  Aarschot, 273 Acquapendente, xx. 5, 151, 171 Aepinus, Johannes, 39, 249 Affenstein, Ritter Wolf von, 246 Agricola, Johannes, 246 Aix-la-Chapelle, 19, 254, 255 Albrecht, Duke of Mecklenburg, 63, 64, 72, 80, 107, 231 Alexander III., 96 Algau, 192, 221 Alpinus, Johannes, 12 Alsace, 223 Alsen, Island of, 63 Altenkirchen, 40 Altenkuke, Heinrich, 187 Altingk, Johannes, 45, 46 Alva, Duke of, 216, 218 Amandus, Dr. Johannes, xv., 20 Ammeister, 264 Amsterdam, 3 Anclam, 1 Ancona, xx. 146, 147 Anelam, 46 Anglus, Dr. Antonius, 95 Anhault, xii. 48 Annales Pomeraniae, 79, 82, 89 Antwerp, xxiii. 4, 85, 268, 270 Appeal to the Christian Nobility, xi. Arndts, 331, 332 Arnsburg, 97 Arras, Bishop of, 222, 224, 249, 277, 291, 292 Ascagne, Count St. Florian, 150 Artopaeus, Herr Petrus, 263 Augsburg, xiii., xxii., 111, 176, 177, 195, 212, 215-230, 239, 244-249, 252, 253, 257, 263, 264, 292 Augustus, Duke, 228 Babylonish captivity, The, xi. Baden, 195, 255 Badenweiler, 120 Balhorn, 103 Bamberg, 208, 209 Barbarossa, 245 Baremann, Nicholas, 69 Barns, xx. Barnes, 95, 96, 103 Barth, 4 Basle, xxiii., 223, 263 Bavaria, Duke Albert of, 228, 233, 246 Becker, Peter, 263 Belbuck, 11, 13 Benter, 196 Ber, 308 Berckmann, Johannes, 28, 54, 79, 82, 83, 85, 89, 278, 320 Bergen, 330, 333 Berkentin, 50 Berlin, 190, 199 BensanÇon, 224 Besserer, George, 246 Beuter, 203 Biberach, 227 Bilder aus der Deutschen Kulturgeschichte, 228 Bischof, 43 Bitterfeld, 201, 202 Blumenow, Johannes, 82, 84, 85, 88 Bole, Victor, 34 Bogislaw X., Duke, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18 Boineburg, Ritter Conrad von, 241 Bois le Duc, 267 Boldewan, Abbot, 11, 13 Bologna, 160, 165, 166, 171, 173, 179, 291 Bolte, Nicholas, 75 Bonus, Herrman, 39 Bonnus, 40 Botzen, 176, 177 Brabant, 255 Brandenburg, xxiii., 9, 196, 205, 226, 306 Brandenburg-the-Old, 202 Brassanus, Matthias, 40, 42 Bremen, Christopher, Bishop of, 80 Brenner, xx. Brettheim, 125 Brixen, 176, 177 Broecker, Jacob, 97 Bruchsall, 122 Brunswick, Duke Henry of, 137, 138, 210, 228 Brunswick-Luneberg, xii. Bruser, Hermann, 49, 51, 53, 54, 103 Bruser, Leveling, 94 Bruser, Mrs. xviii., xix. Brussels, xxiii., 227, 230, 255, 267, 270, 273 Buchow, BartholomÄi, 19 Buchow, Heindrich, 268 Bugenhagen, Johannes, 11 Bukow, 51 Bunsaw, Gaspard, 35, 285, 298 Bunsow, Dame, 288 Bunsow, Johannes, 287, 288 Burgrave of Mesnia, 182 Burenius Arnoldus, xvii., 96 Burn, Count Maximilian, 269 Burnet, Bishop, x. Burtenbach, Captain Schaerthin von, 176 Burwitz, Joachim, 54 Buss, Valentine, 56 Butzbach, 131, 132, 260 Calvin, 249, 265 Camerarius, 169 Cammin, 261, 291, 333, 334, 246 Bishop of, 226, 266, 293, 294 Cannstadt, 178 Capito Daniel, 263 Carin, 319 Carlowitz, Christopher, 195, 196, 230, 235, 248, 252 Carmelites, 250 Cassel, 132 Cassules, 93 Castle of St. Angelo, 159 Cellini, Benvenuto, xx. Charlemagne, 254, 255 Charles