| EXPEDITION OF 1820. |
| Introduction | 17 |
| Preliminary Documents | 25 |
| Narrative of the Expedition | 37 |
| CHAPTER I. |
| Departure—Considerations on visiting the northern summits early in the season—Cross the Highlands of the Hudson—Incidents of the journey from Albany to Buffalo—Visit Niagara Falls—Their grandeur the effect of magnitude—Embark on board the steamer Walk-in-the-Water—Passage up Lake Erie—Reach Detroit | 39 |
| CHAPTER II. |
| Preparations for the expedition—Constitution of the party—Mode of travel in canoes—Embarkation, and incidents of the journey across the Lake, and up the River St. Clair—Head winds encountered on Lake Huron—Point aux Barques— Saganaw Bay—Delays in ascending the Huron coast—Its geology and natural history—Reach Michilimackinac | 47 |
| CHAPTER III. |
| Description of Michilimackinac—Prominent scenery—Geology—Arched Rock—Sugarloaf Rock—History—Statistics—Mineralogy—Skull Cave—Manners—Its fish, agriculture, moral wants—Ingenious manufactures of the Indians—Fur trade—Etymology of the word—Antique bones disclosed in the interior of the island | 59 |
| CHAPTER IV. |
| Proceed down the north shore of Lake Huron to the entrance of the Straits of St. Mary's—Character of the shores, and incidents—Ascend the river to Sault Ste. Marie—Hostilities encountered there—Intrepidity of General Cass | 72 |
| CHAPTER V. |
| Embark at the head of the portage at St. Mary's—Entrance into Lake Superior—Journey and incidents along its coasts—Great Sand Dunes—Pictured Rocks—Grand Island—Keweena peninsula and portage—Incidents thence to Ontonagon River | 83 |
| CHAPTER VI. |
| Chippewa village at the mouth of the Ontonagon—Organize an expedition to explore its mineralogy—Incidents of the trip—Rough nature of the country—Reach the Copper Rock—Misadventure—Kill a bear—Discoveries of copper—General remarks on the mineral affluence of the basin of Lake Superior | 94 |
| CHAPTER VII. |
| Proceed along the southern coast of Lake Superior from the Ontonagon, to Fond du Lac—Porcupine range of mountains—Streams that run from it, at parallel distances, into the lake—La Pointe—Group of the Federation Islands—River St. Louis—Physical geography of Lake Superior | 102 |
| CHAPTER VIII |
| Proceed up the St. Louis River, and around its falls and rapids to Sandy Lake in the valley of the Upper Mississippi—Grand Portage—Portage aux Coteaux—A main exploring party—Cross the great morass of Akeek Scepi to Sandy Lake—Indian mode of pictographic writing—Site of an Indian jonglery—Post of Sandy Lake | 110 |
| CHAPTER IX. |
| Reunion of the expedition on the Savanna Portage—Elevation of this summit—Descent to Sandy Lake—Council with the Chippewa tribe—Who are they?—Traits of their history, language, and customs—Enter the Mississippi, with the main exploring party, and proceed in search of its source—Physical characteristics of the stream at this place—Character of the Canadian voyageur | 118 |
| CHAPTER X. |
| Proceed up the Mississippi River—Its velocity and character—Swan River—Trout River, and Mushcoda or Prairie River—Rapids ascended—Reach, and make a portage around Pakagama Falls—Enter a vast lacustrine region—Its character and productions, vegetable and animal—Tortuous channel—Vermilion and Deer Rivers—Leech Lake branch—Lake Winnipek—Ascent of the river to Upper Red Cedar, or Cass Lake—Physical character of the Mississippi River | 126 |
| CHAPTER XI. |
| Physical traits of the Mississippi—The elevation of its sources—Its velocity and mean descent—Etymology of the name Mississippi—Descent of the river to Sandy Lake, and thence to the Falls of St. Anthony—Recross the great Bitobi Savanna—Pakagama formation—Description of the voyage from Sandy Lake to Pine River—Brief notices of the natural history | 137 |
| CHAPTER XII. |
| Description of the descent from Pine River—Pine tracts—Confluence of the Crow-wing River—Enter a sylvan region—prairies and groves, occupied by deer, elk, and buffalo—Sport of buffalo hunting—Reach elevations of sienitic and metamorphic rocks—Discover a pictographic inscription of the Sioux, by which they denote a desire for peace—Pass the Osaukes, St. Francis's, Corneille, and Rum Rivers—St. Anthony's Falls—Etymology of the name—Geographical considerations | 145 |
| CHAPTER XIII. |
| Position of the military post established at the mouth of the St. Peter's—Beauty, salubrity, and fertility of the country—Pictographic letter—Indian treaty—The appearance of the offer of frankincense in the burning of tobacco—Opwagonite—native pigments—Salt; native copper—The pouched or prairie rat—Minnesota squirrel—Etymology of the Indian name of St. Peter's River—Antiquities—Sketch of the Dacota—Descent of the Mississippi to Little Crow's village—Feast of green corn | 153 |
| CHAPTER XIV. |
| Descent of the river from the site of Little Crow's Village to Prairie du Chien—Inc
| APPENDIX NO. 1. | | Departmental Reports | 279 | | General Cass's Official Report | 280 | | "" Memoir suggesting further Explorations | 285 | | "" Personal Testimonial | 287 | | "" Communication on Indian Hieroglyphics, &c. | 430 | | "" Queries respecting Indian History, &c. | 438 | | Indian History and Languages | 430 | | Topography and Astronomy | 288 | | Mineralogy and Geology | 292 | | Mr. Schoolcraft's Report on Copper Mines | 292 | | " " " on Geology and Mineralogy | 303 | | " " " on the Value of the Mineral Lands on Lake Superior | 362 | | " " " Memoir on the Geology of Western New York | 381 | | " " " on the Elementary Sounds of the Chippewa Language | 442 | | Botany | 408 | | Zoology | 408 | | Meteorology | 418 | | APPENDIX NO. 2. | | Indian Language | 453 | | Mr. Schoolcraft's Essay on the Indian Substantive | 453 | | """ on the Noun-Adjective | 489 | | """ on the Principles of the Pronoun | 502 | | Natural History | 515 | | Conchology | 515 | | Botany | 519 | | Mineralogy and Geology | 526 | | Mr. Schoolcraft's Remarks on the Occurrence of Silver | 531 | | ""General List of Mineral Localities | 534 | | ""Geological Outline of Taquimenon Valley | 537 | | ""Suggestions respecting the Epoch of the St. Mary's Sandstone | 539 |
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