A History of Philosophy in Epitome

CONTENTS.

			PAGE
INTRODUCTORY NOTE, by Henry B. SMITH, D. D.			iii
TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE			v
TABLE OF CONTENTS			vii
SectionI.—	WHAT IS MEANT BY THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY		11
II.—	CLASSIFICATION		16
III.—	GENERAL VIEW OF THE PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY		17
		1. The Ionics	17
		2. The Pythagoreans	18
		3. The Eleatics	18
		4. Heraclitus	18
		5. The Atomists	19
		6. Anaxagoras	19
		7. The Sophists	20
IV.—	THE IONIC PHILOSOPHERS		21
		1. Thales	21
		2. Anaximander	22
		3. Anaximenes	23
		4. Retrospect	23
V.—	PYTHAGOREANISM		23
		1. Its Relative Position	23
		2. Historical and Chronological	23
		3. The Pythagorean Principle	24
		4. Carrying out of this Principle	25
VI.—	THE ELEATICS		27
		1. The Relation of the Eleatic Principle to the Pythagorean	27
		2. Xenophanes	28
		3. Parmenides	28
		4. Zeno	30
VII.—	HERACLITUS		31
		1. Relation of the Heraclitic Principle to the Eleatic	31
		2. Historical and Chronological	32
		3. The Principle of the Becoming	32
		4. The Principle of Fire	33
		5. Transition to the Atomists	33
VIII.—	EMPEDOCLES		35
		1. General View	35
		2. The Four Elements	35
		3. The Two Powers	361. His Youth	72
		2. His Years of Discipline	73
		3. His Years of Travel	73
		4. His Years of Instruction	74
	II.	The Inner Development of the Platonic Philosophy and Writings	75
	III.	Classification of the Platonic System	82
	IV.	The Platonic Dialectics	83
		1. Conception of Dialectics	83
		2. What is Science?	84
		(1.) As opposed to Sensation	84
		(2.) The Relation of Knowing to Opinion	86
		(3.) The Relation of Science to Thinking	86
		3. The Doctrine of Ideas in its Genesis	87
		4. Positive Exposition of the Doctrine of Ideas	91
		5. The Relation of Ideas to the Phenomenal World	93
		6. The Idea of the Good and the Deity	95
	V.	The Platonic Physics	96
		1. Nature	96
		2. The Soul	98
	VI.	The Platonic Ethics	100
		1. Good and Pleasure	100
		2. Virtue	102
		3. The State	102
XV.—	THE OLD ACADEMY		107
XVI.—	ARISTOTLE		108
	I.	Life and Writings of Aristotle	108
	II.	Universal Character and Division of the Aristotelian Philosophy	109
	III.	Logic and Metaphysics	112
		1. Conception and Relation of the Two	112
		2. Logic	113
		3. Metaphysics	115
		(1.) The Aristotelian Criticism of the Platonic Doctrine of Ideas	116
		(2.) The Four Aristotelian Principles, or Causes, and the Relation of Form and Matter	120
		(3.) Potentiality and Actuality	123
		(4.) The Absolute Divine Spirit	124
	IV.	The Aristotelian Physics	127
		1. Motion, Matter, Space, and Time	127
		2. The Collective Universe	128
		3. Nature	129
		4. Man	129
	V.	The Aristotelian Ethics	131
		1. Relation of Ethics to Physics	131
		2. The Highest Good	132
		3. Conception of Virtue	134
		4. The State	135
	VI.	The Peripatetic School	136
	VII.	Transition To the Post-aristotelian Philosophy	137
XVII.—	STOICISM		138
		1. Logic	139
		2. Physics	140
		3. Ethics	142
		(1.) Respecting the Relation of Virtue to Pleasure	142
		(2.) The View of the Stoics concerning External Good	142
		(3.) Farther Verification of this View	143
		(4.) Impossibility of furnishing a System of Concrete Moral Duties from this Standpoint	143
XVIII.—	EPICUREANISM		145
XIX.—	SCEPTICISM AND THE NEW ACADEMY		148
		1. The Old Scepticism	149
		2. The New Academy	150
		3. The Later Scepticism	151
XX.—	THE ROMANS		152
XXI.—	NEW PLATONISM		154
		1. Ecstasy as a Subjective State	154
		2. The Cosmical Principles	154
		3. The Emanation Theory of the New Platonists	155
XXII.—	CHRISTIANITY AND SCHOLASTICISM		157
		1. The Christian Idea	157
		2. Scholasticism	159
		3. Nominalism and Realism	160
XXIII.—	TRANSITION TO THE MODERN PHILOSOPHY		161
		1. Fall of Scholasticism	161
		2. The Results of Scholasticism	162
		3. The Revival of Letters	163
		4. The German Reformation	164
		5. The Advancement of the Natural Sciences	165
		6. Bacon of Verulam	166
		7. The Italian Philosophers of the Transition Epoch	167
		8. Jacob Boehme	169
XXIV.—	DESCARTES		172
		1. The Beginning of Philosophy with Doubt	173
		2. Cogito ergo sum	173
		3. The Nature of Mind deduced from this Principle	173
		4. The Universal Rule of all Certainty follows from the same	174
		5. The Existence of God	174
		6. Results of this Fact in Philosophy	176
		7. The Two Substances	177
		8. The Anthropology of Descartes	177
		9. Results of the Cartesian System	178
XXV.—	GEULINCX AND MALEBRANCHE		180
		1. Geulincx	180
		2. Malebranche	182
		3. The Defects of the Philosophy of Descartes	183
XXVI.—	SPINOZA		184