V., xii., xiii., xxii., 9, 161, 177, 197, 220, 235, 267, 146, 97 Citzewitz, Jacob, 187, 188, 189, 200, 215, 225, 227, 236, 257, 262, 279, 281, 283, 293, 299, 314, 319, 321 Citzewitz, James, xxii. Classen, Bernard, 7, 8 Clerike, Jacob, 299 Cleves, Anne of, 96 Cleves, Duchy of, 263, Coburg, 206, 209 Colburg, 99, 226 Cologne, 225, 270, 271 Compestella, 19 Constance, 234 Copenhagen, 39, 80 Cosmographie, Munster's, 262, 264 Damitz, Captain Moritz, 191, 193, 236, 237, 238 Danquart, 98 Dantzig, 7, 22, 257 De Anima, xvii. Dechow, Captain, 318, 319 Denmark, King of, 228 Deux Fonts, Prince, 195 Devonne, 208 Dialectica Caesarii, 99 Dick, Dr. Leopold, 107 DÜren, 113 Dinnies, Laurence, 187 Domitz, Maurice, 128 Donat, 31 Donauwerth, 216, 217 Dorpat, Bishop of, 98 Drache, Anthony, 313 Droege, Gerard, 19, 89 Duitz, Gaspard, 268, 269, 270 Eck, Dr., 17, 246 Eger, 191 Eichstedt, Valentin, 78, 314 Einfriedlaw, 19 Eisleben, 166, 246 Elbe, 200, 217 Eldenow, 306 Emek Habakha, 143 Engelhardt, Dr. Simeon, 51, 108, 111, 117, 120, 121, 127, 250, 260, 261 Engeln, 48 Epitome Annalium Pomerania, 79 Erasmus, Desiderius, 264 Erckhorst, Cyriacus, 49, 55 Erfurt, 103 Ernest, Margrave, 120, 123, 125, 282 Esslingen, 122 Faber, 169 Fachs, Dr., 246 Falck, Chancellor, 273 Falcke, Dr., 190 Falsterbo, 70, 99 Farnese, Peter Aloys, 160 Fasti, Ovid's, 99 Ferrara, 173, 174 Ferdinand, King, 119, 177, 180, 182, 191, 196, 204 Florence, 172 Franconia, 206 Frankfurt, 130, 138, 178, 247, 254, 259, 262, 286 Frederick, III., Duke, xxii., 210, 211, 212 Frederick, King of Denmark, 61, 207 Freder, Johannes, 277 Freedom of a Christian Man, xi. Frese, Widow, 15 Friesland, 133 Fribourg, 131, 208, 260 Friedrich, Johannes, 193, 197 Frobose, Peter, 5, 7, 281 Frock, Otto, 12 Froment, 16 Frubose, Matthew, 285 Furstenburg, Count Wilhelm, 239, 240 Gadebusch, 100 Gantzkendorf, 319, 320 Garpenhagen, 100 Gatzkow, Abraham, 198 Gelhaar, Joachim, 43, 59, 102 Geneva, 16, 265 Gentzkow, Dr. Nicholas, 86, 300, 302, 303, 313, 326, 329 Ghent, 267 Goeslin, Margaret, 237 Gotha, 104 Gottschalk, Heinrich, 299 Grammatica Bonni, 40 Granvelle, Cardinal, xxiii. Greiffenberg, 266 Greifswald, xi. xvii., xix., xxiv., 2, 5-7, 20-31, 33, 35, 39, 46, 48, 93, 98, 99, 110, 197, 235, 281, 282, 285, 287, 288, 297, 302, 306, 310, 313-317, 324-338 Grellen, Barber, 83 Gribou, 2 Grosse, Alexis, 278 Gruwel, Peter, 288, 298 GruyÈre, Count Michael de, 207 Grynaeus, Simon, 168, 169 Guelderland, 113 Gutzkow, Count, 65, 93 Hahn, Werner, 201, 202 Halle, xxii., 201, 206 Hamburg, 3, 26, 65 Hannemann, 99 Hartmann, Brand, 329 George, 24, 25, 26, 29, 329 Hase, Dr. Heinrich, 195, 246 Hausen, Erasmus, 187, 188 Hawthorne, xx. Heidelberg, 114, 169, 260 Heidelsheim, 122 Heimsdorff, 195 Heindrich, Duke, 80, 207 Heinrichmann, Dr., 246 Helfmann, Johannes, 261 Henry II. of France, xiv. Henry VIII., 95 Hentzer, 264 Heine Vogel, 