THE MAIDEN HAIR TREE '...the trees That whisper round a temple become soon Dear as the temple's self.' Keats. The Maiden Hair tree of China and Japan, which was introduced into Europe early in the eighteenth century, has now become fairly well known. Though hardy in England, it requires warmer summers for full development and regular flowering. To botanists this Eastern tree is of peculiar interest, partly because of the isolated position it occupies in the plant-kingdom and partly by reason of its great antiquity. There is probably no other existing tree which has so strong a claim to be styled a 'living fossil,' to use a term applied by Darwin to survivals from the past. In 1712 the traveller Kaempfer proposed for this plant the generic name Ginkgo, and Linnaeus adopted this designation, adding the specific name biloba to denote the bisection of the wedge-shaped lamina of the leaf into two Fig. 19. Ginkgo biloba Linn. (Slightly reduced.) In its pyramidal habit Ginkgo agrees generally with the larch and other Conifers. Like the larch and cedar it possesses two kinds of foliage shoots, the more rapidly growing long shoots with scattered leaves and the much shorter dwarf-shoots which elongate slightly each year and bear several leaves crowded round their apex. The leaves (Fig. 19), which are shed each year, are similar in the cuneate form of the lamina and in the fan-like distribution of the forked veins, to the large leaflets of some species of maiden hair ferns: the thin lamina carried by a slender leaf-stalk is usually about 3 inches across, though in exceptional cases it may reach a breadth of 8 inches. The lamina is usually divided by a deep V-shaped sinus into two equal halves; it may be entire with an irregularly crenulate margin, or, on seedlings and vigorous long shoots, the lamina may be cut into several wedge-shaped segments. The male and female flowers are borne on separate trees; the male consists of a central axis giving off slender branches, each of which ends in a small Ginkgo is a generalised type, linked by different characters both with living members of the two classes of naked-seeded plants and with certain existing Palaeozoic genera. It is a survivor of a race which has narrowly escaped extinction; the last of a long line that has outlived its family and offers by its persistence an impressive instance of the past in the present. Though Mrs Bishop in her Untrodden Paths in Japan speaks of forests of Maiden Hair trees apparently in a wild state, it is generally believed that they were cultivated specimens. Mr Henry who has an exceptionally wide knowledge of Chinese vegetation tells us that 'all scientific travellers in Japan and the leading Japanese botanists and foresters deny its being indigenous in any part of Japan; and botanical collectors have not observed it truly wild in China.' Moreover, Mr E. H. Wilson, after traversing the whole of the district where Ginkgo was supposed to occur in a wild state, says that he found only cultivated trees. There is no reason to doubt that China is the last stronghold of this ancient type which in an earlier period of the earth's history overspread the world. A brief summary of the past history of Ginkgo It was pointed out in the account of the past history of Araucaria that the records obtained from Palaeozoic rocks, while affording evidence of the existence of Carboniferous and Permian genera undoubtedly allied to the living species, do not enable us to speak with certainty as to the precise degree of affinity. Similarly, Palaeozoic leaves have been described as representatives of the class of which Ginkgo is the sole survivor, but the evidence on which this relationship is assumed is by no means conclusive. The generic name Psygmophyllum has been applied to some impressions of Ginkgo-like leaves discovered in the Upper Devonian rocks of Bear Island, a small remnant of land in the Arctic circle, which has furnished valuable information as to the composition of one of the oldest floras of which satisfactory remains have been found. Other examples of these lobed, wedge-shaped leaves are recorded from Carboniferous rocks in Germany, France, and elsewhere; from Permian strata in the east of Russia and from Palaeozoic beds in Cape Colony and Kashmir. A relationship between Psygmophyllum and Ginkgo is, however, by no means established and rests solely on a resemblance in the form of the leaves. The close correspondence in form and venation between some leaves from Permian It is, however, an undoubted fact that the Maiden Hair tree is connected by a long line of ancestors with the earliest phase of the Mesozoic era. From many parts of the world large collections of fossil plants have been obtained from strata referred to the Rhaetic period, or to the upper division of the Triassic system. A comparison of floras from these geological horizons in different parts of the world points to a vegetation extending from Australia, Cape Colony, and South America, to Tonkin, the south of Sweden and North America, which was characterised by a greater uniformity than is shown by widely separated floras at the present day. One of the commonest genera in Rhaetic floras is that known as Fig. 20. Fossil Ginkgo leaves. (1/2 nat. size.)
It should be added that other genera of Jurassic and Rhaetic fossils in addition to Ginkgo and Baiera have been referred to the Ginkgoales, though evidence of such affinity is not convincing. There is, however, good reason to believe that this widespread group was represented by several genera in the older Mesozoic floras. The occurrence of the Ginkgoales in Jurassic rocks in King Charles Land and in the New Siberian Islands (lat. 78° and 75° N.), in Central China, Japan, Turkestan, California, Oregon, South Africa, Australia, and Graham's Land demonstrates the cosmopolitan nature of the group. During the later part of the Jurassic period and in the Wealden floras both Baiera and Ginkgo were abundant; leaves are recorded from Jurassic strata in the north-east of Scotland, from Lower Cretaceous or Wealden rocks in North Germany, Portugal, Vancouver Island, Wyoming, and Greenland. During the Tertiary period, or probably in the earlier days of that era. Ginkgo flourished in North America, in Alaska and in the Mackenzie River district, Greenland, Saghalien Island, and in several European regions. In Chapter III reference was made to the The recent cultivation of Ginkgo biloba in Britain may therefore be spoken of as the re-introduction of a plant which in the earlier part or in the middle of the Tertiary period flourished in the west of Scotland, and was abundant in England in the earlier Jurassic period. It is impossible to say with any confidence where the Ginkgoales first made their appearance As we search among the fragmentary herbaria scattered through the sedimentary rocks in that comparatively small portion of the earth's crust which is accessible to investigation, we discover evidence of a shifting of the balance of power among different classes of plants in the course of our survey of successive floras. Plants now insignificant and few in number are found to be descendants of a long line of ancestors stretching back to a remote antiquity when they formed the dominant class. Others which flourished in a former period no longer survive, either themselves or in direct descendants. 'The extinction of species has been involved in the most gratuitous mystery.' We can only speculate vaguely as to the cause of success or failure. Certain types were better armed for the struggle for life, and produced descendants able to hold their own and to perpetuate the race through the ages in an unbroken line. Others had a shorter life and fell out of the ranks of the advancing and ever changing army. To quote Darwin's words:'We need not marvel at extinction; if we must marvel, let it be at our own presumption in imagining for a moment that we understand the many complex contingencies on which the existence of each species depends.' |