin-ducts external, the endoderm with thin outer walls. Cones from 10 to 17 cm. long, short-pedunculate, ovoid-conic; apophyses lustrous or sublustrous nut-brown, more or less pyramidal, the umbo unarmed; seeds as in the last species.

A species confined to the Canary Islands, but cultivated in northern Italy. The stately habit of this tree is seen in SchrÖter's portrait (Exc. Canar. Ins. t. 15).

Plate XVII.

Fig. 163, Cone and seed. Fig. 164, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 165, Habit of the tree.

PLATE XVII. P. LONGIFOLIA (160-162), CANARIENSIS (163-165) PLATE XVII. P. LONGIFOLIA (160-162), CANARIENSIS (163-165)

IX. PINEAE

Seed-wing articulate, short, ineffective. Leaves binate, the sheath persistent. One species only.

24. PINUS PINEA

• 1753 P. pinea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.
• 1778 P. sativa Lamarck, Fl. FranÇ. ii. 200.
• 1854 P. maderiensis Tenore in Ann. Sci. Nat. sÉr. 4, ii. 379.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves from 12 to 20 cm. long; resin-ducts external. Conelet mutic, slightly larger in the second year. Cones triennial, from 10 to 14 cm. long, ovoid or subglobose; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, convex, of large size, the umbo double; seeds large with a short, loosely articulated, deciduous wing.

A species of the Mediterranean Basin, from Portugal to Syria. Its northern limit is in southern France and northern Italy, but it is cultivated in the southern parts of the British Isles and is a familiar ornament of park and garden in southern Europe, and is valued for its peculiar beauty and for its large savory nuts. In wood anatomy as well as in the seed it agrees with the Gerardianae of the Soft Pines.

Plate XVIII.

Fig. 166, Fruit of three seasons. Fig. 167, Cone-scales and seed. Fig. 168, Magnified leaf-section. Fig. 169, Habit of the tree.

PLATE XVIII. PINUS PINEA PLATE XVIII. PINUS PINEA

Pinaster

Bases of the bracts subtending leaf-fascicles decurrent. Seeds with an effective articulate wing. Umbo of the cone-scales dorsal. Leaves serrulate, stomatiferous on all faces, the sheath persistent. Walls of the tracheids of the medullary rays dentate.

Forty-two of the sixty-six species of Pinus are included in this subsection. As a group they are clearly circumscribed by several correlated characters and are more closely interrelated than the twenty-four species previously described. The distinctions of umbo and seed have disappeared. The umbo here is invariably dorsal, the seed-wing invariably articulate.

New forms, however, are gradually evolved—the seed with a thick wing-blade, the indurated oblique cone, the serotinous cone with its intermittent seed-release, and the multinodal spring-shoot. There are, moreover, new forms of leaf-hypoderm and a new position of the resin-duct.

Of these new characters, the thick wing-blade attains such proportions in the three species of the Macrocarpae that they can be grouped apart. But the characters that finally culminate in a lateral oblique serotinous cone are so gradually and irregularly developed that they offer no divisional distinctions. With the aid of wood and leaf characters, however, groups can be established which preserve the evolutionary sequence and, at the same time, the obvious affinity of the species.

Wing-blade thin or slightly thickened at the base.
Cones dehiscent at maturity.
Pits of the ray-cells large	X.Lariciones
Pits of the ray-cells small	XI.Australes
Cones serotinous, pits of the ray-cells small	XII.Insignes
Wing-blade very thick	XIII. Macrocarpae

The species of this subsection are very difficult, if not impossible, to classify by the usual method, which groups all species under a few characters assumed to be invariable and of fundamental importance. Such a method can be successfully applied to the Soft Pines and to some of the Hard Pines, but cannot be applied to all the Hard Pines without forcing some of them into unnatural associations.

To take an example, the group Pseudostrobus, characterized by pentamerous leaf-fascicles, appears in many systems. In this group are placed P. Torreyana and P. leiophylla. Another group, with trimerous fascicles, contains P. Sabiniana and P. taeda. Now there are no two species more obviously related by important peculiarities than P. Torreyana and P. Sabiniana; nevertheless they are, by this method, kept apart and associated with species which they resemble in no important particular.

An attempt is made here to avoid such incongruities. Groups X, XI and XII represent different stages of evolution. In the Lariciones the cone is symmetrical, and dehiscent and deciduous at maturity, while the spring-shoot is uninodal. In the Australes there is a similar cone, but the spring-shoot gradually becomes multinodal. In the Insignes the cone is oblique, persistent and serotinous, and the spring-shoot is multinodal.

These definitions state the degree of evolution attained by each group, but not all the species of a group conform exactly with its definition. In each group are species with a characteristic of another group. Among the Lariciones are a few species with both symmetrical and oblique cones, and two with persistent cones. Similar exceptions occur among the Australes. Among the Insignes are a few species with symmetrical cones, and two with cones that are rarely, if ever, serotinous.

There is, however, no difficulty in fixing the systematic position of these exceptional species through other characters which show their true affinity. They are placed with the species which they most resemble. Their exceptional characters are merely the evidence of the evolution that pervades and unites the groups. Therefore the definition of a group is not necessarily the exact definition of its species, and a species is placed in a group because all its characters, specific and evolutional, show a closer affinity with that group than with the species of any other.

