Garment factories, employment of women in, 129.

Gasselli Chemical Co., employment of negro labor, 109-110.

Georgia:

migrations from, 38, 59-62, 69, 109;

causes of migrations, 14, 22, 79-80, 83;

efforts to check migrations, 72-76, 79, 80-81, 86;

activities of labor agents, 60.

Georgia Enquirer Sun, 154.

Glass works, employment of negro labor in, 100.

Goldsmiths Detinning Co., employment of negro labor, 109.

Gompers, Samuel, 151.

See also American Federation of Labor.

Great Lakes Naval Training Station, 108.

Great Northern Drive, The, 30, 33.

Grimke, Archibald H., 150.

Harrisburg, migrations to, 57, 134.

Harris, George W., 150.

Hartford:

migrations to, 56, 58, 141-142;

wages, 142;

housing, 142.

Hartford Baptist Association, 141.

Hartford Civic Club, Housing Committee of, 142.

Haynes, George E., 129.

Hobson & Walkers Brick Yard, employment of negro labor, 109.

Hoffman Manufacturing Co., employment of negro labor, 114-115.

Home Missions Council of Churches of Christ in America, 132, 145.

Housing:

in St. Louis, 97-98;

in East St. Louis, 100;

in Chicago, 102-106;

in Rockford, 106-107;

in Waukegan, 108;

in East Chicago, 109-110;

in Beloit, 111;

in Milwaukee, 117-118;

in Pittsburgh, 120-122;

in Cleveland, 126-127;

in Detroit, 131-132;

in Pennsylvania, 135;

in Philadelphia, 137-139;

in New Jersey, 139-140;

in Hartford, 141-142.

Howe, Frederick C., 53.

Illinois:

migrations to, 7, 58, 68, 108-109;

housing, 108;

wages, 108;

prejudice, 109;

migrations from, 112.

See also Chicago;

East Chicago.

Illinois Central Railroad, importation of negro labor, 102.

Immigration Bureau of Social Uplift Work for Negroes, 143.

Indiana, migrations to, 5, 57, 68.

Influences on migrations:

discussion, 26;

public speaking, 27-28;

attitude of North, 27;

reports of opportunities in North, 28-29, 34;

rumors, 28-29, 40, 78-79;

activities of Chicago Defender, 29-33;

activities of labor agents, 29, 36-37;

correspondence, 34, 40, 69;

circulation of literature and poems, 35, 37.

Inland Steel Foundry, employment of negro labor, 109.

Interdenominational Ministerial Union, 137.

International Lead Refining Co., employment of negro labor, 109.

Intersectional migration:

number born in specified divisions and living in or out of these divisions, 10;

number living in specified divisions, 10;

migration north to south, south to north and east to west, 11;

Interstate Mill, employment of negro labor, 109.

Intoxicants, use of, among negroes in Pittsburgh, 124.

Invasion, rumors of, 28.

Iowa, migrations from, to Wisconsin, 112.

Iron and steel industries, employment of negro labor in, 113.

Janitors:

in Milwaukee, 114;

in Pittsburgh, 122.

Jersey City, migrations to, 57.

Johnson, Charles S., 23, 128.

Jones, E.K., 93, 150.

Jones, Thomas Jesse, 18, 150.

Joyce, labor agent, 72.

Kansas, migrations to, 3-6, 58.

Kentucky:

migrations to, 68;

migrations from, 95.

Krolick Co., employment of women by, 131.

Labor:—

Labor agents:

activities of, 29, 36-37, 40, 60, 65;

from St. Louis, 96;

from East St. Louis, 99;

from Milwaukee, 112;

from Pittsburgh, 120;

from Pennsylvania, 135;

efforts of the South to suppress, 38, 72-74, 76-77;

inquiry of Council of National Defense, 129.

Labor Unions:

prejudice of, 49;

change in policy, 88, 147-151.

Suitability of negro labor, 115-116, 123, 130-131;

demand in North for, 14;

competition in North, 50-52;

comparison of negro with foreign labor, 125;

wages—see Wages.

Labor, Department of, 53, 78.

Lancaster, B.S., 150.

Lancaster, migrations to, 134.

Land tenure system, improvement in, 92-93.

