MycenAE: a narrative of researches and discoveries at MycenAE and Tiryns :: INDEX.

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Heinrich Schliemann

i>

Cremation, partial, of all the bodies in the royal sepulchres, 155;

officially authenticated, 214.

Crosses of golden leaves, 156, 189-192.

Crowns of gold, found with the bodies in the 3rd Sepulchre, 184;

in the 4th Sepulchre, 228.

Cups;

of gold, 241, 313, 354;

of alabaster, 317.

(Comp. GOBLETS.)

Cuttle-fish of gold, 165, 268.

Cyclopean Walls:

their name and nature, 3, 4;

three forms, 29, 30;

of the citadel of Tiryns, the most ancient monument in Greece, 2, 9;

house-walls at Tiryns, 9;

of the citadel of MycenÆ, 4, 29;

substructions and house-walls at MycenÆ, 31, 42, 79, 80, 99, 123, 130;

destruction of portion of, 116;

water-conduit, 141;

tower, 147.

Cylinders of gold, 251, 286, 287, 320, 321.

D.

Daggers of bronze, 163;

ivory handle of one, 329.

DÉbris:

at Tiryns, 19;

at MycenÆ, 42;

in the Acropolis of MycenÆ, 62;

over dromos of Treasury near Lions' Gate, 103;

in the same Treasury, 141.

????? ???????????? (two-handled goblet):

several of terra-cotta, 115, 116;

several of gold, 231, 235, 237, 350, 352;

the true form, not that supposed by Aristotle, 116, 237;

none such found either at Troy or MycenÆ, 238.

Diadems of gold, found with the bodies:

in the 2nd Sepulchre, 155, 156;

in the 3rd Sepulchre, 186-189;

in the 4th Sepulchre, 246, 113, 114, 45;

inner, of the Royal Sepulchres, bearing marks of fire, 155, 213, 294;

none in the 5th Sepulchre, 291.

Warriors, armed, on a painted vase, 132-134.

Water-conduits, Cyclopean, at Tiryns, 9;

Cyclopean, at MycenÆ, 80, 141.

Wealth of MycenÆ, 57.

Weapons of bronze, 278-280, 291, 307.

Weight, of jasper, 100.

Wells of MycenÆ, 41.

Wheels of chariots on sculptures, with four spokes, 84;

small bronze wheels, 111 (Cut, p. 74);

of gold, 203.

Whetstones, 286, 332.

Whorls:

of stone, at Tiryns, 18;

of stone and terra-cotta at MycenÆ, 77;

whorl-shaped object of gold plate, 268.

Wire, gold, 142, 354;

used for fastening on lids of boxes and vases, 206, 207.

Wood:

objects of, 1st Sepulchre, 332;

quantity of, in a copper box, 207, 208;

piece of cypress, 332;

half-burnt pieces in 4th Sepulchre, ibid.;

various objects of wood, ibid.

(Comp. BOXES, BUTTONS, SWORD-HANDLES, SWORD-SHEATHS.)

Writing unknown at MycenÆ, so far as the excavations shew, 336.

THE END.

Plate A.

TERRA-COTTA COWS AND IDOLS FOUND AT TIRYNS.

Size 3:4.

[See larger version]

Plate B.

TERRA-COTTA IDOLS FROM MYCENÆ.

Actual Size.

[See larger version]

Plate C.

TERRA-COTTA IDOLS. COW, &c. FROM MYCENÆ.

Actual Size.

[See larger version]

Plate D.

FRAGMENTS OF TERRA-COTTA COW-HEADED IDOLS, FROM MYCENÆ.

Actual Size.

[See larger version]

PLATE VIII.

Nos. 30-34. FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED VASES FROM MYCENÆ.

Some actual size, and some reduced.

[See larger version]

PLATE IX.

Nos. 35-39. FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED VASES FROM MYCENÆ.

Some actual size, and some reduced.

[See larger version]

PLATE X.

Nos. 40-47. FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED VASES FROM MYCENÆ.

Some actual size, and some reduced.

[See larger version]

PLATE XI.

Nos. 48-54. FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED VASES FROM MYCENÆ.

Some actual size, and some reduced.

[See larger version]

PLATE XII.

Nos. 55-61. FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED VASES FROM MYCENÆ.

Some actual size, and some reduced.

[See larger version]

PLATE XIII.

Nos. 62-67. FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED VASES FROM MYCENÆ.

Some actual size, and some reduced.

[See larger version]

PLATE XIV.

Nos. 68-72. FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED VASES FROM MYCENÆ.

Some actual size, and some reduced.

[See larger version]

PLATE XV.

Nos. 73-78. FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED VASES FROM MYCENÆ.

Some actual size, and some reduced.

[See larger version]

PLATE XVI.

Nos. 90-93. TERRA-COTTA IDOLS. Actual size.

[See larger version]

PLATE XVII.

Nos. 94-98. TERRA-COTTA IDOLS. Actual size.

[See larger version]

PLATE XVIII.

Nos. 99-102. TERRA-COTTA IDOLS. Actual size.

[See larger version]

PLATE XIX.

Nos. 103-110. TERRA-COTTA IDOLS. Actual size.

[See larger version]

PLATE XX.

Nos. 192-197. FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED POTTERY FROM THE APPROACH TO THE TREASURY NEAR THE LIONS' GATE. Half-size.

[See larger version]

PLATE XXI.

Nos. 198-204. FRAGMENTS OF PAINTED POTTERY FROM THE APPROACH TO THE TREASURY NEAR THE LIONS' GATE. Half-size.

[See larger version]

PLAN A.

THE ACROPOLIS OF TIRYNS.

1, 1.—Shafts sunk by Dr. Schliemann. 2.—Trench dug by the same. 3.—The Tower.
4.—Ruins of two parallel ogive-like Galleries. 5.—Ogive-like Gallery. 6.—Ogive-like Gallery.
7.—Gateway to the Acropolis.

Note.—(1) The letters A, B, &c., indicate the lines along which the appended Sections are taken.

(2) To each Vertical Section is appended its exact proportional scale.

[See larger version]

PLAN B.

THE CIRCULAR AGORA, WITH THE FIVE ROYAL SEPULCHRES, IN THE ACROPOLIS OF MYCENÆ.

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PLAN B B.

VERTICAL SECTION OF THE HILL OF THE ACROPOLIS OF MYCENÆ, ALONG THE LINE A B ON PLANS B AND C.

VERTICAL SECTION SHOWING THE DEPTHS OF THE FIVE TOMBS BELOW THE LOWER TERRACE OF THE ACROPOLIS OF MYCENÆ.

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PLAN C.

Plan of the
ACROPOLIS OF MYCENAE
WITH THE EXCAVATIONS
made by
D?. HENRY SCHLIEMANN
by Vasilios Drosinos
Lieutenant of Engineers

For D?. Schliemann's excavations enclosed within figures I to IX see Plan B.

[See larger version]

EXPLANATION OF PLANS B AND C.

NOTE.—PLAN B shows the Excavations of Dr. Schliemann in the Acropolis, of which PLAN C gives a General Plan.

I. II. III. IV. V.—Cyclopean Walls of the Inner Enclosure, dividing the Agora and the adjacent Buildings from the rest of the Acropolis.
VI. VII. VIII. IX.—Part of the Cyclopean Circuit Wall which encloses the whole Citadel.
a, a, a.—Double Circle of Slabs, forming the enclosure and Bench of the Agora (A A A on Plan C).
b, b, b.—Wall supporting the same in the lower part of the Acropolis.
A, A, A.—Cyclopean Houses.
B, B, B.—Cyclopean Cisterns.
P.—Sepulchral Recess, where Gold Ornaments were found.
No. 6.—Ruins of a large Quadrangular Tower.