X. LARICIONES

Pits of the ray-cells large. Cells of the leaf-hypoderm uniform. Spring-shoots uninodal. Cones dehiscent at maturity.

This group represents the first stage in the evolution of the Hard Pines. All the species, like the Soft Pines, are uninodal and the cones are dehiscent at maturity, but the trend toward the serotinous species is shown in the occasional appearance of the oblique cone as a varietal form of a few species, and in the persistent cone of the last two species of this group.

All the species of this group are of the Old World except P. resinosa and P. tropicalis. These two are the only American Pines combining large pits with dentate tracheids, and are the only American Hard Pines with external resin-ducts of the leaf.

Cones deciduous at maturity.
Cones ovate or ovate-conic.
Conelet with tuberculate or entire scales.
Resin-ducts external and medial	25.resinosa
Resin-ducts septal and external	26.tropicalis
Conelet with mucronate scales.
Resin-ducts mostly external.
Conelet pedunculate, erect.
Cone nut-brown	27.Massoniana
Cone dull tawny yellow	28.densiflora
Conelet pedunculate, reflexed	29.sylvestris
Conelet subsessile, erect	30.montana
Resin-ducts mostly medial.
Bark-formation late	31.luchuensis
Bark-formation early.
Cone nut-brown	32.Thunbergii
Cone lustrous tawny yellow	33.nigra
Cones narrow cylindrical	34.Merkusii
Cones tenaciously persistent.
Leaves stout, relatively short	35.sinensis
Leaves slender, relatively long	36.insularis

25. PINUS RESINOSA

• 1789 P. resinosa Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.
• 1810 P. rubra Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 45, t. 1.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 12 to 17 cm. long; resin-ducts external or external and medial; hypoderm uniform and inconspicuous. Scales of the conelet mutic. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, subsessile, symmetrical, deciduous the third year, leaving a few basal scales on the tree; apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, somewhat thickened along a transverse keel.

From Nova Scotia and Lake St. John this species ranges westward to the Winnipeg River and southward into Minnesota, Michigan, northern New York and eastern Massachusetts, with rare occurrence on the mountains of Pennsylvania. Under cultivation it is a beautiful tree, adapted to cold-temperate climates. It was considered by Loiseleur (1812) and by Spach (1842) to be a variety of P. nigra (laricio). The two species vary in the color of the cone, the anatomy of the leaves, the buds, and in the armature of the conelet. A fallen cone of this species is moreover usually imperfect from the loss of a few basal scales.

Plate XIX.

Fig. 170, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 171, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section.

26. PINUS TROPICALIS

• 1851 P. tropicalis Morelet in Rev. Hort. CÔte d'Or, i. 105.
• 1904 P. terthrocarpa Shaw in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xxxv. 179, f. 74.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, sometimes ternate, from 15 to 30 cm. long, rigid, erect; hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells; resin-ducts of remarkable size, septal, or not quite touching the endoderm and technically external. Scales of the conelet minutely tuberculate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, short-pedunculate, erect or patulous; ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses rufous brown, low-pyramidal, the umbo mutic.

Growing at sea-level within the tropics and confined to western Cuba and the Isle of Pines. On the island it is associated with P. caribaea. This species needs no other means of identification than its peculiar leaf-section. Septal ducts are found in P. oocarpa, Pringlei, Merkusii and rarely in other species, but they never attain the extraordinary size that appears to be invariable in P. tropicalis.

Plate XIX.

Fig. 172, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 173, Branch with leaves, much reduced. Fig. 174, Leaf-fascicle and magnified leaf-section. Fig. 175, Trees on the Isle of Pines.

PLATE XIX. P. RESINOSA (170, 171), TROPICALIS (172-175) PLATE XIX. P. RESINOSA (170, 171), TROPICALIS (172-175)

27. PINUS MASSONIANA

• 1803 P. Massoniana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 17, t. 12. 1861 P. canaliculata Miquel in Jour. Bot. Neerland. i. 86.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, rarely ternate, from 12 to 20 cm. long, slender and pliant; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. Staminate catkins often in long dense clusters. Conelets partly tuberculate or mucronate, partly mutic. Cones symmetrical, from 4 to 7 cm. long, ovate-conic, short-pedunculate, early deciduous; apophyses sublustrous, nut-brown, flat or somewhat elevated, the umbo usually mutic.

The Chinese Red Pine is found in warm-temperate climates. It is native to southeastern China and follows the valley of the Yangtse River into Szech'uan. It has been confused by London with P. pinaster, which it resembles in no respect, by Siebold with P. Thunbergii, from which it differs in leaf-dimensions and in leaf-section, and by Mayr with his P. luchuensis, whose peculiar cortex and whose leaf-section has no counterpart among Chinese Hard Pines. Its nearest relative is P. densiflora, from which it differs in its longer leaves, in the color of its cone and in its conelet (Plate XX, figs. 176, 179).

Plate XX.

Fig. 176, Cone and enlarged conelet. Fig. 177, Two leaf-fascicles. Fig. 178, Magnified leaf-section.

28. PINUS DENSIFLORA

• 1842 P. densiflora Siebold & Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. ii. 22, t. 112.
• 1854 P. scopifera Miquel in Zollinger, Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. 82.

