Aristotle

href="@public@vhost@g@html@files@59058@59058-h@59058-h-10.htm.html#Pg215" class="pginternal">215;

eats the arum, ib.;

the females courageous, 230;

its habits, 237.

??????, a crustacean, perhaps Cancer spinosissimus, Strack, Scyllaris arctus, reproduction, 121;

its food and manner of seizing it, 205.

????, a bird of prey, falcon, lives near the sea, and attacks the gull and brenthus, 232;

the piphinx and ictinus are friendly to it, 234;

its mode of life, attacks the eyes of its prey, 247.

???????, a fish, see ???????.

???????????, lizard, Lacerta Gecko, Stellio veterum, 160;

it lives in holes, 213;

changes its skin, 216;

its bite poisonous in some parts of Italy, 227;

it eats spiders, 232;

it can walk in an inverted position, 242.

?????????, probably some kind of owl, Stryx ulula, 45.

?????????, Scolopax gallinago, snipe, Strack, (Schneider disapproves of this identification), S. phÆopus, 249.

See ????????.

?????????, ascaris, intestinal worm, 124.

???????, the larva of the empis (gnat), 125.

???????, mole, Talpa vulgaris, lives in holes, 5;

its eyes, 13, 90;

there are many in Boeotia, none in Lebadia, 225.

?????, Coluber aspis, asp, from which a poison is made in Lybia, 227;

in Egypt it is attacked by the ichneumon, 238.

???????, lobster, Cancer Gammarus, and Astacus, 138;

compared with the spiny lobster, 77, 78, 79;

a small fresh-water species, Astacus fluviatilis, crayfish, 86;

its reproduction, 106, 121;

changes its shell, 217.

???????, a raisin used for feeding cattle, 206.

????????, a cartilaginous fish, 109, 151.

Squalus asterias.

????????, a hawk, 109, 151, 253.

????????, Ardea stellaris, bittern, 233.

?????, star-fish, Uraster rubens, 118.

?????????, a plant, asphodel, A. ramosus, 260.

???????????, a plant of the thistle tribe, Carthamus creticus.

???????, grouse, Tetrao bonasia, or T. attagen, 249;

it lives on the ground, 276.

?????????, a kind of locust, Gryllus, 123;

reproduction and death, 133.

????????, the same as ??????, 159.

?????, the young tunny, 160.

?????, plant, a kind of vetch, 208.

?????, fish spawn, 157.

????, anchovy or sardine, Melanurus juvenculus, 157,

its origin, ib.;

other kinds, ib.;

in modern Greek ????????.

??????? ??????, a variety of large stag with a strong mane, Strack; a brocket, or two-year old stag, from h its teeth, 256.

??????, HyÆna striata, 204.

???????, a fish of a grey colour, Gobius Gozo, Strack, 44;

marine, 211;

it lives in holes during the summer, 214;

when good for food, 228.

??????????, birds of the owl kind, 36.

?????, owl, 39, 45;

has crooked claws, 201;

how it may be taken, 210;

lives in holes, 215;

hostile to the crow and orchilus, 232;

is pecked by smaller birds, used in hawking, ib.;

the time for taking the owl, 252.

???????, a bird, Rallus crex, Strack, Scolopax glottis, see ????????? and ??????????? its tongue and migrations, 210.

????????, probably some Indian bird, its form and food, Ampelis garrulus, 246.

??????? ?????, true eagles, Aquila Chrysaetos, 251.

???????, conger, MurÆna conger, 8, 37, 38, 40, 41, 61;

its ova and fat, 160;

it is destroyed by the spiny lobster, but destroys the polypus, 198;

its food, 199;

black and white kinds, 211;

lives in holes, 213;

it is attacked by the murÆna, 235;

compared with the sea serpent, 255.

?????, a crustacean, Dromia lanosa, 217.

?????????, or ????????, Vultur barbatus, see ????????????, 251.

???????, tadpole, 154.

???, vulture, Vultur cinereus, or V. fulvus, eggs and nest, 145, 243;

its food, two kinds of vulture, 201.

?

?????????, a fish, sciÆna umbra, 199.

????????, hare, Lepus timidus, and L. cuniculus, 5, 29, 49, 58, 64, 71;

coition, 102;

superfetation, 108;

reproduction, 176, 186;

in Ithaca, 225;

smaller in Egypt, 226;

another species near Lake Bolba, 41.