(On PLAN C only.)

M, N.—Traces of the ancient winding Street, which led to the Lions' Gate.
1, 1, 1.—Shafts sunk by Dr. Schliemann.
4.—Cyclopean Buildings.
5.—Cisterns.
8.—Treasury outside of the Lions' Gate.

DOTTED SECTIONAL LINES.

A B.—Line of the Vertical Section of the Acropolis (see Plan B B, upper part).
a', b', c', d'.—Lines of the Vertical Section through the Tombs (see Plan B B, lower part).

PLAN D.

Plan of the whole
CITY OF MYCENAE
by Vasilios Drosinos
Lieutenant of Engineers

[See larger version]

PLAN E.

FAÇADE, PLAN, AND SECTION OF THE TREASURY NEAR THE LIONS' GATE.

[See larger version]

PLAN F.

THE FUNERAL ALTAR ABOVE THE FOURTH SEPULCHRE, SHOWING A VIEW OF THE ALTAR, AND A PLAN AND SECTION OF THE ALTAR AND SEPULCHRE.

[See larger version]

PLAN G.

PLAN AND SECTION OF THE TOMB SOUTH OF THE AGORA, IN THE ACROPOLIS OF MYCENÆ.

[See larger version]

[1] Hor. A. P. 39.

[2] Since this Preface was put in type, the fragments of an ostrich egg, originally mistaken for an alabaster vase, have been tested and verified. This object seems to afford a new indication of prehistoric relations between MycenÆ and Egypt.

[3] In the remarkable Museum of the Royal Academy of Ireland are two swords referred to the Danish period, which were taken out of a bed of mud. After a repose of perhaps a thousand years, they do not exhibit corrosion to the common eye. But the case is considered exceptional, and probably due to some peculiar ingredient in the moisture.

[4] I do not think it proved that, as Schliemann seems to convey (p. 84), the chariot-box was removed and fastened on each occasion of using it. The passages in Il. XXIV. 190 and 267 refer to the peirins of the waggon. In Od. XV. 131, it is simply mentioned as a portion of the carriage, with no reference to detaching it.

[5] Ikmalios is mentioned in Od. XIX. 57 as the maker of a chair inlaid with ivory and silver. I cannot doubt that this was foreign, since it is marked as the work of a former age: ?? p?te t??t?? p????? ????????, "which erewhile Ikmalion with cunning hand had made" (Norgate). 'Erewhile' will not be found in Todd or Latham: but it is in Shakespeare, and the Dictionary of Worcester and Webster contains it.

[6] 'Homeric Synchronism,' pp. 171 seq. I do not here enter on the curious question what is the precise meaning of ???a?a d??a.

[7] 'Troy and its Remains,' pp. 369, 371.

[8] 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 361. One of these had only about four per cent. of tin. Could this have been a native admixture?

[9] 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 335.

[10] I wish here to call attention to the fact that, as always (I believe) in the Egyptian and Assyrian monuments, the moon is on this ring also distinguished from the sun, not by its size, but by its being a crescent moon. In truth, the distinction of size, to the common eye, is variable; and is sometimes against the sun. Two full-formed globes of equal diameter would have presented a picture alike defective in composition and in meaning: and ancient art, not content with this, seized, more poetically as I think, upon the distinction of character in the two bodies respectively. Homer, as I contend, has exactly followed this form of representation in his se????? te p?????s??: and I venture to hope that the sense of growing, filling, waxing, or crescent moon will now be allowed to prevail over the more customary rendering of 'full' moon (Il. XVIII. 434).

[11] Juvenal, Sat. X. 147.

[12] See, e.g., the print in Manning's 'Land of the Pharaohs,' p. 129.

[13] Mr. Percy Gardner, in the Academy, April 21, 1877.

[14] 'Homeric Synchronism,' p. 240.

[15] These marks, I now learn from Dr. S., are universal.

[16] Hor. Od. II. 1. 8.

[17] 'Demi of Attica,' p. 125.

[18] Plutus, 720.

[19] IX., p. 397.

[20] II., 30, 8.

[21] P. 627.

[22] "Si parva licet componere magnis."

[23] See No. 126, in the upper row to the right and left, p. 76.

[24] Pages 76, 123.

[25] Theseus, 13.

[26] All the objects figured in the Illustrations to this Chapter, from and after No. 239, belong to the Third Sepulchre.

[27] No. 453 only belongs to Sepulchre V.

[28] Only Nos. 539-541 are not from this Tomb.

[29] See Plan A. and Plate I. The etymology of the name Tiryns (probably a Pelasgic word) is difficult to explain. It is very probable that the city was originally called Licymnia, for Strabo (VIII. p. 373) says that a citadel with that name is twelve stadia from Nauplia, and this distance perfectly agrees with that of Tiryns from the latter city. He does not distinctly say that he alludes to Tiryns; but this is very probable, because Pindar says (Olymp. 7, v. 47):

?a? ??? ??????a? ?as????t?? ????? s??pt? ?????,

s?????? ??a?a? ??ta?? ?? ??-

????? ????????, ?????t? ?? ?a???? ??d?a?,

t?? d? p?te ?????? ????st?? ?????e??.

'Because he (Tlepolemus) killed in wrath with a stick of the hard olive-tree Alcmena's bastard brother Licymnius, who descended from Midea's nuptial chamber and was the builder of the city.' Apollodorus (II. 8, 2) confirms this, but says that he killed him accidentally: ???p??e?? ???, ?te??a? ??? ???? ???????? t? a?t???? ??? a?t?? ?e?ape???ta p??ss??t?? ?p?d?ae, 'Tlepolemus involuntarily killed Licymnios, who approached him when he was chastising his servant with a stick.'

Eustathius (ad loc.) says that the first name of Tiryns was Haliis or Haleis, fishermen having been the first settlers on the rock; this is also confirmed by Stephanus Byzantinus (s.v. ??????). Pausanias (II. 25, 8) says that the city received its name from the hero Tiryns, a son of Argos.

[30] Paus. II. 25, 8. ?? d? te????, ? d? ???? t?? ??e?p??? ?e?peta?, ?????p?? ?? ?st?? ?????, pep???ta? d? ????? ?????, ??e??? ???? ??ast?? ????? ?? ?p? a?t?? ?d? ?? ????? ???????a? t?? ????tat?? ?p? ?e????? ??????? ????a d? e????sta? p??a? ?? ???sta a?t?? ??ast?? ?????a? t??? e?????? ?????? e??a?.

[31] ?? ?????p?a (Euripides, Orestes, 965).

[32] Cf. Ch. II. p. 28. It should also be observed that these forms of construction do not invariably denote successive steps of antiquity and the art of building. Unhewn boulders, rough quarried stones, and those which had a polygonal cleavage due to their nature, were often used for convenience by builders who were quite able to work quadrangular blocks, as is proved by walls in which the former kinds are placed above the last. See Mr. E. H. Bunbury's "Cyclopean Remains in Central Italy," in the 'Classical Museum,' 1845, vol. ii. pp. 147. seqq., and the article MURUS in Dr. Smith's 'Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.'

[33] See the margin of Plan A.

[34] Dodwell ('A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece') and Prof. Ernst Curtius (Peloponnes) consider this gallery to be a second gate, which I think impossible, as it leads straight out into the plain.

[35] Colonel Leake states ('Travels in the Morea,' Vol. II. p. 351) that the principal entrance of Tiryns is on the south side, adjacent to the south-east angle. He is right if he speaks of the present day, for there has indeed been made at that point in modern times a zigzag roadway, leading up the steep slope; but there was most decidedly no gate or entrance whatever here in ancient times.

