The site of Ilium described—Excavations in 1870: the City Wall of Lysimachus—Purchase of the site and grant of a firman—Arrival of Dr. and Madame Schliemann in 1871, and beginning of the Excavations—The Hill of HISSARLIK, the Acropolis of the Greek Ilium—Search for its limits—Difficulties of the work—The great cutting on the North side—Greek coins found—Dangers from fever

Number of workmen—Discoveries at 2 to 4 meters deep—Greek coins—Remarkable terra-cottas with small stamps, probably Ex votos—These cease, and are succeeded by the whorls—Bones of sharks, shells of mussels and oysters, and pottery—Three Greek Inscriptions—The splendid panoramic view from Hissarlik—The Plain of Troy and the heroic tumuli—Thymbria: Mr. Frank Calvert’s Museum—The mound of ChanaÏ TÉpÉ—The Scamander and its ancient bed—Valley of the SimoÏs, and Ruins of Ophrynium

Puzzling transitions from the “Stone Age” to a higher civilization—The stone age reappears in force, mixed with pottery of fine workmanship, and the whorls in great number—Conjectures as to their uses: probably Ex votos—Priapi of stone and terra-cotta: their worship brought by the primitive Aryans from Bactria—Vessels with the owl’s face—Boars’ tusks—Various implements and weapons of stone—Hand mill-stones—Models of canoes in terra-cotta—Whetstones—The one object of the excavations, to find TROY

Another passage from the Stone Age to copper implements mixed with stone—The signs of a higher civilization increase with the depth reached—All the implements are of better workmanship—Discovery of supposed inscriptions—Further discussion of the use of the whorls—Troy still to be reached—Fine terra-cotta vessels of remarkable forms—Great numbers of stone weights and hand mill-stones—Numerous house-walls—Construction of the great cutting—Fever and quinine—Wounds and arnica

Interruptions from Rain—Last works of the season, 1871—The supposed ruins of Troy reached—Great blocks of stone—Engineering contrivances—Excavations at the “Village of the Ilians:” no traces of habitation, and none of hot springs—Results of the excavations thus far—Review of the objects found at various depths—Structure of the lowest houses yet reached—Difficulties of the excavations—The object aimed at—Growth of the Hill of Hissarlik

New assistants for 1872—Cost of the excavations—Digging of the great platform on the North—Venomous snakes—A supporting buttress on the North side of the hill—Objects discovered: little idols of fine marble—Whorls engraved with the suastika block-style cross and ?—Significance of these emblems in the old Aryan religion—Their occurrence among other Aryan nations—Mentioned in old Indian literature—Illustrative quotation from Émile Burnouf

Smoking at work forbidden, and a mutiny suppressed—Progress of the great platform—Traces of sacrifices—Colossal blocks of stone belonging to great buildings—Funereal and other huge urns—Supposed traces of Assyrian art—Ancient undisturbed remains—Further discoveries of stone implements and owl-faced idols—Meaning of the epithet “??a???p??”—Parallel of ??a ??p??, and expected discovery of ox-headed idols at MycenÆ—Vases of remarkable forms—Dangers and engineering expedients—Georgios Photidas—Extent of the Pergamus of Troy—Poisonous snakes, and the snake-weed—The whorls with the central sun, stars, the suastika, the SÔma, or Tree of Life, and sacrificial altars—The name of Mount Ida, probably brought from Bactria

Hindrances through Greek festivals—Thickness of the layers of dÉbris above the native rock—Date of the foundation of Troy—Impossibility of the Bunarbashi theory—Homeric epithets suitable to Hissarlik—Etymology of ?????, signifying probably the “fortress of the Sun”—The Aruna of the Egyptian records—Progress of the platform, and corresponding excavation on the south—The bulwark of Lysimachus—Ruins of great buildings—Marks of civilization increasing with the depth—Vases, and fragments of great urns—A remarkable terra-cotta—A whorl with the appearance of an inscription