Spring-shoots more or less pruinose, uninodal. Leaves binate, from 8 to 12 cm. long, slender; hypoderm of few inconspicuous cells; resin-ducts external. Staminate catkins in long dense clusters. Scales of the conelet conspicuously mucronate. Cones symmetrical, from 3 to 5 cm. long, ovate-conic, often persistent for a few years but with a weak hold on the branch; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow, flat or slightly elevated, the mucro more or less persistent.

The Japanese Red Pine forms extensive forests on the mountains of central Japan. It is perfectly hardy in cold-temperate climates. Wild specimens of China, ascribed to this species, are forms of the variable P. sinensis. From P. Massoniana it differs in its shorter leaves and yellow cone, but particularly in the more prominent prickles and thicker scales of its conelet (figs. 176, 179).

Plate XX.

Fig. 179, Cones and enlarged conelet. Fig. 180, Leaf-fascicles. Fig. 181, Magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf.

PLATE XX. P. MASSONIANA (176-178), DENSIFLORA (179-181) PLATE XX. P. MASSONIANA (176-178), DENSIFLORA (179-181)

29. PINUS SYLVESTRIS

• 1753 P. sylvestris Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000 (excl. var.).
• 1768 P. rubra Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
• 1768 P. tatarica Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
• 1781 P. mughus Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. i. t. 193 (not Scopoli).
• 1798 P. resinosa Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 354 (not Aiton).
• 1827 P. humilis Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 171.
• 1849 P. Kochiana Klotzsch in Linnaea, xxii. 296.
• 1849 P. armena Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.
• 1849 P. pontica Koch in Linnaea, xxii. 297.
• 1859 P. Frieseana Wichura in Flora, xlii. 409.
• 1906 P. lapponica Mayr, Fremdl. Wald- & Parkb. 348.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; hypoderm inconspicuous; resin-ducts external. Conelet reflexed, minutely mucronate. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, reflexed, symmetrical or sometimes oblique, ovate-conic, deciduous; apophyses dull pale tawny yellow of a gray or greenish shade, flat, elevated or protuberant and often much more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo with a minute prickle or its remnant.

A tree of great commercial value, with a very extended range, from Norway, Scotland and southern Spain to northeastern Siberia. A vigorous hardy species and extensively cultivated. The red upper trunk, characteristic of this Pine, is not invariable. The dark upper trunk is sufficiently common to be considered a varietal form (Mathieu, Flore Forest. ed. 4, 582). In various localities may be found trees bearing oblique cones, their apophyses showing various degrees of protuberance up to the extreme development represented in Loudon's illustration of the variety uncinata (Arb. Brit. iv, f. 2047). This cone is the beginning of the changes that culminate in species with oblique cones only. In P. sylvestris, however, the purpose of this form of cone is not apparent except in connection with this evolution.

Plate XXI.

Figs. 182, 183, Cones. Fig. 184, Leaf-fascicle, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 185, Habit of the tree.

30. PINUS MONTANA

• 1768 P. montana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
• 1772 P. mughus Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ii. 247.
• 1791 P. pumilio Haenke in Jirasek, Beobacht. 68.
• 1804 P. mugho Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. MÉth. v. 336.
• 1805 P. uncinata Ramond ex De Candolle, Lamarck, Fl. FranÇ. ed. 3, iii. 726.
• 1813 P. sanguinea Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. 587.
• 1827 P. rotundata Link in Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 168.
• 1830 P. obliqua Sauter ex Reichenbach, Fl. Germ. Exc. 159.
• 1837 P. uliginosa Neumann ex Wimmer, Arb. Schles. Ges. 95.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 8 cm. long, the epiderm very thick, hypoderm weak; resin-ducts external. Conelets mucronate, nearly sessile. Cones from 2 to 7 cm. long, subsessile, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, often persistent; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow or dark brown, both colors often shading into each other on the same cone, flat, prominent or prolonged into uncinate beaks of various lengths, the last much more developed on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo bordered by a narrow dark ring and bearing the remnant of the mucro.

P. montana grows as a bush or as a small tree, the two forms often associated. It ranges from central Spain through the Pyrenees, Alps and Apennines to the Balkan Mountains, associated with P. cembra at higher, with P. sylvestris at lower altitudes. It grows indifferently in bogs and on rocky slopes. Its dwarf form, under the name of the Mugho Pine, is extensively cultivated as a garden ornament.

On the differences of the cone this species has been divided into three subspecies: uncinata, with an oblique cone and protuberant apophyses; pumilio, with a symmetrical cone and an excentric umbo; mughus, with a symmetrical cone and a concentric umbo. Other segregations based on the degree of development of the apophysis and on the size and color of the cone, have received names of four or even five terms—Pinus montana pumilio applanata—or Pinus montana uncinata rostrata castanea etc., etc. These elaborations may be seen in the Tharand Jahrbuch of 1861, p. 166, and with them appear also Hartig's specifications of 60 forms of this species, each dignified with a Latin name.

Fig. 186, Cone of var. uncinata. Figs. 187, 188, Cones. Fig. 189, Leaf-fascicles, magnified leaf-section and more magnified dermal tissues of the leaf. Fig. 190, Tree and dwarf-form of the Pyrenees.

31. PINUS LUCHUENSIS

• 1894 P. luchuensis Mayr in Bot. Centralbl. lviii. 149, f.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunk covered with a smooth cortex. Leaves binate, from 12 to 16 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm of two or three rows of cells; resin-ducts medial or with an occasional external duct. Conelets mucronate toward the apex. Cones from 3 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, transversely carinate, the umbo unarmed.

