TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Introduction xiii

Bibliography xvii

Glossary xix

PART I

THE LUSHEI CLANS

CHAPTER I PAGE

General 1

1. Habitat. 2. Appearance and physical characteristics. 3. History. 4. Affinities. 5. Dress. 6. Tattooing. 7. Ornaments. 8. Weapons.

CHAPTER II

Domestic Life 17

1. Occupation. 2. Weights and Measures. 3. Villages. 4. Houses. 5. Furniture. 6. Implements—Agricultural, Musical, Household. 7. Manufactures—Basket work, Pottery, Brass work, Iron work, Cloth manufacture, Dyeing, Ornamentation. 8. Domestic animals. 9. Agriculture. 10. Hunting and fishing. 11. Food and drink. 12. Amusements—Dances, Athletics, Games.

CHAPTER III

Laws and Customs 41

1. Internal structure—Formation and constitution of the Clan, Sub-division into Families and Branches. 2. Tribal organisation—The Chief, Village officials, Rights of chief, Boi, Sal, &c. 3. Marriage—Bride-price, Divorce, Widow remarriage. 4. Female chastity. 5. Inheritance—Adoption. 6. Offences regarding property. 7. Offences connected with the body. 8. Decisions of disputes. 9. War and head-hunting—Ambushing, Raiding, First use of guns, Head-hunting.

CHAPTER IV

Religion 61

1. General form of religious beliefs—Pathian the Creator, Other spirits, The world beyond the grave, Re-incarnation. 2. Ancestor worship—Offerings to the dead, Possession by spirit of the dead. 3. Worship of natural forces and deities—Spirits of hill, vale, and stream, The Lashi. 4. Religious rites and ceremonies—Definitions of terms used, Sacrifices, Epidemics, “Ai” sacrifice. 5. Priesthood. 6. Ceremonies connected with childbirth. 7. Marriage ceremonies. 8. Funerals—Description, Disposal of corpse of infants, Lukawng, Unnatural deaths. 9. Festivals—Connected with crops, “Thangchhuah feasts,” “Buh-ai.”

CHAPTER V

Folk-lore 92

1. Legends—Creation and natural phenomena, Nomenclature of hills, &c., Animal tales, Mythical heroes. 2. Superstitions—Connected with cultivation, with animals, house building, miscellaneous. 3. Snake worship—“Rulpui,” “The great snake,” Other superstitions regarding snakes. 4. Omens. 5. Witchcraft—“Khuavang zawl,” “Khawhring,” Origin of.

CHAPTER VI.

Language 113

Lushai or Dulien, Grammar, Word for word translation.

APPENDIX

Families and Branches of Lushei Clan 125

PART II

THE NON-LUSHEI CLANS

INTRODUCTORY

Division of Clans into Five Groups 129

CHAPTER I

Clans included in the term Lushai 130

Chawte, Chongthu, Hnamte, Kawlni, Kawlhring, Kiangte, Ngente, Paotu, Rentlei, Vangchhia, Zawngte.

CHAPTER II

Clans which, though not absorbed, have been much influenced by the Lushais 136

Fanai, Ralte, Paihte or Vuite, Rangte.

CHAPTER III

The old Kuki Clans 148

The old Kuki Clans of Manipur, Aimol, Anal, Chawte, Chiru, Kolhen, Kom, Lamgang, Purum, Tikhup, Vaiphei. Other old Kuki Clans, Khawtlang and Khawchhak.

CHAPTER IV

The Thado Clan 189

CHAPTER V

The Lakher or Mara Clan 213

CHAPTER VI

Language 225

Resemblances between languages of clans, Change of certain letters, Comparative vocabulary.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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