It is curious that in these days of historical research so little has been written about Rupert of the Rhine, a man whose personality was striking, whose career was full of exciting adventure, and for whose biography an immense amount of material is available.
His name is known to most people in connection with the English Civil War, many have met with him in the pages of fiction, some imagine him to have been the inventor of mezzotint engraving, and a few know that he was Admiral of England under Charles II. But very few indeed could tell who he was, and where and how he lived, before and after the Civil War.
The present work is an attempt to sketch the character and career of this remarkable man; the history of the Civil War, except so far as it concerns the Prince, forming no part of its scope. Nevertheless, the study of Prince Rupert's personal career throws valuable side-lights on the history of the war, and especially upon the internal dissensions which tore the Royalist party to pieces and were a principal cause of its ultimate collapse. From Rupert's adventures and correspondence we also learn much concerning the life of the exiled Stuarts during the years of the Commonwealth; while his post-Restoration history is closely connected with the Naval Affairs of England.
The number of manuscripts and other documents which bear record of Rupert's life is enormous. Chief amongst them are the Domestic State Papers, preserved in the Public Record Office; the Clarendon State Papers, and the Carte Papers in the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum, and the Rupert Correspondence, which originally comprised some thousands of letters and other papers collected by the Prince's secretary. The collection has now been broken up and sold; but the Transcripts of Mr. Firth of Balliol College, Oxford, were made before the collection was divided, and comprise the whole mass of correspondence. For the loan of these Transcripts, and for much valuable advice I am deeply indebted to Mr. Firth. I also wish to acknowledge the kind assistance of Mr. Hassall of Christchurch, Oxford.
Some of the Rupert Papers were published by Warburton, fifty years ago, in a work now necessarily somewhat out of date. But there is printed entire the log kept in the Prince's own ship, 1650-1653, which is here quoted in chapters 13 and 14; also in Warburton are to be found the letters addressed by the Prince to Colonel William Legge, 1644-1645.
The Bromley Letters, published 1787, relate chiefly to Rupert's early life, and to the years of exile, 1650-1660. The Carte Papers are invaluable for the history of the Civil War, and of Rupert's transactions with the fleet, 1648-50; and in the Thurloe and Clarendon State Papers much is to be found relating to the wanderings of Rupert and the Stuarts on the Continent.
With regard to the Prince's family relations, German authorities are fullest and best. Chief among these are the letters of the Elector Charles Louis, and the letters and memoirs of Sophie, Electress of Hanover, all published from the Preussischen Staats-Archieven; also the letters of the Elector's daughter, the Duchess of OrlÉans, published from the same source. Besides these, HaÜsser's "Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz", and Reiger's "Ausgeloschte Simmerischen Linie" are very useful.
Mention of the Prince is also found in the mass of Civil War Pamphlets preserved in the British Museum and the Bodleian Library, and in contemporary memoirs, letters and diaries, on the description of which there is not space to enter here.
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CHAPTER I. THE PALATINE FAMILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 " II. RUPERT'S EARLY CAMPAIGNS. FIRST VISIT TO
ENGLAND. MADEMOISELLE DE ROHAN . . . . . . .
20 " III. THE SIEGE OF BREDA. THE ATTEMPT ON THE
PALATINATE. RUPERT'S CAPTIVITY. . . . . . . .
34 " IV. THE PALATINES IN FRANCE. RUPERT'S RELEASE . . .
48 " V. ARRIVAL IN ENGLAND. POSITION IN THE ARMY.
CAUSES OF FAILURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59 " VI. THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR. POWICK BRIDGE.
EDGEHILL. THE MARCH TO LONDON . . . . . . . .
85 " VII. THE WAR IN 1643. THE QUARREL WITH HERTFORD.
THE ARRIVAL OF THE QUEEN . . . . . . . . . . .
101 " VIII. THE PRESIDENCY OF WALES. THE RELIEF OF
NEWARK. QUARRELS AT COURT. NORTHERN
MARCH. MARSTON MOOR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
128 " IX. INTRIGUES IN THE ARMY. DEPRESSION OF RUPERT.
TREATY OF UXBRIDGE. RUPERT IN THE MARCHES.
STRUGGLE WITH DIGBY. BATTLE OF NASEBY . . .
154 " X. RUPERT'S PEACE POLICY. THE SURRENDER OF
BRISTOL. DIGBY'S PLOT AGAINST RUPERT. THE
SCENE AT NEWARK. RECONCILIATION WITH
THE KING. THE FALL OF OXFORD . . . . . . . .
177 " XI. THE ELECTOR'S ALLIANCE WITH THE PARLIAMENT.
EDWARD'S MARRIAGE. ASSASSINATION OF
D'ÉPINAY BY PHILIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
205 " XII. CAMPAIGN IN THE FRENCH ARMY. COURTSHIP
OF MADEMOISELLE. DUELS WITH DIGBY AND
PERCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
213 " XIII. RUPERT'S CARE OF THE FLEET. NEGOTIATIONS
WITH SCOTS. RUPERT'S VOYAGE TO IRELAND.
THE EXECUTION OF THE KING. LETTERS OF
SOPHIE TO RUPERT AND MAURICE . . . . . . . . .
222 " XIV. THE FLEET IN THE TAGUS. AT TOULON. THE
VOYAGE TO THE AZORES. THE WRECK OF THE
"CONSTANT REFORMATION." ON THE AFRICAN
COAST. LOSS OF MAURICE IN THE "DEFIANCE."
THE RETURN TO FRANCE . . . . . . . . . . . .
241 " XV. RUPERT AT PARIS. ILLNESS. QUARREL WITH
CHARLES II. FACTIONS AT ST. GERMAINS.
RUPERT GOES TO GERMANY. RECONCILED
WITH CHARLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
265 " XVI. RESTORATION OF CHARLES LOUIS TO THE
PALATINATE. FLIGHT OF THE PRINCESS LOUISE
FROM THE HAGUE. RUPERT'S DEMAND FOR AN
APPANAGE. QUARREL WITH THE ELECTOR . . . . .
283 " XVII. RUPERT'S RETURN TO ENGLAND, 1660. VISIT TO
VIENNA. LETTERS TO LEGGE . . . . . . . . . .
293 " XVIII. RUPERT AND THE FLEET. PROPOSED VOYAGE TO
GUINEA. ILLNESS OF RUPERT. THE FIRST DUTCH
WAR. THE NAVAL COMMISSIONERS AND THE
PRINCE. SECOND DUTCH WAR. ANTI-FRENCH
POLITICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
302 " XIX. RUPERT'S POSITION AT COURT. HIS CARE FOR
DISTRESSED CAVALIERS. HIS INVENTIONS. LIFE
AT WINDSOR. DEATH . . . . . . . . . . . . .
332 " XX. THE PALATINES ON THE CONTINENT. RUPERT'S
DISPUTES WITH THE ELECTOR. THE ELECTOR'S
ANXIETY FOR RUPERT'S RETURN. WANT OF
AN HEIR TO THE PALATINATE. FRANCISCA
BARD. RUPERT'S CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . .
344 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
369
