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Military Establishments of Warring Nations.

Military Establishments of Warring Nations.—Germany, occupying the third place in population of eight leading powers, stood in the second place in regard to enlistment in her army and navy, behind Russia and England, respectively. Her expenditures for maintaining the armed force, however, were surpassed by those of England, Russia and France, and in the case of the navy, by those of the United States as well. The per capita cost of her armaments was $4.54, while that of France was $7.91 and that of England$9.97, or twice the capita expenditure of Germany. The following table gives a comparison of population and enlistment in army and navy of eight of the leading countries: (E.Dallmer.)

Enlistment (Peace strength)
	Population	Army	Navy
England	45,000,000	254,500	137,500
Russia	160,100,000	1,290,000	52,463
France	39,300,000	720,000	60,621
Germany	64,900,000	810,000	66,783
United States	94,800,000	89,000	64,780
Italy	33,900,000	250,000	33,095
Austria-Hungary	49,400,000	390,000	17,581
Japan	52,200,000	250,000	51,054

The estimated expenditure for the year 1913-14 was as follows:

	Army	Navy	Total	Per Capita
England	$224,300,000	$224,140,000	$448,440,000	$9.97
Russia	317,800,000	122,500,000	440,300,000	2.75
France	191,431,580	119,571,400	311,002,980	7.91
Germany	183,090,000	111,300,000	294,390,000	4.54
United States	94,266,145	140,800,643	235,066,788	3.30
Italy	82,928,000	51,000,000	133,928,000	3.95
Austria-Hungary	82,300,000	42,000,000	124,300,000	2.52
Japan	49,000,000	46,500,000	95,500,000	1.85

Germany maintained a navy larger than that of the United States and a standing army of 810,000, at an expense of but$1.24 per capita more than that of the United States with a standing army of 75,000. In addition the United States is burdened with a pension system involving large expenditures.

Under President Wilson the United States in peace outstripped the great military powers of the world in militarism, and the 64th Congress passed bills appropriating a larger sum of money for army and navy purposes than Germany did in anticipation of being attacked by a coalition of France, England, Russia and Japan, as will appear from the following table of comparative appropriations:

United States, 1917	$294,565,623
Germany, 1914	294,390,000
	$175,623

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