270 Hertogenbosch, 267 Herwig, Christian, 86 Hesiod, 53 Hesse, Philip of, xii. Hildebrand, Nicholas, 86 Hirnheim, Johannes Walther von, 237 Hochberg, 120 Hochel, Dr. Johannes, 106 Holde, Dr. Conrad, 247 Holme, Johannes, 66 Holste, 315, 316 Holstein, Duke Christian, 62, 66, 79 Homedes, Jean de, 130 Horns, the family of, 1, 2 Hose, Dr. Christopher, 116, 117, 119 Hovisch, Michael, 318, 319 Hoyer, Dr. Gaspard, 149, 150, 155, 164, 165, 176, 186 Hundfruck, 260 Hutten, Ulrich, von, 24 Ingoldstadt, 224 Innspruck, 177 Itinerarium Germanicae, 264 Juliers, Duke of, 111, 270 Kalen, George von, 316 Kalen, J. von, 314 Kalte, Johannes, 267 Kantzow, Thomas, 78 Kasskow, Master, 68 Kempe, George, 12 Kempten, 141, 142, 221, 175 Ketelhot, Christian, xvi., 11, 12, 13, 20, 23 King Arthur, 21 Kirchschwarz, 24 Kismann, 99 Klatteville, Peter, 81, 82 Kloche, Johannes, 49, 69 Krugge, Nicholas, 86, 303 Knipstrow, Dr. xxii., 22, 23, 34,48, 187, 302 Koenigstein, 132 Krahow, Valerius, 235 Krossen, Johannes, 81 Krou, Frau, 38 Kruse, 23, 65 Kurcke, Johannes, 11 Kussow, Michael, 93 Labbun, Christopher, 187 Lagebusch, Johannes, 100, 101, 102 Lanckin, Christopher von der, 321, 322 Landau, 250, 261 Landshut, 178 Lasky, Stanislas, 228, 245 Leipzig, 17, 45, 107, 192, 248, 252, 258, 321 Lepper, Hermann, 100, 101, 102 Lepusculus, 235, 264, 265 Lertmeritz, 191, 192, 193 Leveling, 49, 55, 56 Lezen, Johannes von, 246 Lickow, 329 Liegnitz, xxii. Lievetzow, 309 Lingensis, Heinrich, 96, 97, 98 Livonia, 13 Lloytz, The, of Stettin, 261 Loewe, Nicholas, 87 Loewenstein, Christopher von, 130, 133, 135, 138 Loewenhagen, Joachim, 99 Lorbeer, Christopher, 12, 19, 20, 41, 50, 55, 67, 71-74, 79, 85, 88, 93, 324, 326-328, 334 Loretto, xx., 149 Lorraine, Dowager of, 228 Louvain, 267, 270 Lubeck, xvii., xix., 3, 4, 26, 39, 40, 48, 50-52, 61-63, 66, 71, 72, 77, 80, 95, 100, 103, 128, 165, 297, 303 Lubbeke, 48 Ludwig, Duke Ernest, 89 Lake, Constance, 227 LÜhe Von der, 313 Luther, Martin, xi.-xvii., 9, 14, 17, 18, 78, 94, 96, 103, 135, 152, 166, 200, 228, 250, 278 Madrid, 224 Madrutz, Gandenz von, 246, 271 Maestricht, 254 Magdeburg, xiii., 192 Malines, 270 Manlius, 169 Mantel, Jacob, 244 Mantua, 173, 174, 175 Marburg, xii., 133 Marforio, 227 Marie, FrÄulein, of Saxony, 78 Maries, The three, 57, 58 Marquardt, Johannes, 195, 222, 224, 226 Marschmann, 86 Mattzan, Berendt, 320, 321 Maurice, Duke, 195, 200, 231, 235 Mauritz, 177 Maximilian, Archduke, 119, 204, 231 Mayence, 128, 130, 132, 139, 141, 254, 260, 271 Mecklenburg, 51, 71, 79, 95, 96, 100, 115, 299 Meisisch, Leonard, 40 Meiseburg, 246 Memmingen, 221 Melanchthon, Philip, xvi., xvii., 104, 106, 248, 298 Mesnia, 258 Mense, 267 Mey, Bernard, 261 Meyer, Christopher, 6, 7 Meyer, Gerard, 81 Meyer, Hermann, 12, 19 Meyer, Marx, 62-67, 81 Middleburgh, C. 304, 305 Milan, 149, 175, 176 Moller, Rolof, xv., 