??????, dolphin, Delphinus delphis, 7, 13, 29, 37, 40, 46, 47, 213.

????, willow, 155.

????, wryneck, Jynx torquilla, 35.

????????, Ichneumon, Viverra Ichneumon, 177;

attacks the asp in Egypt, 238.

????????, Ichneumon (insect) Sphex, hunts spiders, 124, 232.

?

???????, reed, Acorus calamus, and perhaps also some of the larger grasses, 122, 155;

its flower, 127;

used to support vine, 133, 155, 216;

flourishes in rainy weather, 217.

??????? or ???????, a bird preyed on by the little owl. Motacilla alba L., Schneider, 232.

Fringilla petronia.

????????, Tringa, Sandpiper, Scolopax calidris, 203.

???????????, fish, Uranoscopus, Strack, U. Scaber, 40;

lives near the shore.

??????????, a shrub from the flowers of which the bees are said to procure their young, 127;

perhaps Cerinthe, L., Strack, honeysuckle.

???????, Camel, Camelus Bactrianus and C. Dromedarius, 25, 27, 29, 30, 70;

reproduction, 103, 114, 161, 173;

endurance of thirst, 207;

life, ib.;

diseases, 222;

purity, 274;

castration of females, 278.

?????, caterpillar, 124.

????????, several kinds of beetles, 88;

a kind of fly, 106;

origin, 126.

????????, beetle, ScarabÆus pilularius, Schneider, Cantharis lytta, 9;

origin, 125;

changes its skin, 216.

????????, a sea-fish, lives near the shore, Sparus Cantharus, 211.

??????, boar, 29;

coition, age, 112, 114;

castration, 277.

??????, a fish said to make a grunting noise. Cottus cataphractus, or Squalus centrina, 37;

in the Achelous, 95.

??????????, crustaceans, 79, 85, 228.

???????, insect, stag-beetle, Cerambyx. Strack, 89, 125.

???????, Palinurus vulgaris, Spiny lobster, 7, 9, 10;

as a class, 73, 77;

male and female, 78;

described, 79, 80, 84, 93 9058-h@59058-h-10.htm.html#Pg218" class="pginternal">218, 228, 234.

??????????? ?????, the crow tribe, 5.

?????, raven and rook, Corvus Corax and frugilegus, 40, 45, 64;

eggs, incubation, young, 146;

Egyptian raven, 226;

hostile to the hawk, 232;

pecks the ass and bull, ib.;

friend of the fox, 233;

frequent in towns, 248;

nest and habits, 250.

?????, a water-bird, Pelecanus Carbo, Strack, 203.

??????? or ????????, the young tunny fish, 160.

????????, water-newt, Triton aquaticus, 3, 9, 197.

Siren Proteus.

?????, cimex, bug, C. lectularius, 134.

?????????, lark, Alauda arvensis cristata, 277.

???????, lark, Alauda cristata, A. arborea, A. arvensis, (though Schneider thinks this identification doubtful), its nest, 146, 249;

hybernates, 215;

hostile to the poecilis, 232;

is said to eat the eggs of the eagle, 233;

friendly to the schoenilus, 234;

perches on the ground, 242, 245;

two kinds, 249.

??????, Corvus corone, 45;

feeds its young after they are fledged, 146;

incubation, 147;

lives near the sea, 203;

Egyptian, 226;

foe to the owl, presbys, and typanus, 232;

friend of the heron, 234;

always to be seen, 248.

???????, the wild olive tree, Eleagnus angustifolia, used as food for sheep (accidentally omitted in the translation), 208.

??????, see ??????. Cottus Gobio, 92.

????????, blackbird, Turdus merula, Strack, but apparently not always, Turdus merula, and T. saxatilis, hybernate, 215;

changes its colour, 228;

nest, 245;

two kinds, black and white, 247;

changes its plumage and voice in the winter, 276.

????????, a sea-bird, 110, 214.

????????, a fish, 228.

Labrus Merula.

???????, snail, Helix, several kinds, 73, 81;

land-snails, 83;

when full of ova, 110;

die when the shell is taken off, 136;

form an operculum when they hybernate, 213;

eaten by swine and partridges, 255.