Superstition of the Greeks about saints’ days—Further engineering works—Narrow escape of six men—Ancient building on the western terrace—The ruins under this house—Old Trojan mode of building—Continued marks of higher civilization—Terra-cottas engraved with Aryan symbols: antelopes, a man in the attitude of prayer, flaming altars, hares—The symbol of the moon—Solar emblems, and rotating wheels—Remarks on former supposed inscriptions—Stone moulds for casting weapons and implements—Absence of cellars, and use of colossal jars in their stead—The quarry used for the Trojan buildings—“Un MÉdecin malgrÉ lui.”—Blood-letting priest-doctors—Efficacy of sea-baths—Ingratitude of the peasants cured—Increasing heat

A third platform dug—Traces of former excavations by the Turks—Block of triglyphs, with bas-relief of Apollo—Fall of an earth-wall—Plan of a trench through the whole hill—Admirable remains in the lowest stratum but one—The plain and engraved whorls—Objects of gold, silver, copper, and ivory—Remarkable terra-cottas—The pottery of the lowest stratum quite distinct from that of the next above—Its resemblance to the Etruscan, in quality only—Curious funereal urns—Skeleton of a six months’ embryo—Other remains in the lowest stratum—Idols of fine marble, the sole exception to the superior workmanship of this stratum—The houses and palaces of the lowest stratum, of large stones joined with earth—Disappearance of the first people with the destruction of their town.

The second settlers, of a different civilization—Their buildings of unburnt brick on stone foundations—These bricks burnt by the great conflagration—Destruction of the walls of the former settlers—Live toads coËval with Troy!—Long duration of the second settlers—Their Aryan descent proved by Aryan symbols—Various forms of their pottery—Vases in the form of animals—The whorls of this stratum—Their interesting devices—Copper weapons and implements, and moulds for casting them—Terra-cotta seals—Bracelets and ear-rings, of silver, gold, and electrum—Pins, &c., of ivory and bone—Fragments of a lyre—Various objects.

The third stratum: the remains of an Aryan race—Hardly a trace of metal—Structure of their houses—Their stone implements and terra-cottas coarser—Various forms of pottery—Remarkable terra-cotta balls with astronomical and religious symbols—Whorls—Stone weapons—Whetstones—Hammers and instruments of diorite—A well belonging to this people—This third town destroyed with its people.

The fourth settlers: comparatively savage, but still of Aryan race—Whorls with like emblems, but of a degenerate form—Their pottery inferior, but with some curious forms—Idols of Athena—Articles of copper—Few stones—Charred remains, indicating wooden buildings—Stone weights, handmills, and knives and saws of flint—With this people the pre-Hellenic ages end—The stone buildings and painted and plain terra-cottas of Greek Ilium—Date of the Greek colony—Signs that the old inhabitants were not extirpated—The whorls of very coarse clay and patterns—Well, and jars for water and wine—Proofs of the regular succession of nations on the hill—Reply to the arguments of M. NikolaÏdes for the site at Bunarbashi—The SimoÏs, Thymbrius, and Scamander—The tomb of Ajax at In-TÉpÉ—Remains in it—Temple of Ajax and town of Aianteum—Tomb of Achilles and town of Achilleum—Tombs of Patroclus and Antilochus—The Greek camp—The tomb of Batiea or Myrina—Further discussion of the site

Increase of men and machinery and cost on the works: but slow progress—Continued hurricane on “the windy Ilium” (????? ??e?essa)—The great platform proves too high—New cutting—Excavation of the temple—Objects found—Greek statuettes in terra-cotta—Many whorls with ? and suns—Wheel-shaped whorls with simple patterns in the lowest strata—Terra-cotta balls with suns and stars—Use of the whorls as amulets or coins discussed—Little bowls, probably lamps—Other articles of pottery—Funnels—A terra-cotta bell—Various beautiful terra-cottas—Attempts at forgery by the workmen—Mode of naming the men—The springs in front of Ilium—Question of Homer’s hot and cold spring—Course of the SimoÏs—The tomb of Batiea or Myrina identified with the Pacha TÉpÉ—Theatre of Lysimachus—Heat and wind—Plague of insects and scorpions—Konstantinos Kolobos, a native genius without feet

Discovery of an ancient wall on the northern slope—Discovery of a Tower on the south side—Its position and construction—It is Homer’s Great Tower of Ilium—Manner of building with stones and earth—A Greek inscription—Remarkable medal of the age of Commodus—Whorls found just below the surface—Terra-cottas found at small depths—Various objects found at the various depths—A skeleton, with ornaments of gold, which have been exposed to a great heat—Paucity of human remains, as the Trojans burnt their dead—No trace of pillars—Naming of the site as “Ilium” and the “Pergamus of Troy”