		1. The One Infinite Substance	185
		2. The Two Attributes	186
		3. The Modes	188
		4. His Practical Philosophy	189
XXVII.—	IDEALISM AND REALISM		192
XXVIII.—	LOCKE		193
XXIX.—	HUME		198
XXX.—	CONDILLAC		201
XXXI.—	HELVETIUS		203
XXXII.—	THE FRENCH CLEARING UP AND MATERIALISM		205
		1. The Common Character of the French Philosophers of this Age	205
		2. Voltaire	206
		3. Diderot	206
		4. La Mettrie’s Materialism	207
		5. SystÈme de la Nature	208
		(1.) The Materiality of Man	208
		(2.) The Atheism of this System	209
		(3.) Its Denial of Freedom and Immortality	210
		(4.) The Practical Consequences of these Principles	210
XXXIII.—	LEIBNITZ		211
		1. The Doctrine of Monads	213
		2. The Monads more accurately determined	214
		3. The Pre-established Harmony	215
		4. The Relation of the Deity to the Monads	216
		5. The Relation of Soul and Body	217
		6. The Theory of Knowledge	218
		7. Leibnitz’s ThÉodicÉe	219
XXXIV.—	BERKELEY		220
XXXV.—	WOLFF		222
		1. Ontology	224
		2. Cosmology	225
		3. Rational Psychology	225
		4. Natural Theology	226
XXXVI.—	THE GERMAN CLEARING UP		227
XXXVII.—	TRANSITION TO KANT		229
		1. Examination of the Faculty of Knowledge	230
		2. Three Chief Principles of the Kantian Theory of Knowledge	232
XXXVIII.—	KANT		235
	I.	Critick of Pure Reason	238
		1. The Transcendental Æsthetics	238
		(1.) The Metaphysical Discussion	239
		(2.) The Transcendental Discussion	239
		2. The Transcendental Analytic	241
		3. The Transcendental Dialectics	246
		(1.) The Psychological Ideas	247
		(2.) The Antinomies of Cosmology	248
		(3.) The Ideal of the Pure Reason	249
		(a.) The Ontological Proof	249
		(b.) The Cosmological Proof	250
		(c.) The Physico-Theological Proof	250
	II.	Critick of the Practical Reason	252
		(1.) The Analytic	254
		(2.) The Dialectic: What is this Highest Good?	256
		(a.) Perfect Virtue or Holiness	257
		(b.) Perfect Happiness	258
		(c.) Kant’s Views of Religion	259
	III.	Critick of the Faculty of Judgment	262
		1. Critick of the Æsthetic Faculty of Judgment	263
		(1.) Analytic	263
		(2.) Dialectic	265
		2. Critick of the Teleological Faculty of Judgment	266
		(1.) Analytic of the Teleological Faculty of Judgment	267
		(2.) Dialectic	267
XXXIX.—	TRANSITION TO THE POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY		268
XL.—	JACOBI		271
XLI.—	FICHTE		279
	I.	The Fichtian Philosophy in its Original Form	282
		1. The Theoretical Philosophy of Fichte, his Wissenschaftslehre, or Theory of Science	282
		2. Fichte’s Practical Philosophy	295
	II.	The Later Form of Fichte’s Philosophy	301
XLII.—	HERBART		303
		1. The Basis and Starting Point of Philosophy	304
		2. The First Act of Philosophy	304
		3. Remodelling the Conceptions of Experience	305
		4. Herbart’s Reals	306
		5. Psychology connected with Metaphysics	310
		6. The Importance of Herbart’s Philosophy	311
XLIII.—	SCHELLING		312
	I.	First Period: Schelling’s Procession from Fichte	314
	II.	Second Period: Standpoint of the distinguishing between the Philosophy of Nature and of Mind	318
		1. Natural Philosophy	318
		(1.) Organic Nature	319
		(2.) Inorganic Nature	321
		(3.) The Reciprocal Determination of the Organic and Inorganic World	321
		2. Transcendental Philosophy	322
		(1.) The Theoretical Philosophy	323
		(2.) The Practical Philosophy	324
		(3.) Philosophy of Art	324
	III.	Third Period: Period of Spinozism, or the Indifference of the Ideal and the Real	326
	IV.	Fourth Period: The Direction of Schelling’s Philosophy as Mystical, and Allied to New Platonism	333
	V.	Fifth Period: Attempt at a Theogony and Cosmogony, after the Manner of Jacob Boehme	335
		(1.) The Progressive Development of Nature to Man	337
		(2.) The Development of Mind in History	337
	VI.	Sixth Period	338
XLIV.—	TRANSITION TO HEGEL		339
XLV.—	HEGEL		343
	I.	Science OF Logic	346
		1. The Doctrine of Being	347
		(1.) Quality	347
		(2.) Quantity	348
		(3.) Measure	348
		2. The Doctrine of Essence	349
		(1.) The Essence as such	349
		(2.) Essence and Phenomenon	350
		(3.) Actuality	351
		3. The Doctrine of the Conception	352
		(1.) The Subjective Conception	352
		(2.) Objectivity	353
		(3.) The Idea	353
	II.	The Science of Nature	353
		1. Mechanics	354
		2. Physics	355
		3. Organics	355
		(1.) Geological Organism	355
		(2.) Vegetable Organism	355
		(3.) Animal Organism	356
	III.	Philosophy of Mind	356
		1. The Subjective Mind	356
		2. The Objective Mind	358
		3. The Absolute Mind	362
		(1.) Æsthetics	363
		(a.) Architecture	363
		(b.) Sculpture	363
		(c.) Painting	364
		(d.) Music	364
		(e.) Poetry	364
		(2.) Philosophy of Religion	Clyx.com