??????, Fresh-water univalve shells, LimnÆa, Planorbis, 81109;

food, 199;

near the shore, 211;

hybernates, 213;

seizes the conger by the tail, 235.

??????? or ???????, a sea-fish, 218.

??????, ant, Formica, 4;

winged and wingless, 73, 93, 108;

reproduction, 131;

industry, 258, 260.

???????, myrtle, Myrtus communis, 266, 268.

???, mouse, Mus musculus. The Egyptian kind is probably Hierax, those said to walk on two feet are the Jerboa. The Pontic kind said to ruminate. Mus Citillus, Schneider, 5, 50;

reproduction, 178;

Persian, Egyptian, and many other kinds, ib.;

manner of drinking, 205;

white mice in Pontus, 216;

Arabian mice, 226;

Lybian, ib.;

the Pontic mouse is said to ruminate, 278.

???, a bivalve mollusk, perhaps Mitylus, 82.

??????????, a whale, BalÆna mysticetus, 64.

BalÆnopterus musculus or Boops.

????, horse-fly or gad-fly, Tabanus CÆcutiens, T. pluvialis, 9, 83, 89;

origin, 126;

death, 127;

sucks blood, 208.

?

?????, torpedo, Raia Torpedo, 37, 40, 104;

reproduction and young, 109, 150, 151;

habits, 275.

????????, cephalopod, the species adhering to its shell is probably the Nautilus Pompilius, another species Argonauta Argo, Owen in CyclopÆdia of Anatomy, 76, 258.

??????? ??????, dog-fish, Squalus catulus, 149.

??????, fawn, 71.

??????????, a name of the pygargus, 251.

?????????, the larva of the silkworm, Bombyx, 124.

???????, different littoral trochi, Trochus, Nerita, Haliotis, 85, 86, 94, 117, 118.

?????, duck, Anas Boschas, 45, 203.

?????????? or ???????, 251; a name of the plangus.

???????? ?????, NisÆan horses, 278.

????????, bat, Vespertilio, 4, 9, 50.

??????????, Ardea Nycticorax, Marabu, 45, 201, 210, 145, 240;

eats snails, 255;

dusts itself, 277.

?????????, House-dove, Columba, 4, 5, 39, 45;

differs from ???????, 111;

reproduction, ib., 138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145;

food, 202;

not migratory, 210;

habits, 239, 240;

those used for lures are blinded, 240;

wash and dust themselves, 277.

???????????, the class of pigeon-like birds, 111, 144, 202.

?????, perch, Perca fluviatilis, 38, 44, 155, 214.

????????????, dusky eagle, Vultur percnopterus or Gypaietos barbatus, or Falco barbatus, 251.

??????, grey hawk, Falco subbuteo, 253.

?????? or ???????, a kind of hawk.

?????, pine tree, 126.

???????, rue, Ruta graveolens, 238.

???????, a tunny fish of a year old, Scomber Thynnus, 4;

reproduction, 108;

where found, 109;

the tunny a year older than the pelamys, 157, 160;

migrate to the Pontus, 211;

gregarious, 235.

???????, a kind of duck, Anas Penelope, 203.

??????, some species of larva, PhalÆnÆ geometrÆ, 124.

??????????, the ape tribe, 26.

???????, ape, Simia Sylvanus, 32.

??????, a bitter herb, endive, Chicorium intybus, or Helminthia Echionella, 238.

?????, the genus Pinna, 82, 117, 118, 195.

?????????? or ??????????, and ??????????, small crustaceans living in shells and sponges, Pinnotheres veterum, 117.

?????, ?????, ????, woodpecker, Picus viridis, major, minor, 202, 232, 248.

??????????, bees' wax, 261.

????? or ??????, Alauda trivialis, 234.

???????, a species of eagle, Aquila albicilla, 251.

?????? or ??????, mullein, Verbascum thapsus, fatal to fish, 220.

??????, certain fish, as the cestreus and labrax, 153, 228, 256, 273;

also of birds, 118, 195.

?

??????, a long thin fish, probably Cepola tÆnia

????, seal, Phoca vitulina, P. monachus, 4, 7, 14, 22, 25, 26, 30, 39, 44, 69;

reproduction and habits, 103, 152, 153, 196;

food, 205;

fight together, 231.