Intended cessation of the work—Further excavation of the Tower—Layers of red ashes and calcined stones—Objects found on the Tower—Weapons, implements, and ornaments of stone, copper, and silver—Bones—Pottery and vases of remarkable forms—Objects found on each side of the Tower—First rain for four months—Thanks for escape from the constant dangers—Results of the excavations—The site of Homer’s Troy identified with that of Greek Ilium—Error of the Bunarbashi theory—Area of the Greek city—Depth of the accumulated dÉbris unexampled in the world—Multitude of interesting objects brought to light—Care in making drawings of them all

Return to Troy to take plans and photographs—Damage to retaining walls—The unfaithfulness of the watchman—Stones carried off for a neighbouring church and houses—Injury by rain—Works for security during the winter—Opening up of a retaining wall on the side of the hill, probably built to support the temple of Athena—Supposed dÉbris of that temple—Drain belonging to it—Doric style of the temple proved by the block of Triglyphs—Temple of Apollo also on the Pergamus

Return to Hissarlik in 1873—Interruptions by holydays and weather—Strong cold north winds—Importance of good overseers—An artist taken to draw the objects found—Want of workmen—Excavations on the site of the Temple—Blocks of Greek sculptured marble—Great increase of the hill to the east—Further portions of the great Trojan wall—Traces of fire—A terra-cotta hippopotamus, a sign of intercourse with Egypt—Idols and owl-faced vases—Vases of very curious forms—Whorls—Sling-bullets of copper and stone—Piece of ornamented ivory belonging to a musical instrument—New cutting from S.E to N.W.—Walls close below the surface—Wall of Lysimachus—Monograms on the stones—An inscription in honour of Caius CÆsar—Patronage of Ilium by the Julii as the descendants of Æneas—Good wine of the Troad

Increased number of workmen—Further uncovering of the great buttress—Traces of a supposed small temple—Objects found on its site—Terra-cotta serpents’ heads: great importance attached to the serpent—Stone implements: hammers of a peculiar form—Copper implements: a sickle—Progress of the works at the south-east corner—Remains of an aqueduct from the Thymbrius—Large jars, used for cellars—Ruins of the Greek temple of Athena—Two important inscriptions discussed—Relations of the Greek Syrian Kings Antiochus I. and III. to Ilium

Spring weather in the Plain of Troy—The Greek temple of Athena—Numerous fragments of sculpture—Reservoir of the temple—Excavation of the Tower—Difficulties of the work—Further discoveries of walls—Stone implements at small depths—Important distinction between the plain and decorated whorls—Greek and Roman coins—Absence of iron—Copper nails: their peculiar forms: probably dress and hair pins: some with heads and beads of gold and electrum—Original height of the Tower—Discovery of a Greek house—Various types of whorls—Further remarks on the Greek bas-relief—It belonged to the temple of Apollo—Stones from the excavations used for building in the villages around—Fever

Weather and progress of the work—The lion-headed handle of a sceptre—Lions formerly in the Troad—Various objects found—Pottery—Implements of stone and copper—Whorls—Balls curiously decorated—Fragments of musical instruments—Remains of house walls—The storks of the Troad

Splendid vases found on the Tower—Other articles—Human skull, bones, and ashes, found in an urn—New types of whorls—Greek votive discs of diorite—Moulds of mica-schist—The smaller quantity of copper than of stone implements explained—Discussion of the objection, that stone implements are not mentioned by Homer—Reply to Mr. Calvert’s article—Flint knives found in the Acropolis of Athens—A narrow escape from fire

Discovery of a large house upon the Tower—Marks of a great conflagration—Primitive Altar: its very remarkable position—Ruins of the temple of Athena—A small cellar—Skeletons of warriors with copper helmets and a lance—Structure of the helmet-crests—Terra-cottas—A crucible with copper still in it—Other objects—Extreme fineness of the engravings on the whorls—Pottery—Stone implements—Copper pins and other objects