[36] Aristotle and Theophrastus, ap. Plin. H. N. VII. 56. Pliny says that the former of these authors attributes the building of towers to the Cyclopes, the latter to the Tirynthians.

[37] Paus. IX. 36.

[38] Iliad, II. 559:—?? d? ?????? t? e???? ??????? te te?????essa?.

[39] Pind. Ol. XI. 40; Ovid, Met. VII. 410; Virgil, Æn. VII. 662.

[40] Herodot. IX. 28.

[41] Herodot. VI. 83.

[42] Paus. II. 17, 5; VIII. 27, 1.

[43] VIII. p. 373.

[44] Il. 15, 9.

[45] Apud AthenÆum, VI. 261.

[46] Theophrastus adds that, desirous to get rid of their propensity to laugh, the Tirynthians consulted the oracle at Delphi, and got the god's answer that, if they could sacrifice an ox to Poseidon and throw it into the sea, without laughing, the evil would at once cease. The Tirynthians, who feared to fail in the execution of the god's command, forbad the children to be present at the sacrifice. But one of them having heard this, and having mixed in the crowd, they cried out at him to drive him away, on which he exclaimed, "How, are you afraid that I shall upset your sacrifice?" This excited universal laughter, and they became convinced that the god intended to show them by experience that an inveterate evil custom cannot be remedied.

[47] Max MÜller, 'Essays,' II. 79.

[48] Aristot. Meteorol. I. 14.

[49] The exact depths are indicated by the proportional numbers appended to the sectional plans of the excavations in the margin of Plan A.

[50] See Nos. 2-7, and the coloured Plate A, figs. a, b.

[51] See Nos. 8-11 on p. 12, and the coloured Plate A, fig. d.

[52] To these may be added the Syrian and Phoenician Ashtoreth.

"Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns,

To whose bright image nightly, by the moon,

Phoenician virgins paid their vows and songs."—

Milton, Par. Lost, Bk. I. vv. 439-441.

[53] See note A.—"HERA BOÖPIS," at the end of this chapter.

[54] See Bunsen's 'Egypt,' Vol. I. p. 420 (Transl.).

[55] Il. III. 144.

[56] Il. VII. 10.

[57] Il. XVIII. 40.

[58] See the coloured Plate A, fig. c.

[59] Published by Dr. G. Hirschfeld ('Vasi Arcaici Ateniesi, estratto dagli Annali dell' Instituto di Corr. Archeol.,' 1872. Roma).

[60] Such as the goblet represented on p. 70, No. 83.

[61] To each object is attached a number denoting the exact depth in meters at which it was found; so e.g. 3½ M. means 3½ meters; each meter has about 3? feet. I call particular attention to this. In order to retain the precision of these numbers, and to avoid the labour and chance of error in converting them into feet and inches, a comparative table of French and English measures is prefixed to the book.

[62] See p. 13, and the coloured Plate A, fig. c.

[63] These are exactly like the whorls found at MycenÆ. See No. 15.

No. 15. Stone Whorl, found at MycenÆ. (5 M.) Actual size.

[64] Professor Max MÜller, in the 'Academy,' January 10, 1874.

[65] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 294.

[66] Ovid, Metam. V. 330.

[67] Mionnet, 'Descr. des MÉd. Ant.' pl. lxi. 6.

[68] Millingen, 'Anc. Coins of Greek Cities,' tab. ii. 12.

[69] Pausanias, II. 22, 1, 2.

[70] Plut. QuÆst. Conviv. III. 9, 2; Etym. Mag. 388, 56.

[71] Plut. Fr. DÆdal. 3.

[72] Paus. II. 17, 1.

[73] Paus. II. 4, 7.

[74] Paus. IX. 3, 4; Hesych. s. v. ??a? ?a??e???.

[75] Herod. I. 31.

[76] Lucian, Te?? ????. 3; Diod. Sic. I. 24, 25; Herod. II. 41.

[77] Æsch. Suppl. 299; Apollod. II. 1, 3—

???d????? ??a? ?as? d??t?? p?t?

??? ?e??s?a? t?d ?? ????e?? ?????,—.

[78] Creuzer, 'Symbolik,' II. 576.

[79] Prom. 573, seq. and Hygin. Fab. 145.

[80] Diod. Sic. I. 24, 25; Apollod. II. 1, 3; Hygin. 145.

[81] Herod. II. 41.

[82] Apollod. II. 1, 3; Æschyl. Prom., 585: p?? d'?? ???? t?? ??st??d???t?? ????? t?? ???a?e?a?.

[83] Paus. III. 18, 13.

[84] Eustath. ap. Dionys. Perieg. 92, 94, ?? ??? ? se???? ?at? t?? t?? ????e??? d???e?t??, on which Heyne, ad Apollod. p. 100, says: "fuisse suspicor nomen hoc caputque feminÆ cornutum symbolum LunÆ apud Argivos antiquissimum." See also Jablonsky, Panth. II. p. 4 ff.

[85] Apollod. II. 1, 1; Schol. Lykophr. 177; Schol. Apoll. Rhod. IV. 263; Steph. Byz.

[86] Euseb. Chron. Pars I. pp. 96, 127, 130, ed. Aucher; Augustin. de Civit. Dei, XVIII. 5.

[87] Diod. Sic. I. 11; Plut de Is. et Os. 52, compare c. 39; Macrob. Sat. I. 19; Ælian, Hist. Anim. X. 27.

[88] O. MÜller, Dorier, I. 121; Steph. Byz. s.v. ?????t???.

[89] Paus. IX. 19, 4.

[90] Ovid. Metam. I. 630

[91] Apollod. II. 1, 3.

[92] Panofka, 'Argos Panoptes,' tab. ii. 4; CadalvÈne, 'Recueil de MÉd. Gr.' Pl. III. 1; MÜller, 'DenkmÄler,' XXX. 132; Duc de Luynes, 'Études Numismat.' pp. 22-25.

[93] In the background is the second peak of Mount Euboea, 2000 feet high, which rises immediately south of the Acropolis of MycenÆ.

[94] II. 18. See the Sketch Map on p. 1.

[95] V. 60.

[96] II. 25, 3.

[97] ????s??. II. 15, 5; the lesser streams are not shown on the Sketch Map, p. 1.

[98] The accuracy of this name is confirmed by Pausanias, II. 17, § 2.

[99] Il. II. 287, III. 75 and 258, VI. 152, IX. 246, XV. 30, and XIX. 329. Comp. Horat. Carm. I. 7, 8, 9:—

"Plurimus in Junonis honorem

Aptum dicet equis Argos, ditesque Mycenas."

[100] II. 15.

[101] Meteorol. i. 14.

[102] Soph. Electra, 4.

[103] Paus. II. 15, 5; comp. Plato, TimÆus.

[104] Comp. Æschyl. Suppl. 250.

[105] Od. III. 263:—"??? ????e?? ?pp??t???."

[106] See the large Plate II. and Plan B of the Acropolis.

[107] See Émile Burnouf, 'La Ville et l'Acropole d'AthÈnes.'

[108] A good view of this wonderful wall is seen in the background of Plate VI., which represents the Ichnography of the tombs discovered in the Acropolis. (See Chap. V.)

[109] See Plan B., Plate III., and Nos. 21, 22 (p. 34)

[110] Soph. Electra, 1374.

[111] Schol. Eurip. Orest. 5; Apollod. iii. 5, 6; Soph. Antig. 818.

[112] Agam. 1259: ????t?? e??e???? ?p??s??.