?????, a fish enclosing itself in mucus, 256;

Blennius pholis, Strack.

???, a kind of bee, the thief, 259.

?

??????, Hydatids in swine, 221.

???????, a fish, Dory, Zeus Faber, Strack, 95.

??????, a lizard, with a bright stripe on its back, Lacerta chalcides, 223.

??????, a bird, the same as ????????, Stryx flammea, Strack, 244.

??????, a fish, perhaps Mugil auratus, Spratt's Lycia, Clupea picta, 108, 155, 156, 256.

???????? ?????, lime stone, 126.

?????, or ????, a fish with a wide mouth, Perca cabrilla, 99, 153;

food, 199;

marine, 211.

?????????, lapwing or curlew, Charadrius oedicnemus, Schneider, 203, 243.

???????, swallow, Hirundo urbica and rustica, 4, 40, 45, 64;

reproduction and nests, 111, 138, 145, 239;

eat animal food, 202;

migration, 215;

kill bees, 265.

???????, flying fish, 95;

Exocetus volitans.

????????, leguminous plants, 205.

?????, or ??????, a fish like the cestreus, 109, 159, 199.

??????, the river tortoise, Testudo orbicularis and EuropÆa, 34, 39, 41, 42, 46, 65, 84, 87, 96;

reproduction, 103, 104, 123;

marine, Chelonia cephalo, 196;

lives on shell-fish and sea-weed, 198;

does not change its skin, THE END.

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

[1] Beaver, Castor fiber.

[2] Medusa, or perhaps Actinia, or both.

[3] Under the class ??t?a are probably included all annulose animals.

[4] Some words appear to be lost in this place.

[5] Tabanus, gad-fly.

[6] Perhaps some species of Zoophyte.

[7] Cephalopods.

[8] Perhaps Sand martin.

[9] Swift.

[10] Some migratory fish.

[11] A kind of tunny, still called palamyde at Marseilles.

[12] A kind of tunny, Les Bonitons (Camus.)

[13] The words in brackets should probably be excluded from the text.

[14] Fibres and serum, as compared with veins and blood, refer to the circulation in animals without red blood.

[15] Palinurus, Spiny Lobster.

[16] Cartilaginous fishes.

[17] Squalus galeus.

[18] Raia batos.

[19] Sparus auratus.

[20] Perca labrax.

[21] Lophius piscatorius and also L. barbatus.

[22] Silurus glanis, L. (Strack).

[23] Probably some kind of flying squirrel.

[24] Herodotus, ii. 76; "the form of this serpent is similar to that of the water-snake; its wings are not feathered, but like those of bats:" the draco volans may have given rise to this story.

[25] The EchinidÆ.

[26] Animals with long hair on their tails.

[27] Ginnus is the offspring of a mule and mare. Book vi. 24, 1.

[28] Hemionus, perhaps the foal of a horse and wild ass, and so distinct from oreus, the foal of the he-ass and mare.

[29] This mistake is again repeated in Ch. xiii.

[30] Eustachian tube.

[31] Perhaps Nylghau (Liddel and Scott's Lexicon), or some large kind of Stag.

[32] Cameleopard. (Schneider.)

[33] Gazelle or antelope, so named from the brightness of its eyes.

[34] Antelope Oryx.

[35] Coa, the highest throw with the Astragalus with the convex side uppermost, opposed to Chia, the lowest throw, sixes and aces.

[36] Simia rostrata, or perhaps baboon. (The identifications of the animals, unless otherwise noted, are taken from the German translation by Strack, 1816.)

[37] Jynx torquilla, wry-neck.

[38] Fringilla, finch.

[39] Perhaps Corvus galgulus.

[40] Mugil, mullet.

[41] MurÆna anguilla.

[42] Perhaps Cepola tÆnia.

[43] Raia torpedo.

[44] Raia batos.

[45] The shark tribe.

[46] Lophius piscatorius.

[47] Perhaps Cottus cataphractus.

[48] MurÆna conger.

[49] Scarus cretensis.

[50] Swordfish or sturgeon (L. and S. Lexicon), or Centriscus scolopax.

[51] A variegated fish.

[52] Perca fluviatilis.

[53] Silurus glanis.

[54] Cyprinus carpis, Carp.

[55] Xiphias gladius, Swordfish.