32. PINUS THUNBERGII

• 1784 P. sylvestris Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 274 (not Linnaeus).
• 1842 P. Massoniana Siebold & Zuccarini. Fl. Jap. ii. 24, t. 113 (not Lambert).
• 1868 P. Thunbergii Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 388.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Buds of leading-shoots white and conspicuous. Leaves binate, from 6 to 11 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm strong, resin-ducts medial. Conelets with short-mucronate scales. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses nut-brown, flat or convex and transversely carinate, the prickle of the umbo more or less persistent.

33. PINUS NIGRA

• 1785 P. nigra Arnold, Reise n. Mariaz. 8, t.
• 1804 P. laricio Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. MÉth. v. 339.
• 1808 P. halepensis Bieberstein, Fl. Taur. Cauc. ii. 408 (not Miller).
• 1809 P. pinaster Besser, Fl. Galic. ii. 294 (not Aiton).
• 1813 P. maritima Aiton, f. Hort. Kew. v. 315 (not Lambert).
• 1816 P. sylvestris Baumgarten, Stirp. Transsilv. ii. 304 (not Linnaeus).
• 1818 P. pyrenaica Lapeyrouse, Hist. Pl. Pyren. Suppl. 146.
• 1824 P. Pallasiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. ii. 1, t. 1.
• 1825 P. austriaca HÖss in Flora, viii-1, Beil. 113.
• 1831 P. nigricans Host, Fl. Austr. ii. 628.
• 1842 P. dalmatica Visiani, Fl. Dalmal. 199, note.
• 1851 P. Salzmanni Dunal in MÉm. Acad. Montp. ii. 82, tt.
• 1863 P. Heldreichii Christ in Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, iii. 549.
• 1864 P. leucodermis Antoine in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. xiv. 366.
• 1896 P. pindica Formanek in Verh. Nat. Ver. BrÜnn, xxxiv. 272.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, from 9 to 16 cm. long, the epiderm thick, hypoderm conspicuous, resin-ducts medial. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 8 cm. long, subsessile, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous, tawny yellow, transversely carinate, the keel strongly convex, the mucro of the umbo more or less persistent.

34. PINUS MERKUSII

• 1790 P. sylvestris Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. ii. 579 (not Linnaeus).
• 1845 P. Merkusii De Vriese, Pl. Nov. Ind. Bat. 5, t. 2.
• 1847 P. Finlaysoniana Wallich ex Blume, Rumphia, iii. 210.
• 1849 P. Latteri Mason in Jour. Asiat. Soc. i. 74.

Spring-shoots uninodal. Leaves binate, slender, from 15 to 20 cm. long, the hypoderm of uniform thick-walled cells, resin-ducts medial, or with internal or septal ducts, endoderm-cells very unequal in size, some of them large. Conelets unarmed. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, peculiarly narrow-cylindrical, symmetrical; apophyses lustrous, rufous brown, radially carinate, the transverse keel prominent.

35. PINUS SINENSIS

• 1832 P. sinensis Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo. i. 47, t. 29.
• 1867 P. tabulaeformis CarriÈre, Trait. Conif. ed. 2, 510.
• 1881 P. leucosperma Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. PÉtersb. xxvii. 558.
• 1899 P. yunnanensis Franchet in Jour. de Bot. xiii. 253.
• 1901 P. funebris Komarow in Act. Hort. Petrop. xx. 177.
• 1902 P. Henryi Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 550.
• 1906 P. densata Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 416.
• 1906 P. prominens Masters in Jour. Linn. Soc. xxxvii. 417.
• 1911 P. Wilsonii Shaw in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. i. 3.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves binate, ternate, or both, from 10 to 15 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts external, or external and medial. Staminate catkins in short capitate clusters. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 9 cm. long, ovate, symmetrical or oblique, tenaciously persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous, pale tawny yellow at first, gradually changing to a dark nut-brown, tumid, the posterior scales often larger and more prominent.

36. PINUS INSULARIS

• 1837 P. taeda Blanco, Fl. Filip. 767 (not Linnaeus).
• 1847 P. insularis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.
• 1854 P. khasiana Griffith, Notul. Pl. Asiat. iv. 18; Icon. Pl. Asiat. tt. 367, 368.
• 1868 P. kasya Royle ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 390.

Spring-shoots uninodal, glabrous. Leaves from 12 to 24 cm. long, in fascicles of 3, rarely of 2, very slender; resin-ducts external, rarely with a medial duct. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 5 to 10 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, tenaciously persistent; apophyses lustrous, nut-brown, convex or elevated along a transverse keel, the posterior scales of some cones larger and more prominent than the anterior scales, the mucro usually deciduous.

XI. AUSTRALES

Pits of the ray-cells small. Leaf-hypoderm biform or variable. Spring-shoots uninodal in some, multinodal in other species. Cones dehiscent at maturity.

37. PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS

• 1839 P. pseudostrobus Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
• 1839 P. apulcensis Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
• 1842 P. tenuifolia Bentham, Pl. Hartw. 92.
• 1846 P. orizabae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. i. 237, f.