Discovery of a street in the Pergamus—Three curious stone walls of different periods—Successive fortifications of the hill—Remains of ancient houses under the temple of Athena, that have suffered a great conflagration—Older house-walls below these, and a wall of fortification—Store, with the nine colossal jars—The great Altar—Objects found east of the Tower—Pottery with Egyptian hieroglyphics—Greek and other terra-cottas, &c.—Remarkable owl-vase—Handle, with an ox-head—Various very curious objects—A statue of one Metrodorus by Pytheas of Argos, with an inscription—Another Greek inscription, in honour of C. Claudius Nero

Interruptions through festivals—Opening of the tumulus of Batiea—Pottery like that of the Trojan stratum at Hissarlik, and nothing else—No trace of burial—Its age—Further discoveries of burnt Trojan houses—Proof of their successive ages—Their construction—Discovery of a double gateway, with the copper bolts of the gates—The “ScÆan Gate” of Homer—Tests of the extent of ancient Troy—The place where Priam sat to view the Greek forces—Homer’s knowledge of the Heroic Troy only traditional—Description of the gates, the walls, and the “PALACE OF PRIAM”—Vases, &c., found in Priam’s house—Copper, ivory, and other implements—The d?pa ?f???pe??a—Houses discovered on the north platform—Further excavations of the city walls—Statuettes and vessels of the Greek period—Top of the Tower of Ilium uncovered, and its height determined—A curious trench in it, probably for the archers—Further excavations at Bunarbashi: only a few fragments of Greek pottery—The site of Ilium uninhabited since the end of the fourth century—The place confused with Alexandria Troas—No Byzantine remains at Hissarlik—Freshness of the Greek sculptures

Further discoveries of fortifications—The great discovery of the TREASURE on the city wall—Expedient for its preservation—The articles of the Treasure described—The Shield—The Caldron—Bottle and Vases of Gold—The golden d?pa? ?f???pe????—Modes of working the gold—A cup of electrum—Silver plates, probably the talents of Homer—Vessels of Silver—Copper lance-heads: their peculiar form—Copper battle-axes—Copper daggers—Metal articles fused together by the conflagration—A knife and a piece of a sword—Signs of the Treasure having been packed in a wooden chest—The key found—The Treasure probably left behind in an effort to escape—Other articles found near the Treasure—The thousands of gold jewels found in a silver vase—The two golden diadems—The ear-rings, bracelets, and finger-rings—The smaller jewels of gold—Analysis of the copper articles by M. Landerer—Discovery of another room in the palace containing an inscribed stone, and curious terra-cottas—Silver dishes—Greek terra-cotta figures—Great abundance of the owl-faced vases—Limited extent of Troy—Its walls traced—Poetic exaggerations of Homer—The one great point of Troy’S reality established—It was as large as the primitive Athens and MycenÆ—The wealth and power of Troy—Great height of its houses—Probable population—Troy known to Homer only by tradition—Question of a temple in Homer’s time—Characteristics of the Trojan stratum of remains, and their difference from those of the lowest stratum—The former opinion on this point recalled—Layer of metallic scoriÆ through the whole hill—Error of Strabo about the utter destruction of Troy—Part of the real Troy unfortunately destroyed in the earlier excavations; but many Trojan houses brought to light since—The stones of Troy not used in building other cities—Trojan houses of sun-dried bricks, except the most important buildings, which are of stones and earth—Extent and results of the excavations—Advice to future explorers—Further excavations on the north side—Very curious terra-cotta vessels—Perforated vases—A terra-cotta with hieroglyphics—Heads of oxen and horses; their probable significance—Idols of the Ilian Athena—Greek and Roman medals—Greek inscriptions—Final close of the excavations; thanksgiving for freedom from serious accidents—Commendations of Nicolaus Saphyros Jannakis, and other assistants, and of the artist Polychronios Tempesis, and of the engineer Adolphe Laurent

NOTE A. The river Dumbrek is not the Thymbrius, but the SimoÏs

358

NOTE B. Table of terra-cotta weights found at Hissarlik

359

NOTE C. Analysis by M. Damour of some of the metallic objects found

361

Appendix on the Inscriptions Found at Hissarlik

363

INDEX: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X.

375

Comparative Table of the Illustrations in Dr. Schliemann’s Atlas and the Translation

386