Legal aid to negroes in North, 127.

Legislation:

to check migration, 72-73, 76;

to aid migrants in North, 141.

Lindeman-Hoverson Co., A.J., employment of negro labor, 113-115.

Literature, circulation of, influence on migration, 35.

Louisiana:

migrations from, 4, 59, 68;

causes of migrations, 14;

Colonization Council, 5;

efforts to check migrations, 78.

Lumber stackers, wages of, 103.

Lynchings:

cause of migrations, 18-19, 22, 79-81, 83, 166-167;

checking of, 94;

Anthony Crawford, 47;

in Georgia, 22, 79;

in Tennessee, 22.

Machinists:

in Detroit, 129;

in Massachusetts, 17.

Macon Telegraph, 156

Marks Manufacturing Co., wages paid by, 103.

Massachusetts:

migrations to, 56;

wages in, 17.

Massacres, cause of migration of 1879, 4.

Maxwell, William H., 140.

Mechanics, negro labor in, 51.

Memphis Commercial Appeal, 154.

Michigan:

migrations to, 58, 68, 129-133;

migrations from, 112.

See also Detroit.

Middletown, migrations to, 126.

Migrations:

to Kansas, 1879, 3-6;

to Arkansas and Texas, 1888 and 1889, 3;

of May 15, 1917, 30-33;

of August 15, 1917, 33;

chart showing extent and trend of, 71;

efforts to check—see Efforts;

effects of—see Effects.

Milwaukee:

migrations to, 111-118;

efforts to secure negro labor, 111-112, 114;

recreation facilities, 112, 117-118;

wages, 113-115;

prejudice, 116;

housing, 117-118;

migrations from, 117.

Milwaukee Coke & Gas Co., employment of negro labor, 113-115.

Ministers, aid of, sought to check migrations, 83.

Minnesota:

migrations from, to Wisconsin, 112;

wages in, 18.

Mississippi:

migrations from, 4, 45, 59, 64-68, 95-96, 99, 109, 111;

Colonization Council, 5;

causes of migrations, 14-15, 20, 24-25;

efforts to check migrations, 72, 76-78, 82-83;

effects of migrations, 87, 89-90.

Missouri, migrations to, 57.

See also St. Louis;

East St. Louis.

Missouri Malleable Iron Works, employment of negro labor, 100.

Mob violence, 79-80, 83, 167.

See also Riots.

Molders:

in Chicago, 17;

in Detroit, 129.

Moldsetters, in Pittsburgh, 122.

Montgomery Advertiser, 150, 165, 169-170.

Moore, Fred R., 150.

Morris & Co., employment of negro labor, 100.

Moton, Robert R., 150-151.

Motormen in Detroit, 28.

Muckers, wages of, 114.

Nagel, Charles, 99.

Nashville Banner, 153.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 98, 128, 137, 151.

National League on Urban Conditions among Negroes:

aid to migrations, 54, 56;

welfare work, 93, 143-144, 149;

conferences, 143-144, 149;

in St. Louis, 98;

in Chicago, 69, 104;

in Pittsburgh, 121;

in Detroit, 131-132;

in Philadelphia, 137.

National Malleable Iron Works, employment of negro labor, 113-115.

National organizations, remedies for relief by, 143-151.

Nebraska, migrations to, 58.

Nelson & Co., employment of negro labor, 100.

New Orleans Times Picayune, 152.

Newark. See New Jersey.

New Jersey:

migrations to, 39, 56-57, 139;

migrations to Newark, 56-58;

return of migrants to South from, 139;

housing, 139-140;

wages, 140;

legislation, 141;

effects of migrations, 141;

welfare work, 139-141.

Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., 93.

New York, migrations to, 39, 56, 58, 67-68.

New York New Republic, 157.

New York News, 54, 164.

New York Age, 43.

New York Globe, 159.

Norfolk Journal and Guide, 160.

North:

opportunities, 17, 28-29;

attitude toward migrants, 27, 136, 152-174;

aids to migrants, 143-151.

North Carolina, migrations from, 4-5, 39.

Northwest, migrations to, 69.

Northwestern Railroad, need of, for labor, 108.

Oates, W.H., 21.