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 19, 20, 31, 61, 85, 87, 91 Moller, George, 85 Monkwitz, Von, 216 Montefiascone, 171 Montfort, Count Hugo von, 246 Moritz, Joachim, 298, 299, 306, 313, 333, 334 Mount Scarperia, 173 Muggenwald, 302 Muhlberg, xxii., 188, 193, 194, 195 Muleg Hassan, King of Tunis, 245 Munich, 252 Munster, Sebastian, 262, 263, 264, 265 Musculus, 235 Muthrin, 257 Nares, 195 Naumberg, 206 Naumberg, Duke of, 228 Naves, Seigneur Jean, 116 Negendanck, 309, 310 Nering, Nicholas, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 Nerung, 299 New Camp, 225 Neuenkirchen, 25 Nicholas, 165, 175, 176, 177 Niederweisel, 130, 131, 132, 260 Niemann, Johannes, 277, 278 Nordgau, 227 Nordhauser, 183 Normann, George, 33, 235, 253, 254, 256 Nuremburg, 9, 14, 18, 155, 181, 209, 211, 223 Octavius, Duke, 160, 168 Offices, Cicero's, 97 Offing, 108 Oppenheim, 130, 254, 260 Ornans, 224 Oseborn, Zabel, 10, 321 Osnaburgh, 39 Osten, 2, 299 Ostiglia, 174 Ovid, 99 Palatine, Count, 195 Pappenheim, Marshal von, 229 Parow, Christian, 82, 83 Pasewalk, 315 Pasquin, 227 Paul III., Pope, 150, 175 Petrus, 147, 148, 165, 169, 175 Pflug, Gaspard, 191, 192 Pforzheim, xix., 120, 122, 126, 127, 140 Philip, Duke, 78, 99, 190, 195, 260, 290, 298, 301, 318, 322, 330 Philip I., 17, 272 Philip V. of Spain, 233 Picht, Dr., 306 Place Moland, 16 Plate Simon, 235-238 Plawe, 181 PÔ, 173, 174 Poland, King of, 228 Pomerania, xii., xv., 3, 17, 28, 122, 145, 146, 151, 189, 200, 226, 238, 260 Pomeranus, 11 Portius, Dr. Johannes, 261 Praecepta Grammaticae, 40 Prestor, John, 220 Prien, V., 299 Prussia, Duke of, 278 Pritze, Joachim, 69 Puddegla, 315 Putkammer, Dr., 190 Putten, 44 Quilow, Johannes Osten von, 2 Ranke, 196 Rantzau, Count Johannes, 63, 64 Rantzin, 1, 3 Rantzow, Joachim 69, 74 Ratisbon, 178, 180, 233, 247 Rau, Balthazar, 298 Ravenna, 147 Reiffstock, Dr. Frederick, 106, 107, 108, 109 Reinburg, 327 Rheinfeld, 228 Rheinhausen, 122 Rhodes, 130, 131 Ribbenitz, 97, 102 Richter, 232 Rhode, Nicholas, 19, 49, 51, 52, 55 Roetteln, 120 Roevershagen, 36 Rode, Nicholas, 73, 74 Rome, 28, 147, 175, 178, 222, 269 Rostock, xvii., 19, 36, 37, 50, 61, 71, 85, 95, 96, 97, 100, 128, 300, 301, 303, 313 Rosse, Martin van, 113 Rotterdam, 264 Rubricken, Bock, xxiv., 10 Rugen, 33, 34, 93, 321, 330 Runge, 23, 302 Rust, Joachim, 187, 188 Sachsen, 197 St. Angelo, Governor of, 160 St. Brigitta, 16, 27, 164 St. Flore, Cardinal, Count de, 150, 164, 186 St. Simon, Duke, 233 St. Alrich, 218 Saluces, Marquis de, 196, 245 Salzburg, 247 Sandow, 23 Sansenberg, 120 Sarow, 319 Sastrow, Amnistia, 299 Sastrow, Nicholas, xvi., xvii., xviii., 94, 116 Saxony, Duke of, 78 Schaerlini, 223 Schenck, Dr. Jacob, 106 Schermer, Frau, 14 Schladenteuffel, Nicholas, 303 Schlackenwerth, 191 Schlemm, 307, 308 Schlieben, Eustacius, 246 Schmalkalden, League of, 182, 188, 190, 197, 234, 269 