[56] Nereis, or aphrodite.

[57] Echeneis remora.

[58] Falco milvus.

[59] Falco palurabarius.

[60] Stryx otus.

[61] Testudo coriacea.

[62] Cervus elaphus.

[63] Cervus capreolus, or C. Dama.

[64] Possibly Œstras nasalis.

[65] Squalus squatina.

[66] Raia batos.

[67] Syngnathus acus.

[68] Squalus zygÆna.

[69] Uranoscopus scaber.

[70] A kind of marked scomber, mackerel?

[71] Bos grunniens.

[72] Felis onza, perhaps also canis aureus.

[73] Crocodilus niloticus and Lacerta stellio.

[74] Gobio, gudgeon.

[75] Shark.

[76] Cottus scorpius.

[77] Probably Pleuronectes rhombus.

[78] Mullus surmulentus.

[79] Sparus maina.

[80] Theutis hepatus.

[81] Probably Gobio gozo.

[82] Sparus aurata.

[83] Three kinds of birds are called by this name. Corvus graculus, C. monedula, and Pelicanus graculus.

[84] Falco tinnunculus.

[85] Fulica porphyrion.

[86] Ardea nycticorax.

[87] Some kind of heron.

[88] Some kind of owl.

[89] Syennesis, a physician of Cyprus. Very little is known of him; he must have lived in or before the fourth century B.C.

[90] Diogenes of Apollonia was an eminent natural philosopher of Crete, in the fifth century B.C. He wrote a work, pe?? f?se??, in which he treated of natural philosophy in the widest sense of the words: a few fragments are still extant, of which this quoted by Aristotle is the longest.

[91] Polybus, a pupil of Hippocrates, a native of the island of Cos; he lived in the fourth century B.C. Many treatises on medical subjects are attributed to him.

[92] Iliad. xiii. 546.

[93] Cervis Capreolus, or C. dama.

[94] Antilope gnou.

[95] BalÆna Mysticetus.

[96] Varicose veins.

[97] Some kind of domestic goat, but not known.

[98] Herodotus, iii. c. 97, 101.

[99] The Cephalopoda.

[100] Sepia officinalis.

[101] Loligo vulgaris (Owen).

[102] Loligo media (Owen).

[103] Sepia octopodia.

[104] KÖhler supposes the part called by Aristotle mytis to have been the glandular appendages on the vena cava and two visceral veins. (Owen in Todd's Cyclopedia of Anatomy, Art. Cephalopoda.)

[105] Probably the branchia.

[106] Eledone moschata.—Leach. (Owen.)

[107] Eledone cirrosa.—Leach. (Owen.)

[108] Argonauta argo. (Owen.)

[109] This is probably the meaning of the passage. Two kinds of pectens were distinguished; the one large, hollow, and of a dark colour, the other broad and sweeter, but harsh.

[110] Nautilus Pompilius (Owen.)

[111] Palinurus, spiny lobster (Bell's crustacea).

[112] Lobster.

[113] Prawns.

[114] Crabs.

[115] Shrimp.

[116] Perhaps Prawn.

[117] Perhaps Maia squinado.

[118] Cancer paguras, Great crab.

[119] Perhaps the liver.

[120] Land snails.

[121] Marine.

[122] Bivalves.

[123] Some small land snail with a conical shell.

[124] Purpura.

[125] Whelk.

[126] Patella, limpet.

[127] Ascidians.

[128] Chama, L.

[129] Ostrea edulis.

[130] The so-called liver (Strack). Papaver (Scaliger).

[131] Hermit crab.

[132] Cancer Diogenes.

[133] Echinus esculentus.

[134] Ascidian mollusks.

[135] ActiniÆ.

[136] Wild bee.

[137] Chafer.

[138] Beetle.

[139] Phalangium Cancroides. Linn. Schneider.

[140] Butterfly.

[141] Locust.

[142] Perhaps Pennatula.

[143] Perhaps Cottus gobio L., miller's thumb. Salmo Fario (Strack).

[144] Mullet.

[145] Unknown.

[146] Perca Labrax.

[147] Scomber.

[148] Unknown.

[149] A fish living in shoals.

[150] Perhaps some species of ant.

[151] Trigla Lyra.

[152] Cottus cataphractus.

[153] Zeus faber.