[113] Agam. 1258.

[114] For an account of the discovery of the ground plan of the Lions' Gate and its enormous threshold, see Chapter V.

[115] See Plan C, and the cut No. 23.

[116] To ??????? ????. De Fluv. 18, 7.

[117] Troad. 1088, te??? ??Ï?a ?????p?a ??????a.

[118] Electra, 1158, ?????pe?a ??????a te???.

[119] VIII. p. 377.

[120] Iliad, I. 29-31:

t?? d' ??? ?? ??s? p??? ?? ?a? ???a? ?pe?s??

?et??? ??? ????, ?? ????eÏ, t????? p?t???,

?st?? ?p???????? ?a? ??? ????? ??t???sa?.

[121] Iliad, II. 108: p????s?? ??s??s? ?a? ????eÏ pa?t? ???sse??.

[122] Iphigenia in Aulide, 152: ?????p?? ????a?.

[123] Ibid. 265: ?????a? ?????p?a?.

[124] Ibid. 1500-1501:

?a?e?? p???sa ?e?s???,

?????p??? p???? ?e???;

[125] Iphig. Taur. 845:

?????p?de? ?st?a?, ? p?t???,

?????a f??a.

[126] Electra, 710:

pet?????? t? ?p?st??

????? ???e? ??????,

a?????, ??????, ?????a???

ste??ete a?a???? ???e??? t???????

f?sata, de?ata.

[127] Iphigenia in Aulide, 1498-1499:

?? ?? ?te? ? ?e?as??a,

?????a?a? t? ?a? ?e??p?a?.

[128] Orestes, 1246-1247:

??????de? ? f??a?,

t? p??ta ?at? ?e?as??? ?d?? ????e???.

[129] Hercules Furens, 974-944:

p??? t?? ?????a? e?? ????s?a? ??e??

?????? d??e??a? ??, ?? t? ?????p?? ???a

f?????? ?a???? ?a? t????? ???s??a

st?ept? s?d??? s??t??a???s? p????.

[130] See Plate II.

[131] Epistul. Mor. 66, 26.

[132] See Plan D.

[133] See No. 16, p. 23.

[134] All these Treasuries are indicated on Plan D.

[135] See Plate IV., "Treasury of Atreus."

[136] Thus we read in Homer (Od. VII. 84-87):

??ste ??? ?e???? a???? p??e? ?? se?????,

??a ?a?? ??e?ef?? e?a??t???? ??????????,

????e?? ?? ??? t????? ?????dat? ???a ?a? ???a,

??? ???? ?? ??d??? pe?? d? ??????? ???????.

"Like the sun or the moon beam in bright splendour, so beamed the high palace of the magnanimous AlcinoÜs; for the brazen walls extended from the threshold of the gate to the innermost part of the building; their entablature was of blue steel."

Further the palaces of the immortal gods on Olympus must have been thought to be also ornamented with brazen plates, because Homer says (Iliad, I. 426): ???? p?t? ?a???at?? d?, "To the brazen house of Jove."

We also read in Pausanias (II. 23):

????a d? ?st?? ????e???? ??a? ???a ? ?at??a??? ????d??a, ?p? a?t? d? ?? ? ?a????? ???a??, ?? ?????s??? p?te f?????? t?? ???at??? ?p???se?. ?e???a?? d? ?a?e??e? a?t?? t??a???sa? ? t??t? te ??? t? ????d??? ?st?. "In Argos there are still other remarkable objects: a subterranean vault, over which was the brazen chamber which Acrisius made for his daughter (DanaË's) prison; it was destroyed under the dominion of PerilaÜs, but the building still exists."

Further in Horace (Carm. III. 16):

"Inclusam DanaËn turris ahenea

RobustÆque fores et vigilum canum

Tristes excubiÆ munierant satis

Nocturnis ab adulteris."

"A bronze tower, solid doors, and the severe watch of the dogs, had been for the imprisoned DanaË a sufficiently strong protection against nocturnal lovers."

Another case is the temple of Athena Chalcioecus at Sparta, where King Pausanias was put to death. The name of this sanctuary can of course refer to nothing else than to the brazen plates with which the walls were decorated.

My esteemed friend, Mr. Chas. T. Newton, of the British Museum, calls my attention to Colonel Mure's article in the Rheinisches Museum, VIII. 272, in which the author states that General Gordon told him he had in his collection in Scotland fragments not only of the bronze nails, but also of the brazen plates of the Treasury of Atreus. At the same time Colonel Mure quotes the passage of Sophocles (Antigone, 944-947):

?t?a ?a? ?a??a? ???????? f??

?????a? d?a? ?? ?a???d?t??? a??a???

???pt???a d' ?? t???e? ?a??? ?ate?e????.

("The body also of DanaË endured to exchange the heavenly light against the darkness in the halls covered with brazen plates; hidden in a sepulchral chamber, she was fettered").

[137] Pausanias (ix. 38) says of this Treasury: "The Treasury of Minyas is the most wonderful edifice in Greece, and is second to no work of art abroad; it is built in the following manner: it consists of stone and has a circular form; the summit is not very pointed; it is said that the topmost stone holds together the whole building."

[138] 'A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece.'

[139] Paus. VI. 19, 1; X. 11, 1.

[140] II. 16, 6. See the passage fully quoted in the next chapter, p. 59.

[141] The reader is warned not to confound this with Veli Pasha's attempt to rifle the other Treasury, mentioned on p. 42.

[142] Horace, Epod. V. 86.

[143] From a?? (root a??), a goat.

[144] Il. II. 101.

[145] Homer, Od. III. 263-275.

[146] Od. IV. 524-535; compare I. 35; III. 234; IV. 91; IX. 387; XXIV. 20, 97.

[147] Od. I. 36.

[148] Od. III. 305-310.

[149] Welcker, Gr. Trag. I. s. 358.

[150] Il. IX. 149-154.

[151] Il. II. 569.

[152] XIII. p. 582.

[153] III. 3, 6.

[154] Paus. III. 11, 10.

[155] IX. p. 401.

[156] VIII. 5, 1.

[157] I. 12.

[158] VIII. p. 372.

[159] Herod. VII. 202.

[160] Herod. IX. 28.

[161] Paus. VII. 25, 6.

[162] XI. 65.

[163] Il. II. 569: ???t?e??? pt???e????.

[164] Il. IV. 52: ???????a ??????.

[165] Il. VII. 180: Od. III. 305: p??????s??? ???????.

[166] I. 9.

[167] VIII. p. 373.

[168] Il. II. 561.

[169] II. 16, 6.

[170] VIII. p. 368.

[171] II. 16, 6: ?e?peta? d? ??? ?t? ?a? ???a t?? pe?????? ?a? ? p???, ????te? d? ?fest??as?? a?t?: ?????p?? d? ?a? ta?ta ???a e??a? ?????s??, ?? ????t? t? te???? ?p???sa? ?? ???????. ??????? d? ?? t??? ??e?p???? ????? t? ?st? ?a?????? ?e?se?a ?a? ?t???? ?a? t?? pa?d?? ?p??a?a ????d??ata, ???a ?? ??sa???? sf?s? t?? ????t?? ?sa?. t?f?? d? ?st? ?? ?t????: e?s? d? ?a? ?s??? s?? ??a????? ?pa?????ta? ?? ????? de?p??sa? ?atef??e?se? ????s???. ??? ?? d? ?ass??d?a? ??at?? ?f?s?t??s? ?a?eda?????? ?? pe?? ????a? ??????te?: ?te??? d? ?st?? ??a??????, t? d? ?????d??t?? t?? ???????, ?a? ?e?ed??? t? a?t? ?a? ????p??, t??t??? ??? te?e?? d?d???? ?ass??d?a? fas?, ??p???? d? ?t? ??ta? ?p??at?sfa?e t??? ???e?s?? ????s???, ?a? ????t?a?: ????d? ??? s?????se? ???st?? d??t??. ????????? d? ?a? t?de ???a?e, ??d??ta ?a? St??f??? ?e??s?a? ????d? pa?da? ?? ????t?a?. ???ta???st?a d? ?t?f? ?a? ????s??? ?????? ?p?t??? t?? te?????: ??t?? d? ?p??????sa?, ???a ??a???? te a?t?? ??e?t? ?a? ?? s?? ??e??? f??e????te?.