Schwallenberg, 290, 292 Schoenfeld, Johannes, 319, 322, 324, 335, 336 Schorsow, 299 Schwede, Bailiff, 10, 15 Schwabe, Bartholomew, 226, 266 Schwallenberger, Dr., 267, 279, 280, 281, 283 Schwarte, Matthew, 288 Schwartz, Arndt, 149 Schwartzenberg, 310, 312 Schwartz, Dr. Peter, 297 Schwendi, Lazarus von, 223 Schwendi, Lazarus, 242, 243, 245 Schwenkfeld, Gaspard von, 108 Schwerin, Marshal Ulrich, 293, 314 Seld, Dr. George Sigismund, 195, 222, 224, 246 Selneccerus, 169 Senckestack, Johannes, 69 Sickermann, Heindrich, 12 Siena, Virgo, 172 Sievershausen, 196, 232 Silesia, 108, 191, 207 Sitten, Nanz von, 128 Sixtus IV., Pope, 156, 157 Skramon, Admiral Peter, 64 Sleidan, 188, 196, 203, 219, 234, 239, 240, 241 Smalkald, xxi., xxii. Smeker, H., 309, 310, 311, 312 Smiterlow, Anna, xvi. Smiterlow, George, 40, 43, 89,91 Solms, Count Reinhard, 241 Sonnenberg, Nicholas, 56, 84, 101 Speckin, Martin, 297 Spires, xii., xix., xxiii., 9, 52, 103, 105, 106, 108, 111, 114, 116, 120, 125-129, 140, 178, 230, 250, 251, 254, 260, 262, 266, 271, 273, 279, 282, 301, 307, 310, 312 Stargurdt, 214 Stainbruck, 64 Steinkiller, 333 Steinwer, Canon Hippolytus, 12, 30 Sterzing, 177 Stettin, 16, 17, 35, 103, 190, 253, 257, 266, 267, 273, 279, 282, 289, 290, 314 Stiten, Franz von, 98, 138 Storentin, Frau, 99 Stochkolm, 54 Stolpe, 13, 265, 273, 281, 290 Stralsund, xv., xvi.-xix., xxiv., 3, 5, 7, 9, 11-28, 40, 43, 45, 50, 52, 54, 61, 66, 71, 72, 77, 82, 87, 96, 100, 102, 110, 190, 197, 214, 235, 268, 277, 286, 287, 295, 302, 303, 314, 322, 328, 330, 333-337 Stranck, Anna, 58, 59 Strasburg, 108, 123, 223, 233, 246, 263 StroÏentin, Dr. Valentin, 24-26 Stubenitz, Forest of, 330 Sturm, Jacob, 233, 234, 235, 246 Suave, Peter, 11 Suavenius, Petrus, 228 Svendsburg, 64 Swabia, 108, 120, 178, 192, 221 Tauber, Dr., 292, 293 Telchow, Simon, 306, 307 Terence, xvii. Testenhagen, 325 Thomas, Wolf, 244 Thun, Peter, 307, 308 Tollenstein, 65 Torgau, 193, 197, 217 Torrentius, 31 Trent, xx., 175, 176, 177, 245, 268, 271 Trepstow, 11, 266 Treuenbrietzen, 200 Treves, Elector of, 19 Truchess, Prelate Otto, 116 Tulliver, sen., Mr., x. Tunis, King of, 245 Ulm, 108, 111, 178, 246, 253 Ulrich, Duke, 143 Upsal, Archbishop of, 22 UkermÜnde, Geo. von, 11, 12, 128, 236, 289, 290 Valentine, 188, 213 Valley of Tears, 143 Venice, 175, 269 Verona, 175, 176 Virgil, 174 Vischer, L., 15, 19 Viterbo, 168 Vogelsberg, Sebastian, 223, 239-245 Vogt, Johannes, 100 Voss, Jacob, 320 Walde, Dr. B. von, 299, 314, 321 Wallenstein, xii. Walter, Anthony, 99 Wardenburg, Zutfeld, 12, 26 Wedel, George von, 205, 207, 210, 222 Weingarten, AbbÉ von, 228, 246 Weinleben, Chancellor, 198 Welch, 241 Welfius, Heinrich, xvii. Welsers, 216 Wessels, Franz, 12, 19, 27 Westphalia, xiii., 256 Wetteran, 131 Wetzlar, 12 Weitmulen, Sebastian von, 191 Wezer, Martin, 226, 253, 261, 267, 290-293 Willemberg, Castle of, 