Spring-shoots uninodal, conspicuously pruinose. Bark-formation late, the cortex of young trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 5, sometimes of 6, from 15 to 30 cm. long, drooping; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm variable in amount, often in very large masses, the outer walls of the endoderm thick. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 7 to 14 cm. long, ovate or ovate-conic, symmetrical or oblique, deciduous and often leaving a few basal scales on the trees; apophyses rufous or fulvous brown, flat, elevated or, in one variety, prolonged in various degrees, the prolongations nearly uniform or much more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, the mucro usually deciduous.

38. PINUS MONTEZUMAE

• 1817 P. occidentalis H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. ii. 4 (not Swartz).
• 1832 P. Montezumae Lambert, Gen. Pin. ed. 8vo, i. 39, t. 22.
• 1839 P. Devoniana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.
• 1839 P. Hartwegii Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62.
• 1839 P. Russelliana Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
• 1839 P. macrophylla Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63.
• 1840 P. filifolia Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 61.
• 1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93 (as to cone).
• 1841 P. radiata Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechy Voy. 443 (as to leaves).
• 1847 P. Grenvilleae Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 77, f.
• 1847 P. Gordoniana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 79, f.
• 1847 P. Wincesteriana Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 158, f.
• 1847 P. rudis Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.
• 1847 P. Ehrenbergii Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151.
• 1858 P. Lindleyana Gordon, Pinet. 229.
• 1891 P. Donnell-Smithii Masters in Bot. Gaz. xvi. 199.

Spring-shoots uninodal, slightly or not at all pruinose. Bark-formation early, the branches becoming dark and rough. Leaves prevalently in fascicles of 5, but varying from 3 to 8, extremely variable in length, attaining 45 cm. at subtropical levels; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm sometimes uniform, more commonly multiform, the outer walls of the endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the prickle often reflexed. Cones of many sizes, attaining in warm localities 30 cm. in length, ovate-conic or long-conic, symmetrical, often curved, deciduous and often leaving a few scales on the tree; apophyses dull, rarely lustrous, nut-brown, or of various shades of fuscous brown to nearly black, flat, tumid, pyramidal or sometimes slightly protuberant, the prickle rarely persistent.

39. PINUS PONDEROSA

• 1836 P. ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson's Agric. Man. 354.
• 1847 P. Benthamiana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189.
• 1848 P. brachyptera Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 89.
• 1848 P. macrophylla Engelmann in Wislizenus, Tour Mex. 103 (not Lindley).
• 1853 P. Jeffreyi Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.
• 1854 P. Engelmanni CarriÈre in Rev. Hort. 227.
• 1855 P. Beardsleyi Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 286, t. 6.
• 1855 P. Craigana Murray in Edinb. Phil. Jour. ser. 2, i. 288, t. 7.
• 1858 P. Parryana Gordon, Pinet. 202 (not Engelmann).
• 1859 P. deflexa Torrey in Emory's Rep. ii. 1, 209, t. 56.
• 1878 P. arizonica Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi. 260.
• 1889 P. latifolia Sargent in Gar. & For. ii. 496, f. 135.
• 1894 P. apacheca Lemmon in Erythea, ii. 103, t. 3.
• 1897 P. Mayriana Sudworth in Bull. 14, U. S. Dept. Agric. 21.
• 1897 P. scopulorum Lemmon in Gar. & For. x. 183.
• 1900 P. peninsularis Lemmon, W. Am. Conebear. 114.

Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Bark-formation early. Leaves prevalently in fascicles of 3, but varying from 2 to 5 or more, from 12 to 36 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or multiform, outer walls of the endoderm thick. Conelet mucronate, the mucro often reflexed. Cones from 8 to 20 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, deciduous and usually leaving a few basal scales on the tree; apophyses tawny yellow to fuscous brown, lustrous, elevated along a transverse keel, sometimes protuberant and reflexed, the umbo salient and forming the base of a pungent, persistent prickle.

40. PINUS TEOCOTE

• 1830 P. teocote Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, v. 76.

Spring-shoots uninodal, or sometimes multinodal. Leaves prevalently in fascicles of 3, but varying from 3 to 5, from 10 to 20 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thick outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones usually very small, from 4 to 6 cm. long, but with a larger varietal form, ovate to long-conic, symmetrical; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid, the mucro usually deciduous.

41. PINUS LAWSONII

• 1862 P. Lawsonii Roezl ex Gordon, Pinet. Suppl. 64.
• 1905 P. Altamirani Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 209, t. 99.

Spring-shoots conspicuously pruinose, uninodal or not infrequently multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, not exceeding 24 cm. in length; resin-ducts internal, often with one or two medial ducts, hypoderm biform, endoderm usually with thin outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long on pliant peduncles, ovate or ovate-conic, oblique or sometimes symmetrical, deciduous, or persistent with a weak hold on the branch; apophyses nut-brown, flat or tumid, often protuberant on the posterior face of the cone, the umbo usually large and salient, forming a rounded button-like projection, on which the mucro is wanting.

42. PINUS OCCIDENTALIS

• 1788 P. occidentalis Swartz, Nov. Gen. & Sp. Pl. 103.
• 1862 P. cubensis Grisebach in Mem. Am. Acad. ser. 2, viii. 530.
• 1880 P. Wrightii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, iv. 185.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 2 to 5, from 15 to 22 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets erect, aristate. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, symmetrical, deciduous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous, flat or tumid, the umbo often thin and, together with the slender prickle, bent sharply downward.