[172] II. 17.

[173] 'Peloponnesiaca,' vol. ii. p. 365.

[174] 'A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece,' vol. ii. p. 236.

[175] 'DenkwÜrdigkeiten und Erinnerungen,' vol. ii. p. 276.

[176] 'Peloponnes,' vol. ii. pp. 411-413.

[177] XI. 65: ?a? d??e??e? ?????t?? ???? t?? ?a?? ??? ??????.

[178] Strabo, VIII. p. 372: ?ste ??? ?d? ????? e???s?es?a? t?? ?????a??? p??e??.

[179] In the engraving, No. 25, the spout is partly hidden by one of the handles.

[180] See the Plates of Mycenean Pottery, Nos. 30-78. A Vase (No. 23a) is placed, for the sake of convenience, as a tail-piece to Chapter II. p. 51.

[181] See 'Troy and its Remains,' chap. vi. pp. 103-4.

[182] See Nos. 31, 35, 41, 46, 50 and 52.

[183] See Nos. 31, 35, 50, and 52.

[184] See Nos. 41 and 48.

[185] See Nos. 33, 40, 42, 45.

[186] See Nos. 30, 43, 44.

[187] See the coloured and plain Plates of Idols; the latter containing the figures Nos. 90-110.

[188] See also the coloured Plate C, fig. m.

[189] See also the coloured Plate C, fig. l.

[190] They are like those figured under Nos. 137, 139, p. 79, and No. 165, p. 109.

[191] Il. XVIII. 558-560:—

?????e? d' ?p??e??e? ?p? d??Ï da?ta p????t?,

??? d' ?e?e?sa?te? ??a? ?fep??, a? d? ???a??e?

de?p??? ??????s??, ?e??' ??f?ta p???? p??????.

"'A little way removed, the heralds slew

A sturdy ox, and now beneath an oak

Prepared the feast; while women mixed, hard by,

White barley porridge for the labourers' meal."

LORD DERBY.

[192] Od. XIV. 76-77:—

?pt?sa? d' ??a p??ta f???? pa?????' '?d?ss?Ï

?e?' a?t??? ?e???s??? ? d' ??f?ta ?e??? p????e?.

And when he had roasted all, he brought it and put it before Ulysses, still warm

on the spits, strewn over with white flour.

[193] See my 'Ithaque, le PÉloponnÈse, Troie.'

[194] See the Vignette to this Chapter, No. 24, p. 52.

[195] As we never hear of heroic chariots with one horse, this may be an imperfect representation of two. The same remark applies to the next tombstone. See p. 86.

[196] XXIV. 190 and 267. Homer also uses pe?????a (the word only occurs in the accusative) for the wicker-basket which held the load fastened on to a cart (?a?a); and this, its original sense, may be a guide to its form in the chariot also (comp. Od. xv. 131).

[197] Il. V. 727-728:—

d?f??? d? ???s???s? ?a? ????????s?? ??s??

??t?tata?? d??a? d? pe??d???? ??t???? e?s??.

"The chariot-board on gold and silver bands

Was hung, and round it ran a double rail."

[198] My friend, Mr. W. S. W. Vaux, calls my attention to the fact that this four-spoked chariot wheel, seen also in the cut No. 120 (p. 74) and on the Mycenean intaglios hereinafter described, is characteristic of the earliest Greek coins. The early Egyptian and Ethiopian and Assyrian wheels have six spokes. The Persian AchÆmenid sculptures show chariots with eight-spoked wheels.

[199] The Greek drachma is worth about 8½d. English.

[200] This most curious enclosure will be more fully described, and the important question of its use discussed, in the following Chapter.

[201] See note on p. 83.

[202] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 36, fig. 30.

[203] The frieze, No. 153, is described, and its broad face shown on p. 140, No. 216; the fragment No. 154 is described on p. 121.

[204] See 'Troy and its Remains,' Plates xxvii-xxxi.

[205] See supplementary volume to Stuart's 'Athens.'

[206] See No. 94.

[207] See No. 106.

[208] See No. 100.

[209] See No. 101.

[210] See Nos. 90-93.

[211] See Nos. 159, 160, and the coloured Plate D, figs. n, o, p.

[212] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 294.

[213] I call particular attention to the Egyptian sepulchral paintings published by Mr. G. A. Hoskins in his 'Travels in Ethiopia and Upper Egypt,' where we see among the offerings some vases from which similar heads look out.

[214] See p. 76.

[215] See p. 75.

[216] See under No. 120, p. 74.

[217] See under No. 120, p. 74.

[218] Ibid.

[219] Also engraved under No. 120. I here again call particular attention to the fact, that the depth in which each object has been found is always marked in metres below each object in the engravings.

[220] See the Coloured Plate B, fig. g.

[221] See Nos. 83, 84, 88, pp. 70, 71.

[222] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 158.

[223] Hist. Animal. IX. 40.

[224] See Od. III. 41, 46, 50 and 63, and XXII. 9, 10, 86.

[225] ?e?p??s?f?sta?, 783.

[226] See Vignette to Chapter V. p. 118.

[227] See the Frontispiece, Plate V.

[228] See Plan E, which shows the Plan and Sections of this Treasury.

[229] See the examples grouped on the two Plates, Nos. 192-204.

[230] See No. 154, p. 98.

[231] See the Plan of the Lions' Gate, No. 22, p. 34. Comp. 'Troy and its Remains,' pp. 303, 321.

[232] Chapter IV. p. 99.

[233] See Plates VI. and VII.

[234] See Plan C and Plates VI., VII.

[235] See the cut No. 190a, p. 117.

[236] The Dithyramb was an ancient Bacchanalian performance, as early at least as Archilochus, who says "he knows how to lead off the dithyramb, the beautiful song of Dionysus, when his mind is inflamed with wine" (Frag. ap. Athen. XIV. p. 628). It seems to have been a hymn sung by one or more members of a ????, or irregular band of revellers, to the music of the flute. Arion, at Corinth, first gave a regular choral or antistrophic form to the dithyramb (Herodot. I. 24; Pindar, Olymp. XIII. 18-25). The choruses, which ordinarily consisted of fifty men or youths, danced in a ring round the altar of Dionysus. Hence they were termed cyclic choruses (??????? ?????), and dithyrambic poets were understood by the term ??????d?d?s?a???.

[237] Il. I. 58, 68, 101; II. 53, 96, 99.

[238] Oed. Tyr. 161: ???te?? ? ?????e?t' ?????? ?????? e????a ??sse?.

"Artemis who sits on the Agora's glorious circular seat."

[239] This rock has now partially fallen, in consequence of the excavation of the third and fourth tombs, which it overhangs.

[240] Orest. 919.

[241] See Appendix A.

[242] Thucyd. III. 74: t?? ????a? t?? ?? ????? t?? ??????.

[243] Paus. I. 43, § 4: ???e?t????? ??ta??a ???d??sa?, ??a sf?s?? ? taf?? t?? ????? ??t?? t?? ???e?t????? ????ta?.