Ohio:

migrations to, 7, 57, 125-129;

housing, 126-127;

welfare work, 126-128;

conferences to aid migrants, 128.

Ohio State Council of National Defense, 128.

Ohio State and City Labor Bureau, 128.

Ohio Charter Commission, 128.

Oklahoma, migrations to, 9.

Omaha, migrations to, 58.

Oshkosh Daily Northwestern, 158.

Packing houses, negroes employed in:

East St. Louis, 100;

Chicago, 29, 102;

Milwaukee, 114.

Painters:

in Pittsburgh, 122;

wages of, 86.

Parker, Judge T.A., 81.

Parks, Rev., 79.

Pattern Makers, wages of, 17.

Pass Riders, 77.

Pennsylvania:

migrations to, 9, 38-39, 55, 57, 67, 134-139;

labor agents from, 135;

returns to former homes from, 135.

See also Philadelphia;

Pittsburgh.

Pennsylvania Railroad Co., demand of, for labor, 69, 135.

Persuasion, use of, to check migrations, 79.

Pfister-Vogel Co., employment of negro labor, 114-115, 117.

Philadelphia:

migrations to, 57-58, 135;

prejudice, 135;

attitude of negroes in, toward migrants, 136;

wages, 136;

riots, 136;

housing, 137-139;

social work, 137-139.

See also Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia Academy of Medicine, 137.

Philadelphia Christian Recorder, 164.

Pittsburgh:

migrations to, 58, 67, 119-125;

efforts to secure negro labor, 119-120;

housing, 120-122;

social conditions in, 121, 124-125;

prejudice, 123;

wages, 18, 123-124;

comparison of negro labor with foreign labor, 125.

See also Pennsylvania.

Pittsburgh Associated Charities, 121.

Pittsburgh Dispatch, 160.

Pittsburgh, University of, 121.

Plankington Packing Co., employment of negro labor, 113-115.

Plantation government, 84.

Poems, circulation of, influence on migration, 37.

Political prosecution in South, 4.

Porters:

in Chicago, 17;

in Milwaukee, 114;

in Pittsburgh, 122;

wages of, 17, 114.

Pottsville, migrations to, 134.

Poughkeepsie, migrations to, 56.

Prejudice:

Rockford, 107-108;

Waukegan, 109;

East Chicago, 110;

Beloit, 111;

Milwaukee, 116;

Pittsburgh, 123;

Philadelphia, 135;

cause of migration, 3, 22, 24-25;

of labor unions, 49-51;

decrease in, 91.

Press, causes and effects of migrations, as expressed through the, 152-174.

Prisoners, care of discharged, 127.

Professional men, migration of, 45.

Public opinion regarding migrations, 152-174.

Public speaking, stimulation of migration by, 27-28.

Puddlers, employment of, in Pittsburgh, 122.

Railroads:

efforts of, to secure negro labor, 38, 120;

wages, 103;

in Pittsburgh, 122.

Raleigh Independent, 161.

Realty Housing and Investment Co., 127.

Reeves, Alexander, 72.

Remedies:

in Georgia, 80;

increased educational facilities, 83, 90;

through W.P. Thirkfield, 83;

through Tuskegee Institute, 81;

conferences, 143-144;

through churches, 144-147;

through labor unions, 147-151.

Rents:

in Chicago, 105;

in Cleveland, 126;

in New Jersey, 139;

in Hartford, 142.

See also Housing.

Republic Rolling Mill, employment of negro labor, 109.

Returns to South:

from East Chicago, 110;

from Pennsylvania, 135;

from New Jersey, 139.

Riley, George S., 73.

Riots:

in East St. Louis, 98-100;

in Philadelphia, 136.

See also Mob violence.

Robinson, Joe, 72.

Robinson, William, 107.

Rockford:

migrations to, 106-108;

housing, 106-107;

wages, 106-107;

prejudice, 107-108.

Rockford Malleable Iron Company:

employment of negro labor, 106-107;

housing of its labor, 106-107;

wages paid by, 107.

Rumors, influence on migrations of, 28-29, 40, 78-79.

St. Louis:

migrations to, 57, 66-67, 95-101;

separation, 95;

efforts to secure migrants, 96;

wages, 96-97;

housing, 97-98.

See also East St. Louis;

Missouri.