43. PINUS PALUSTRIS

• 1768 P. palustris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
• 1810 P. australis Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 64, t. 6.

Spring-shoots uninodal, rarely multinodal. Buds peculiarly large, white, and conspicuously fringed with the long free cilia of the bud-scales. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to 45 cm. long, rigid; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets short-mucronate. Cones from 15 to 20 cm. long, narrow, tapering from a rounded base to a blunt point, symmetrical, deciduous and usually leaving a few scales on the tree; apophyses dull nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of a small persistent prickle.

44. PINUS CARIBAEA

• 1851 P. caribaea Morelet in Rev. Hort. CÔte d'Or, i. 105.
• 1864 P. bahamensis Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 503.
• 1880 P. Elliottii Engelmann in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, iv. 186, tt. 1-3.
• 1884 P. cubensis Sargent in Rep. 10th. Cens. U. S. ix. 202 (not Grisebach).
• 1893 P. heterophylla Sudworth in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xx. 45.
• 1903 P. recurvata Rowley in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxx. 107.

Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Buds pale chestnut-brown. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, or more in its southern range, from 12 to 25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed on long peduncles, mucronate. Cones from 5 to 15 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate, symmetrical, deciduous and leaving often a few basal scales on the branch; apophyses lustrous, rufous-brown, tumid, the umbo somewhat salient and minutely mucronate.

45. PINUS TAEDA

• 1753 P. taeda Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1000.
• 1788 P. lutea Walter Fl. Carol. 237.
• 1903 P. heterophylla Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 28 (not Sudworth).

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 12 to 25 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, sometimes with an internal duct, hypoderm biform, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets erect, their scales prolonged into a sharp point. Cones from 6 to 10 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, rarely lustrous, elevated along a transverse keel, the whole umbo forming a stout triangular spine with slightly concave sides.

46. PINUS GLABRA

• 1788 P. glabra Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the upper trunks of mature trees smooth. Leaves in fascicles of 2, from 9 to 12 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm weak, sometimes of a single row, biform when of two rows, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets reflexed, mucronate. Cones from 4 to 7 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, symmetrical, deciduous on some trees, persistent on others; apophyses pale dull nut-brown, thin or slightly thickened, the prickle usually deciduous.

47. PINUS ECHINATA

• 1768 P. echinata Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
• 1788 P. squarrosa Walter, Fl. Carol. 237.
• 1803 P. mitis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 204.
• 1803 P. variabilis Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 22, t. 15.
• 1854 P. Royleana Jamieson in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ix. 52, f.

Spring-shoots multinodal, somewhat pruinose. Bark forming early, rough on the upper trunk. Leaves in fascicles of 2 and 3, from 7 to 12 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm weak, biform when of two rows of cells, endoderm with thin outer walls. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, often persistent; apophyses dull pale nut-brown, thin or somewhat thickened along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, the mucro more or less persistent.

XII. INSIGNES

Pits of the ray-cells small. Cones tenaciously persistent, serotinous in various degrees. Conelets mucronate or spinose.

48. PINUS PRINGLEI

1905 P. Pringlei Shaw in Sargent, Trees & Shrubs, i. 211, t. 100.

Spring-shoots uninodal, sometimes pruinose. Leaves ternate, from 15 to 25 cm. long; resin-ducts internal or with an occasional septal duct, hypoderm biform, in thick masses, often projecting far into the green tissue and sometimes touching the endoderm. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 5 to 10 cm. long, reflexed on a rigid peduncle, subsymmetrical or more or less oblique, tenaciously persistent, often serotinous; apophyses sublustrous tawny yellow or fulvous brown, convex, the posterior scales often more prominently developed, the mucro usually wanting; seed with a perceptibly thickened wing-blade.

49. PINUS OOCARPA

• 1838 P. oocarpa Schiede in Linnaea, xii. 491.
• 1842 P. oocarpoides Lindley ex Loudon, Encycl. 1118.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, 4 or 5, from 15 to 30 cm. long, erect; resin-ducts mostly septal, sometimes internal, hypoderm biform or multiform. Conelets on very long peduncles, mucronate. Cones from 4 to 10 cm. long, long-pedunculate, broad-ovate to ovate-conic, symmetrical or sometimes oblique, persistent, more or less serotinous; apophysis gray-yellow or greenish yellow of high lustre, flat or variously convex, delicately and radially carinate, the umbo often salient, the prickle usually broken away; seed-wing appreciably thickened at the base of the blade.

50. PINUS HALEPENSIS

• 1762 P. sylvestris Gouan, Hort. Reg. Monspel. 494 (not Linnaeus).
• 1768 P. halepensis Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
• 1803 P. maritima Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 13, t. 10.
• 1812 P. resinosa Loiseleur, Nouv. Duham. v. 237, t. 77 (not Aiton).
• 1815 P. brutia Tenore, Cat. Hort. Neap. Appx. 1, 75.
• 1826 P. arabica Sieber ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. iii. 886.
• 1833 P. pyrenaica David in Ann. Soc. Hort. Paris, 186 (not Lapeyrouse).
• 1834 P. hispanica Cook, Sketches in Spain, ii. 337.
• 1838 P. pityusa Steven in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xi. 49.
• 1841 P. carica Don in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 459.
• 1847 P. persica Strangways ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 157.
• 1855 P. abasica CarriÈre, Trait. Conif. 352.
• 1855 P. Loiseleuriana CarriÈre, Trait. Conif. 382.
• 1856 P. Parolinii Visiani in Mem. Ist. Venet. vi. 243, t. 1.
• 1902 P. eldarica Medwejew in Act. Hort. Tiflis. vi-2, 21, f.