[244] Paus. I. 43, § 8: ?????? d? ?st? t?f?? ?? t? ?e?a???? ?????.

[245] Paus. II. 15, § 4: ??ta??? ?st? ?? ??f??t?? t?f?? pe?? d? a?t?? ??????? ?????, ?a? ??t?? t?? pe?????? ???? ?st? d? ??a ??? ????????? ??a t?? ??f??t?? pat???.

[246] Paus. II. 15, § 2; Apollod. I. 9, § 14; III. 6, § 4; Hyg. Fab. 74; Stat. Theb. V. 296.

[247] Translation of the Odes of Pindar by F. A. Paley, M.A.

[248] Paus. V. 8, § 3; VIII. 26, § 2; Strabo, VIII. 355.

[249] See the coloured Plate C, fig. k.

[250] See No. 115.

[251] See No. 107.

[252] See No. 126, p. 76.

[253] See No. 175, p. 112.

[254] Iliad, XVIII. 478-608.

[255] Od. XIX. 224-231.

[256] Il. XI. 632-635.

[257] Like those shown under No. 126, p. 76.

[258] See Appendix B, for an ingenious suggestion as to the nature of these objects.

[259] Literally, 'a spear casting a very long shadow.'

[260] See for example, Il. XVII. 297:—

????fa??? d? pa?' a???? ???d?ae? ?? ?te????.

"And the brain ran out from the wound on the tube of the lance."

[261] Il. III. 361-362:—

??t?e?d?? d? ???ss?e??? ??f?? ??????????,

p???e? ??as??e??? ??????? f????.

"Drawing his silver-studded sword and lifting up his arm, Atreides struck the f???? off the helmet."

[262] The following passage of the Iliad, XIX. 379-383, can leave no doubt on this point:—

?? ?p? ????????? s??e?? s??a? a????? ??a?e

?a???, da?da????? pe?? d? t?????e?a? ?e??a?

??at? ??t? ??a???? ? d?, ?st?? ?? ?p??ape?

?pp????? t?????e?a? pe??sse???t? d? ??e??a?

???sea?, ?? ???a?st?? ?e? ????? ??? ?ae???.

"So shone up to the sky the glance of the beautiful artistic shield of Achilles. Lifting then up the powerful helmet, he put it on his head, and the plumed helmet glanced like a star, and the hairs of gold waved, which HephÆstus had thickly set round the cone (??f??)."

See the description of these parts of the Homeric helmets in 'Troy and its Remains,' pp. 279-281, and 334.

[263] For example, Il. I. 450:—

t??s?? d? ???s?? e???? e??et? ?e??a? ??as???.

"Loud prayed for them Chryses lifting up his hands."

[264] See Vignette to Chapter VI.

[265] Il. X. 257-259.

. . . ??? d? ?? ?????? ?efa????? ????e?

ta??e???, ??a??? te ?a? ???????, ?te ?ata?t??

?????ta?, ??eta? d? ???? ?a?e??? a?????.

"On his brows he placed

A helmet, wrought of bull's hide, without crest

Or cone, and commonly cataityx called,

Such as defends the head of blooming youths."—I. CH. WRIGHT.

[266] See No. 153, p. 98.

[267] See 'Atlas des AntiquitÉs Troyennes', Pl. 98, No. 2073.

[268] See No. 161, p. 106.

[269] Nos. 131-136, p. 79.

[270] See Chapters III. and IV., pp. 80-85, 88-90.

[271] See 'Troy and its Remains,' pp. 103-106.

[272] See Nos. 282-284, pp. 186, 188.

[273] Called in German the 'Umfangsmethode.'

[274] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 310, No. 222, where "rings" should rather have been "tubes" or "tubular rings."

[275] Ibid. p. 285, No. 199.

[276] See Vignette to this chapter.

[277] See Plan B B.

[278] All these are engraved in their actual size.

[279] See No. 142, p. 91.

[280] See Iliad, XXII. 111, ?sp?? ?fa??essa; comp. 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 324.

[281] See Iliad, III. 357; VII. 250; and in many other passages.

[282] See Iliad, XIII. 715; XIV. 428; and in other passages.

[283] See for example Il. XI. 32:—

?? d? ??et? ?f???t??, p???da?da??? ?sp?da ??????.

"Then he took the man-covering, artistically made, powerful shield."

See also all the wonders which HephÆstus wrought on the shield of Achilles, Il. XVIII. 468-608.

[284] See, for example, Il. XX. 275, and XVIII. 480.

[285] See p. 133.

[286] ?????a????? ???t??. Comp. 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 281.

[287] Il. XXII. 326.

[288] More properly the tree cricket (t?tt??, Lat. cicada, It. cigaia, Fr. cigale), of which the Athenians wore golden images in their hair, to denote their autochthonic origin. Hence it was probably the common badge of the cognate AchÆan and old Ionian races.

[289] Herodotus, III. 13, 14.

Milton alludes to this legend (Par. Lost, Bk. II.):—

"As when a gryphon through the wilderness

With winged course o'er hill or moory dale

Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stealth

Had from his wakeful custody purloined

The guarded gold."

[290] H. N. VII. 2; XXXIII. 4, 21.

[291] Apud Philostrat. Vit. Apoll. Tyan. III. 48, p. 134.

[292] 'VasengemÄlde.'

[293] Like Nos. 262, 264, 265, 266, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 303, 305, 306, and 316.

[294] Iliad, XVII. 51 and 52:—

a?at? ?? de???t? ??a? ?a??tess?? ???a?,

p????? ??, ?? ???s? te ?a?? ?????? ?sf????t?.

[295] Il. XXII. 209-213:—

????, ?te d? t? teta?t?? ?p? ???????? ?f????t?,

?a? t?te d? ???se?a pat?? ?t?ta??e t??a?ta?

?? d? ?t??e? d?? ???e ta???e??e?? ?a??t???,

t?? ?? ?????????, t?? d? ???t???? ?pp?d?????

???e d? ?ssa ?a??? ??pe d? ???t???? a?s??? ?a?,

??et? d? e?? ???da?? ??pe? d? ? F???? ??p?????.

[296] II. 16, § 6. See the passage fully quoted in Chapter III. p. 59.

[297] Odyss. XV. 460:—

???se?? ???? ????, et? d? ????t???s?? ?e?t?.

"Bringing a golden necklace set with amber."

And XVIII. 296:—

???? d? ??????? p???da?da??? a?t??' ??e??e?

???se??, ????t???s?? ?e?????, ?????? ??.

"He brought immediately to Eurymachus an artistic golden necklace, set with amber like the sun."

In both cases the plural agrees exactly with the sense of amber-beads set in a gold mounting.

The third passage, Odyss. IV. 73—

???s?? t? ????t??? te ?a? ??????? ?d? ???fa?t??—

occurs in the description of the palace of Menelaus; and here the yellow gold and amber seem placed in poetic parallelism with the white silver and ivory.

[298] Odyss. VIII. 443-445:—

??t?? ??? ?de p?a, ???? d? ?p? des?? ?????,

?t?? t?? ?a?? ?d?? d???seta?, ?pp?t? ?? a?te

e?d?s?a ?????? ?p???, ??? ?? ??? e?a???.

[299] Ib. 446-448:—

??t?? ?pe? t??? ????se p???t??? d??? ??d?sse??,

a?t??? ?p??t?e p?a, ???? d? ?p? des?? ???e?

p???????, ?? p?t? ?? d?edae f?es? p?t??a ?????.