Sanitary conditions:

improvements in, 92, 94;

in St. Louis, 98.

Scarborough, W.S., 128.

Schwartz, John E., 37.

Scott, Emmett J., 150.

Scroggs, William Oscar, 9.

Segregation, 95-96.

Servants. See Domestic service.

Shillady, J.R., 150-151.

Shoemakers, wages of, 114.

Singleton, "Pap" (Benjamin), 5-6.

Skilled workers, 122, 129.

Smith, Bridges, 59.

Social conditions:

in Pittsburgh, 121;

in Cleveland, 127.

See also Welfare work.

Social Service Commission of the Churches of Christ, 121.

Solvay Steel Castings Co., employment of negro labor, 114.

South Carolina:

migrations from, 46-47;

race conference, 172.

Southwestern Christian Advocate, 144.

Springfield, migrations to, 126.

Springfield Union, 158.

Stanton, V.L., 81.

Steel industry:

demand for labor, 38, 119;

negroes employed in Pittsburgh, 122.

Steel molders, wages of, 114.

Stimulation of migrations. See Influences.

Street construction workers, wages of, 114.

Street tax in South, cause of migration, 20.

Superstitions of migrants, 40, 45-46.

Swift and Company, employment of negro labor, 100.

Tannery laborers, wages of, 114.

Teachers, wages of, 18.

Tennessee:

migrations from, 4-5, 95-96, 99;

migrations to, 68;

lynchings, 22.

Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Co., 93.

Texas:

migrations to, 3;

migrations from, 4;

Colonization Council, 5.

Theater ushers, women employed as, 129.

Thirkfield, Bishop W.P., 83.

Tifton Gazette, 79.

Tobacco fields, wages of labor employed in, 17.

Trakem Pump Co., employment of negro labor, 106.

Tunnell Construction Co., employment of negro labor, 114-115.

Tuskegee Institute:

efforts to check migrations, 81;

conference of, 82.

Transfer yards, negro labor employed in, 100.

Transportation, influence on migration of fears of, 28-29.

Transportation paid by Northern employers, 135.

Traveling accommodations, influence on migrations, 21-22;

effects of migrations, 91.

Trenton, migrations to, 57.

Truckers, employment of negro laborers as, 129.

"Underground Railroad," 68.

Unemployment, 14-16, 59.

Union Central Relief Association, 64.

United States Production Co., 109.

Unskilled labor, 122, 129.

Vicksburg Herald, 153.

Virginia, migrations from, 39.

Wages:—

South:

cause of migrations, 14-18, 29, 34, 83, 171;

comments of press, 84;

effects of migrations, 81, 83, 85-87, 91.

North:

In Pittsburgh, 18, 123-124;

in Massachusetts, 17;

in Minnesota, 18;

in St. Louis, 96-97, 99;

in Chicago, 17, 102-103, 109-110, 114;

in Rockford, 106-107;

in Waukegan, 108;

in Beloit, 111;

in Milwaukee, 113-115;

in Detroit, 129-130;

in Philadelphia, 136;

in New Jersey, 140;

in Hartford, 142.

Walker, A.P., 37.

Walla Walla Bulletin, 160.

Warehousemen, wages of, 17.

Waukegan, migrations to, 108-109.

Waukegan industries, employment of negro labor, 108-109.

Wehr Steel and Machine Shops, employment of negro labor, 113.

Welfare work:

National League on Urban Conditions among Negroes, 93, 143-144, 149;

in Chicago, 103;

in Ohio, 126-128;

in Detroit, 131;

in New Jersey, 139-141;

in Philadelphia, 137-139;

in Hartford, 141-142.

Wilberforce University, 128.

Wilder Tannery Co., employment of negro labor, 108.

Wills, J. Walter, 128.

Wilmington, migrations to, 134.

Wilson Packing Co., wages paid by, 103.

Winston, Francis D., 153.

Wisconsin:

migrations to, 110-111;

wages, 111.

See also Milwaukee.

Women's Health League, 88.

Woods, J.S., 114.

Wright, R.R., 171.

Yard workers, wages of, 17.

York, migrations to, 134.

Young Negroes' Progressive Association, 132.

Youngstown, migrations to, 57, 126.