Spring-shoots often multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches ashen gray and smooth for several years. Leaves binate, from 6 to 15 cm. long; resin-ducts external, hypoderm uniform. Conelets obscurely mucronate near the apex. Cones from 8 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, persistent, often serotinous; apophyses red with a lighter or deeper brownish shade, lustrous, flat, convex or low-pyramidal, radially carinate, the umbo often ashen gray and unarmed.

51. PINUS PINASTER

• 1768 P. sylvestris Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (not Linnaeus).
• 1789 P. pinaster Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.
• 1798 P. laricio Savi, Fl. Pisa. ii. 353 (not Poiret).
• 1804 P. maritima Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. MÉth. v. 337 (not Lambert).
• 1826 P. escarena Risso, Hist. Nat. ii. 340.
• 1835 P. Lemoniana Bentham in Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. ser. 2, i. 512, t.
• 1845 P. Hamiltonii Tenore, Cat. Ort. Nap. 90.

Spring-shoots sometimes multinodal. Bark-formation early. Leaves binate, from 10 to 20 cm. long, stout and rigid; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm multiform, the inner cells gradually larger, remarkably large in the angles of the leaf. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones from 9 to 18 cm. long, nearly sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, persistent, sometimes serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown or rufous brown, conspicuously pyramidal, the umbo salient and pungent.

52. PINUS VIRGINIANA

• 1768 P. virginiana Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
• 1789 P. inops Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 367.

Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose; branchlets pliant and tough. Bark-formation slow, the cortex not rifted for some years. Leaves binate, from 4 to 8 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct; hypoderm biform. Conelets with long tapering sharp scales. Cones from 4 to 6 cm. long, ovate or oblong-ovate, symmetrical, persistent, dehiscent at maturity; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, somewhat elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo salient, forming a long slender prickle with a broad base.

53. PINUS CLAUSA

• 1884 P. clausa Vasey ex Sargent, Rep. 10th Cens. U. S. ix. 199.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation slow, as in the preceding species. Leaves binate, from 5 to 9 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform when of two rows of cells. Conelets with long tapering acute scales. Cones from 5 to 8 cm. long, reflexed, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, often serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming a triangular persistent spine.

54. PINUS RIGIDA

• 1768 P. rigida Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
• 1909 P. serotina Long, in Bartonia, ii. 17 (not Michaux).

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 14 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet abruptly prolonged into a spine. Cones from 3 to 7 cm. long, ovate-conic, symmetrical, persistent, dehiscent at maturity or rarely serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo salient and forming the broad base of a slender sharp prickle.

55. PINUS SEROTINA

• 1803 P. serotina Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii. 205.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves ternate, from 12 to 20 cm. long; resin-ducts medial or medial and internal, hypoderm biform. Conelet long-mucronate. Cones from 5 to 7 cm. long, subglobose or short-ovate, symmetrical, persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, slightly elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming the broad base of a slender, rather fragile prickle.

56. PINUS PUNGENS

• 1803 P. taeda Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. t. 16, (as to cone). (not Linnaeus).
• 1806 P. pungens Lambert in Ann. Bot. ii. 198.
• 1852 P. montana Noll, Bot. Class Book, 340. (not Miller).

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate or ternate, from 3 to 7 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet much prolonged into a very acute triangle. Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, symmetrical or subsymmetrical, tenaciously persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous or sublustrous fulvous brown, much elevated along a transverse keel, the umbo forming a stout formidable spine, uniform or nearly uniform on all faces of the cone.

57. PINUS BANKSIANA

• 1803 P. Banksiana Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 7. t. 3.
• 1804 P. hudsonia Poiret in Lamarck, Encycl. MÉth. v. 339.
• 1810 P. rupestris Michaux f. Hist. Arbr. Am. i. 49, t. 2.
• 1811 P. divaricata Dumont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 457.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 2 to 4 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets minutely mucronate. Cones from 3 to 5 cm. long, erect, ovate-conic, oblique, much curved or variously warped from the irregular development of the scales, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, concave, flat or convex, the umbo small and unarmed.

58. PINUS CONTORTA

• 1833 P. inops Bongard in MÉm. Acad. Sci. St. PÉtersb. ii. 163, (not Aiton).
• 1838 P. contorta Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2292, f. 2211.
• 1853 P. Murrayana Balfour in Bot. Exp. Oregon, 2, f.
• 1854 P. Boursieri CarriÈre in Rev. Hort. 225, ff. 16, 17.
• 1868 P. Bolanderi Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 379.
• 1869 P. tamrac Murray in Gard. Chron. 191, ff. 1-9.
• 1898 P. tenuis Lemmon in Erythea, vi. 77.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 3 to 5 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Conelets long-mucronate. Cones from 2 to 5 cm. long, sessile, ovate-conic, symmetrical or very oblique, persistent, serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny-yellow, flat or protuberant, on oblique cones abruptly larger on the posterior face; the umbo armed with a slender fragile prickle.

59. PINUS GREGGII

• 1868 P. Greggii Engelmann ex Parlatore in DC. Prodr. xvi-2, 396.