In Od. II. 354, Telemachus, preparing for his voyage to Sparta, bids his nurse Euryclea to fill twelve amphorÆ with wine and fit them all with lids, but these would need to be very close-fitting for liquids (cf. p. 256):

??de?a d? ?p??s??, ?a? p?as?? ??s?? ?pa?ta?.

[300] See my 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 286, No. 200, p. 310, Nos. 222 and 223, and Plate XVII. Nos. 243 and 244.

[301] See Plan F for a ground plan, and view of this altar, and a section of the ground, the altar itself, and the fourth sepulchre.

[302] See Plans B, BB, C, and Plate VI.

[303] See for example Il. IX. 123, 265, XXIII. 259 and 267, XXIV. 233; Odyss. XIII. 13.

[304] See Od. I. 137, III. 440.

[305] Od. XIX. 386, 469.

[306] See Caylus, 'Recueil d'AntiquitÉs,' I. 41, pl. XI.

[307] 'AntiquitÉs du Bosphore CimmÉrien,' Planche I.; where also mention is made of a gold mask found at Olbia.

[308] Tischbein, 'Recueil de Gravures,' II. 1; where also mention is made of an iron mask from a sepulchre at Santa Agata dei Goti.

[309] See Il. VII. 219:—

??a? d? ?????e? ???e, f???? s???? ??te p?????,

????e??, ?pta?e???, ? ?? ?????? ??e te????,

s??t?t??? ??? ???st??, ???? ??? ?????a ?a????.

also XI. 485; XVII. 128.

[310] This explanation is rendered necessary by the way in which the photograph was taken. To invert the position would require complete recomposition of the light and shadows; and this has been done by our artist in the case of No. 281, on account of the importance of the object.

[311] See No. 213, p. 133.

[312] See p. 81.

[313] See my 'Atlas des AntiquitÉs Troyennes,' Plate 105, No. 2311.

[314] The photograph was unfortunately taken in such a position as to show only one of the two handles.

[315] Il. XI. 632-635:—

p?? d? d?pa? pe???a????, ? ?????e? ??? ? ?e?a???,

???se???? ????s? pepa?????? ??ata d? a?t??

t?ssa? ?sa?, d??a? de pe?e??de? ?f?? ??ast??

???se?a? ?e????t?? d?? d? ?p? p????e? ?sa?.

"She placed beside them a splendid goblet, which the old man had brought with him from home; it was studded with golden pins; it had four handles, on each of which pecked two golden pigeons; the goblet had two bottoms."

[316] 'DeipnosophistÆ,' XI. 77.

[317] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 87, No. 53, and p. 169, No. 192.

[318] With regard to these ornaments, see further Appendix C.

[319] See Nos. 282, 283, 284, pp. 186, 188.

[320] The Cut has to be viewed with the outer edge of the page downwards.

[321] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 335, Plate XIX.

[322] See Nos. 329-330, p. 218.

[323] De PythiÆ Oraculis; Op. Moral. ed. Didot, vol. i. p. 488.

[324] This name is always ?a?ss????? on the coins.

[325] QuÆst. GrÆc. p. 45.

[326] See the Vignette to Chapter III., p. 52.

[327] See 'Atlas des AntiquitÉs Troyennes,' Plate 21, Nos. 583 and 584. This explains how the nurse Euryclea fastened on the lids of the amphorÆ for Telemachus. (Hom. Odyss. ii. 354):—

??de?a d? ?p??s??, ?a? p?as?? ??s?? ?pa?ta?.

[328] See 'Troy and its Remains,' pp. 160, 208, 209, 214, 352.

[329] The two remaining buttons have similar patterns.

[330] See the engraving, No. 460, on p. 303.

[331] See, for example, Iliad XIII. 650 and 662.

[332] X. 261-265.

... ?f? d? ?? ?????? ?efa??f?? e???e?,

????? p???t??? p???s?? d? ??t?s?e? ??s??

??t?tat? ste?e??? ??t?s?e d? ?e???? ?d??te?

?????d??t?? ??? ?a?e? ???? ???a ?a? ???a

e? ?a? ?p?sta????.

"And on his brows a leathern headpiece placed

Well wrought within, with numerous straps secured,

And on the outside, with wild boar's gleaming tusks

Profusely garnished, scattered here and there

By skilful hand." Lord Derby.

[333] These ornaments of horse-trappings vividly remind us of the famous passage in the Iliad IV., 141:

?? d? ?te t?? t? ???fa?ta ???? f?????? ????

?????? ?? ??e??a pa??Ï?? ?e?a? ?pp???

?e?ta? d? ?? ?a???, p???e? t? ?? ???sa?t?

?pp?e? f???e??? as???Ï d? ?e?ta? ??a?a,

?f?te???, ??s?? ?? ?pp?, ??at??? te ??d???

"As when some Carian or MÆonian maid

With crimson dye the ivory stains, designed

To be the cheek-piece of a warrior's steed,

By many a valiant horseman coveted,

As in the house it lies, a monarch's boast,

The horse adorning, and the horseman's pride."

LORD DERBY.

[334] Il. XVIII. 346; Odyss. VIII. 435.

[335] See Edward Freiherr von Sacken, 'Das Grabfeld von Hallstatt.'

[336] XIII. 13; and XV. 84.

[337] VIII. 290; and IX. 122.

[338] XI. 700; XXIII. 264, 485, 513, 718.

[339] Il. XVIII. 373.

[340] Odyss. VIII. 434; Il. XVIII. 344.

[341] Il. XXIII. 702; XXII. 164 it is called t??p?? instead of the usual form t??p???.

[342] F?s?a??? for sf??a???, from the root sfa?. There was also a verb fas???? "to kill with the sword:" Hesych. Lex. s. v.

[343] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 332, Nos. 267 and 268.

[344] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 265.

[345] For an engraving of this sword, after cleaning, see Appendix D.

[346] See Nos. 84, 88, p. 71.

[347] No. 83, p. 70.

[348] See p. 233.

[349] See my 'Atlas des AntiquitÉs Troyennes,' Pl. 105, No. 2311.

[350] See No. 230, p. 154.

[351] See the opening scene of the Agamemnon of Æschylus.

[352] See No. 441, p. 279.

[353] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 35, No. 13; p. 106, No. 70; p. 307, No. 219.

[354] I think it my duty to state here that the ArchÆological Society in Athens has alone incurred all the trouble and expense of drugging the body so as to render it hard and solid, and raising it from the sepulchre and carrying it to the village of Charvati, and that I have had no trouble or expense from this operation.

[355] See p. 305.

[356] See p. 253.

[357] See p. 311.

[358] See 'Troy and its Remains,' pp. 330, 331.

[359] Homer's ??p?? p?t??a ????, "our lady Hera with the head of a cow;" hence "cow-faced;" and then, with large eyes like a cow, or "ox-eyed." (See Note at the end of Chapter I.)

[360] Il. III. 144.

[361] See Vignette to Chapter X., p. 333.

[362] See Vignette to this Chapter, p. 289.

[363] "There is nothing new under the sun."

[364] See 'Troy and its Remains,' Plate XXIV. Nos. 348, 350, 351.

[365] See p. 268.

[366] Owing to the ashes and smoke with which the cylinder is covered, the upper row of circles did not appear in the photograph.

[367] Described on p. 311. I call particular attention to the fact that the engraving represents the mask in only one-fifth of its actual size.

[368] Thucyd. I. 8-10.

[369] Odyss. IV. 530-535, and XI. 409-411.

[370] Æschylus, Agamemnon, 1438; Euripides, Orestes, 26.

[371] Paus. II. 16, § 6.

[372] See 'Troy and its Remains,' pp. 363-372.