[154] Trigla hirundo.

[155] Flying fish.

[156] Pleuronectes Lingua and Rhombus.

[157] Perca marina, or Sparus erithrinus.

[158] Aranca tarantula.

[159] Lacerta Gekko.

[160] A beetle living at the roots of trees, Carabus.

[161] Clupea Sprottus.

[162] Coryphoena hippurus.

[163] This probably means "to such a size as might be expected from the early age of the parent."

[164] Evidently a corrupt reading.

[165] Star-fish.

[166] Actinia.

[167] Perhaps, Cancer spinosissimus.

[168] Cantharus tinctorius, a plant of the thistle kind. L. and S.

[169] The larva of some species.

[170] Some species of larva.

[171] Geometra.

[172] Ticks. Acarus ricinus.

[173] Vetches, leguminous plants.

[174] Chrysomela oleracea.

[175] Perhaps the dog rose, or sweet briar.

[176] Honeysuckle.

[177] Reed.

[178] Hornet, Apis terrestris.

[179] Apis cementaria.

[180] Cinex lectularius.

[181] Perhaps Acarus Scabiei, Itch insect.

[182] Perhaps Oniscus Ceti, or Isora.

[183] Perhaps Lernoea branchialis.

[184] Tinea pellionella, or T. sarcitella.

[185] Dumestes Pellio, and D. lardarius.

[186] Phalangium cancroides.

[187] Tinea graminella, Tinea lichenella, Tinea Xylophorus, or perhaps larva of Phryganea.

[188] Cynips Psenes.

[189] Falco tinnunculus.

[190] Tetrao tetrix or Otis tetrix.

[191] Merops apiaster.

[192] Turdus, thrush.

[193] Cuculus canorus.

[194] Numida Meleagris.

[195] Phasianus colchicus.

[196] Œnas tadorna.

[197] Eggs formed without sexual intercourse.

[198] Vultur cinereus, ossifragus, osprey.

[199] Kite.

[200] Hawk.

[201] Sylvia curucca, hedge sparrow.

[202] Dog-fish. Squalus stellaris.

[203] Squalus Acanthias.

[204] Perhaps the Sea-bream, Sparus.

[205] Perhaps Perca marina.

[206] Cyprinus Phoxinus.

[207] Mugil. Some species of mullet.

[208] Lacerta apus.

[209] Sardine.

[210] Atherine epsetos.

[211] Melanurus juvenculus.

[212] (Or perhaps) after parturition the discharge becomes thinner in consistence.

[213] Perhaps ferret, Mustela varo, or weasel.

[214] Serboa, Dipus gerbillus, or D. jaculus.

[215] The seventh book ends very abruptly, and hence it has been thought that what is now called the tenth book, in which the subject of reproduction is continued, would have its proper place here, as a continuation of the seventh. Whether a portion of the genuine work of Aristotle has been lost which would have completed the subject is another question; but there can be little doubt that the tenth book, in the form in which we have it, is no genuine work of Aristotle; some of the opinions are contrary to those which he has expressed, and the whole style and language is different from that of Aristotle. Schneider therefore has placed the tenth book at the end of the work, that he may neither entirely exclude that which in former times was considered a portion of Aristotle's treatise on Animals, nor yet allow a fictitious book to interrupt the genuine writings of his Author.

[216] Different species of pigeons and doves.

[217] ??tt?f??, Turdus merula, Strack, blackbird, but probably more than one kind of bird is included under the same name. Compare 9, 36, 2.

[218] The passage is altogether corrupt.

[219] Indigestion caused by eating barley when heated.

[220] Phrensy.

[221] Red sulphuret of arsenic.

[222] Probably assafoetida.

[223] To fight with each other.—See Liddell and Scott's Lexicon, s. v. ??????????.

[224] A bracket, or two year old stag.

[225] Perhaps Aconite.

[226] Spax lacerticida.—Schneider.

[227] Probably a Zoophyte, Alcyonia.

[228] This should probably be read "the bees only cease from their work for forty days during the winter solstice."

[229] A corrupt passage.

[230] To the end of this Essay are appended fragments of Archestratus, on the fishes of Sicily, amounting to 270 lines of heroic verse, together with notes, by the author of the Essay.

[231] Accidentally omitted in a list of birds in the translation.