Spring-shoots uninodal and multinodal, pruinose. Bark-formation late, the branches and upper trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 7 to 10 cm. long, erect; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm of uniform thin-walled cells. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 12 cm. long, ovate-conic, oblique, serotinous, reflexed; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, convex, the posterior gradually larger and more prominent than the anterior scales, the umbo flat or depressed, the mucro deciduous.

60. PINUS PATULA

• 1831 P. patula Schlechtendal & Chamisso in Linnaea, vi. 354.

Spring-shoots multinodal, more or less pruinose. Bark-formation early, the scales deciduous, the upper trunk and branches red. Leaves prevalently ternate but sometimes in fascicles of 4 or 5, from 15 to 30 cm. long, slender and gracefully drooping; resin-ducts medial or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm weak, of uniform thin-walled cells. Conelets mucronate. Cones from 6 to 11 cm. long, in crowded verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, persistent and serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, more or less tumid, the posterior gradually larger than the anterior scales, the umbo flat or depressed, the mucro wanting.

61. PINUS MURICATA

• 1837 P. muricata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 441.
• 1848 P. Edgariana Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iii. 217.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Leaves binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet prolonged into a triangular spine. Cones from 5 to 9 cm. long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate-conic, oblique, serotinous; apophyses lustrous nut-brown, abruptly much larger on the posterior face of the cone, each armed with a formidable spine varying in size with the varying size of the apophysis.

62. PINUS ATTENUATA

• 1847 P. californica Hartweg in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 189, (not? P. californiana, Loiseleur).
• 1849 P. tuberculata Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 218, f. (not D. Don).
• 1892 P. attenuata Lemmon in Mining & Sci. Press, lxiv. 45.

Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark-formation late, the branches and upper trunk smooth. Leaves ternate, from 8 to 16 cm. long; resin-ducts medial or with one or more internal ducts, hypoderm biform. Scales of the conelet prolonged into a triangular spine. Cones from 8 to 16 cm. long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, long-ovate, oblique, persistent and remarkably serotinous; apophyses lustrous tawny yellow, abruptly larger and more prominent on the posterior face of the cone, where they are usually prolonged into acute pyramids with a small incurved spine.

63. PINUS RADIATA

• 1837 P. radiata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.
• 1837 P. tuberculata D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442.
• 1838 P. insignis Douglas ex Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2265, f. 2171.
• 1841 P. Sinclairii Hooker & Arnott in Bot. Beechy Voy. 392, t. 93 (as to leaves).

Spring-shoots multinodal. Bark formation early, the branches and upper trunk rough. Leaves ternate or binate, from 10 to 15 cm. long; resin-ducts medial or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm biform. Conelets mucronate, the mucro small and dorsal. Cones from 7 to 14 cm. long, in verticillate clusters, sessile, reflexed, ovate or oblong, oblique, serotinous; apophyses nut-brown, lustrous, tumid in various degrees, the posterior scales abruptly larger and very prominent, the umbo bearing the minute prickle or its remnant.

XIII. MACROCARPAE

Pits of the ray-cells small. Wing-blade of the seed thick. Cones large. Leaves long and stout.

This group is remarkable for the size of leaf, conelet, and cone. The peculiar thick seed-wing is more or less obscurely present among the species of the Insignes, but never attains the development that differentiates this group from all other Pines. The leaf-section is notable for the large amount of hypoderm and for the presence of both thick and thin outer walls of the endoderm-cells, both forms appearing in the same leaf.

64. PINUS TORREYANA

• 1855 P. Torreyana Parry ex CarriÈre, Trait. Conif. 326.
• 1860 P. lophosperma Lindley in Gard. Chron. 46.

Spring-shoots uninodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 5, from 20 to 33 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm uniform or somewhat multiform and of many cells. Conelets large, mucronate. Cones from 10 to 15 cm. long, on stout peduncles, broad-ovate, symmetrical, somewhat persistent; apophyses chocolate-brown, prominently pyramidal, the umbo salient and capped with a small mucro; seed-wing short, very thick, the dorsal surface of the nut spotted with the black remnants of the spermoderm.

65. PINUS SABINIANA

• 1833 P. Sabiniana Douglas in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 747.

Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 20 to 30 cm. long; resin-ducts medial, hypoderm multiform. Conelets large, their scales tapering to a sharp point. Cones from 15 to 25 cm. long, reflexed, ovate, slightly oblique, persistent; apophyses chocolate-brown, very prominent, the curved umbo confluent with the apophysis and with it forming a very large talon-like armature with a sharp apex and a broad thick base; seed-wing very thick, with a short membranous margin, the dorsal surface of the nut uniform in color.

66. PINUS COULTERI

• 1837 P. Coulteri D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 440.
• 1840 P. macrocarpa Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 62.

Spring-shoots multinodal, pruinose. Leaves in fascicles of 3, from 15 to 30 cm. long, very stout; resin-ducts medial, or with an occasional internal duct, hypoderm multiform and of many cells. Conelet very large, the scales tapering to a long sharp point. Cones from 25 to 35 cm. long, reflexed, ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat oblique, persistent; apophyses sublustrous tawny yellow, very protuberant, with a narrow shoulder from which springs the umbo in the form of a large stout curved talon; seed-wing nearly equally divided between the very thick base and the membranous apex.