[373] Iliad, XVIII. 497-508:—

?a?? d? e?? ????? ?sa? ??????? ???a d? ?e????

????e?? d?? d? ??d?e? ??e??e?? e??e?a p?????

??d??? ?p?f??????. ? ?? e??et? p??t? ?p?d???a?,

d?? p?fa?s???, ? d? ??a??et? ?d?? ???s?a??

?f? d? ??s??? ?p? ?st??? pe??a? ???s?a?.

?a?? d? ?f?t????s?? ?p?p???, ?f?? ???????

?????e? d? ??a ?a?? e??t???. ?? d? ?????te?

e?at' ?p? ?est??s? ?????? ?e?? ??? ?????,

s??pt?a d? ??????? ?? ????' ???? ?e??f?????

t??s?? ?pe?t? ??ss??, ????d?? d? d??a???.

?e?t? d? ??? ?? ess??s? d?? ???s??? t??a?ta

t? d?e? ?? et? t??s? d???? ????tata e?p??.

The translation is by Mr. Gladstone, in the Contemporary Review for February, 1874.

[374] Il. II. 788-9; VII. 345-6; where ????? is the assembly, from which the place of meeting took its name; ?????, from the verb ??e???, "assemble."

[375] Odyss. VIII. 4-7, and 16, 17:—

t??s?? d? ??e??e?? ?e??? ???? ??????????

fa????? ??????d?, ? sf?? pa?? ???s? t?t??t?.

?????te? d? ?a????? ?p? ?est??s? ?????s?

p??s???? . . . . . . .

?a?pa???? d? ?p???t? ??t?? ????a? te ?a? ?d?a?

????????.

[376] Odyss. VI. 266-7:—

???a d? t? sf? ?????, ?a??? ??s?d???? ?f??,

??t??s?? ??ess? ?at?????es?? ??a???a.

[377] Odyss. IX. 112:—t??s?? d? ??t? ????a? ????f???? ??d? ?e?ste?, "But they have neither assemblies for council nor laws"—each ruling apart in his own family.

[378] Iphig. Taur. 845; Iphig. Aul. 152 and 1498-1499; Hercul. Furens, 944; Orest. 1246-47; Troad, 1088; Electra, 710-712 and 1158. See Chapter II., pp. 37-38.

[379] Elect. 615: te????? ?? ????? ??t?? ??d?? ?? s??????.

[380] Orest. 919: ???????? ?st? ??????? ??a???? ??????.

[381] Orest. 871-3:

??? d? ????? ste?????ta ?a? ??ss??t? ???a?

?? fas? p??t?? ?a??a?? ????pt? d??a?

d?d??t? ?????sa? ?a?? e?? ?????? ?d?a?.

[382] Chapter III., p. 63.

[383] Paus. III. 19, § 6.

[384] Il. VI. 413-419:—

... ??d? ?? ?st? pat?? ?a? p?t??a ?t??.

?t?? ??? pat??? ??? ?p??ta?e d??? ??????e??,

?? d? p???? p??se? ??????? e??a?et??sa?,

T??? ???p????? ?at? d? ??ta?e? ??et???a

??d? ?? ??e?????e? se?ssat? ??? t??e ????

???? ??a ?? ?at???e s?? ??tes? da?da????s??,

?d? ?p? s?? ??ee?.

[385] Odyss. XI. 72-76:—

? ? ???a?t??, ??apt??, ??? ?p??e? ?ata?e?pe??

??sf?s?e??, ? t?? t? ?e?? ???a ????a??

???? e ?a??e?a? s?? te??es??, ?ssa ?? ?st??,

s?a t? ?? ?e?a?, p????? ?p? ???? ?a??ss??.

"Do not leave me behind, unwept for, unburied, when you go away, lest I should become the cause of the wrath of the gods against thee; but burn me with all the arms which belong to me, and erect over me a mound on the shore of the hoary sea."

[386] Soph. Ajax, 555:—

t? d? ???a te??? ????? ??? te???eta?.

"My other weapons shall be buried together with me."

[387] Agam. 1552-1554:

... p??? ???

??appese?, ??t?a?e, ?e?? ?a? ?ata????e?

??? ?p? ??a???? t?? ?? ??????.

[388] Il., XIX. 301-302:

?? ?fat? (???s???) ??a?????? ?p? d? ste?a???t? ???a??e?,

??t?????? p??fas??, sf?? d? a?t?? ??de? ???st?.

[389] ChoËph. 430-3:

p??t??e ?te?, da?a?? ?? ??f??a??

??e? p???t?? ??a?t?,

??e? d? pe????t??

?t??? ?a?????t?? ??d?a ???a?.

[390] Ibid. 479:

p?te?, t??p??s?? ?? t??a??????? ?a???.

[391] Electra, 444:

?f? ?? ?a??? ?t???, ?ste d?se???,

?as?a??s??.

[392] Troad, 446:

? ?a??? ?a??? taf?se? ???t??, ??? ?? ?e??.

[393] Elect. 894: t??? d? ?p? ???? t?de ????ss? pat??.

[394] II. 21-28.

[395] I. 187.

[396] IV. 22, 23.

[397] From an account of the Tomb at Palestrina in the Times, February 17, 1877.

[398] See Plan G. Tomb south of the Agora.

[399] See p. 233.

[400] See Nos. 334, 335, p. 223.

[401] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 36.

[402] Il. XVIII. 483-489:—

"There he wrought earth, sea, and heaven,

There he set th' unwearying sun,

And the waxing moon, and stars that

Crown the blue vault every one;

Pleiads, Hyads, strong Orion,

Arctos, hight to boot the Wain.

He upon Orion waiting,

Only he of all the train

Shunning still the baths of ocean

Wheels and wheels his round again."

From Mr. Gladstone's translation of the "Shield of Achilles" in the Contemporary Review, Feb. 1874; vol. xxiii. p. 337, New Series.

[403] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 36.

[404] The spot where the jewels were found is marked by the letter (a), both on the plan and section (Plan G).

[405] This mistake seems to have been noted by critics of an early date, for both Sophocles and Euripides mention and distinguish the two cities, though they seem to confuse the inhabitants. I was unable, when on the spot, to make out the picture suggested at the opening of Sophocles' Electra, which seems, as it were, drawn on the spot, but is more probably a fancy sketch. But MycenÆ is very prominent in it. Sophocles even wrote a play called ?????ata?.

[406] Of course they need not have come directly from MycenÆ, but may have been exiles, who came together under the name of their old city.

[407] According to Sayce, who has carefully studied the fragments of Ephorus, these and certain other indications prove that Diodorus has almost copied his relation literally from that of Ephorus, and that he has only reproduced a large part of what Ephorus wrote.

[408] Lord Derby's translation.

[409] Except the body (No. 454, p. 297), and a few diagrams and new drawings of objects, besides the Plans.

[410] See 'Troy and its Remains,' p. 361.

Transcriber notes:

P. ix. 'of building Posejdonian', changed 'Posejdonian' to 'Poseidonian'.

P. xxxi. 'two o:' is 'two or', changed.

P. 38. footnote 4. numbers '974-944' apparently incorrect. Leaving error.

P. 98. 'GrÆco-Phenician' changed to 'GrÆco-Phoenician'.

P. 177. Footnote for Herodotus, III. 13, 14. added.

P. 198. 'recal to our', changed 'recal' to 'recall'.

P. 205. Added footnote number to [298] footnotes: "...in the black ship."

P. 234. 'at Mycenae", changed to 'at MycenÆ'.

P. 286. 'of a a light yellow', taken out extra 'a'.

Fixed various punctuation.

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