200 Willershagen, 101 Wismar, 51, 61, 71, 72, 303 Wissemberg, 223, 227, 240, 242 Wittenberg, xvi., 6, 11, 14, 17, 18, 40, 95, 103, 188, 193, 194, 197, 202, 222, 224, 245, 248, 292 Wolde, Canon von, 293 Wolder, Simon, 266, 281 Wolfenbuttel, 65 Wolff, Frau, 39 Wolgang, 228 Wolgast, xxii., 17, 40, 47, 86, 187, 190, 199, 205, 256, 257, 289, 290, 292, 300, 306, 314, 317, 319, 333 Worms, 9, 116, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 133, 139, 228, 230, 250, 251, 260 Wulflam, Wulf, 56 Wullenweber, George, xvii., 5, 61-66, 71, 79, 80, 190, 192 Wurzburg, Bishop of, 106, 246 Wustenfeld, 309, 311 Wustenhausen, 316 Zell, 122, 254 Ziegesar, 39 Ziegler, 267 Zigler, Dr. Louis, 254 Zittau, 191 Zober, 54 Zwingli, xii.
FOOTNOTES:Footnote 1: At the beginning of the sixteenth century the monetary unit in Pomerania was the golden florin, which within a fraction was equivalent to the Rhenish florin and represented eight francs, sixty-five centimes, regard being had to the fact that the value of silver compared to that of gold was a third more than to-day. The golden florin was divided into forty-eight schellings (not shillings), sixteen of which constituted a mark; the schelling again was divided into twelve pfenning. The schelling of Hamburg and of Lubeck were worth double that of Stralsund.--Translator. Footnote 2: House property was classified in three categories: dwelling houses (HÄuser), shops (Buden), which were very light constructions set apart for trade or for accommodating strangers, and cellars (Keller), or places below the level of the ground floor. The scale of house-tax was for booths, stalls or shops half, for cellars a quarter of that due for dwelling-houses. A census of 1554 gives for Stralsund 559 houses, 1,133 booths or shops, and 535 cellars; of which numbers 30 dwelling houses, 39 booths and 38 cellars are not tenanted. To these figures must be added for the faubourgs or beyond the gates 239 tenements of lesser importance. On the site of the house in Huns' Street stands or stood a few years ago the Hotel Jarmer. An inscription on its frontage recalls the birth of Jeremy Sastrow. According to a competent etymological authority, the name of the Hunnenstrasse in Greifswald has not the faintest connexion with the Huns, but is simply a Low German corruption of Hundestrasse, Platea Canum, like in Lubeck and in Barth. In the latter town the thoroughfare thus designated was the locale of the Prince's pack of hounds.--Translator. Footnote 3: Nicholas Smiterlow, who was councillor in 1507 and burgomaster in 1516, enacted an important part at Stralsund at a period when the political influence of that city spread far beyond its walls. Events pleaded loudly in favour of the resolute and prudent burgomaster against his adventurous adversary, George Wullenweber. In spite of his dislike to popular agitation, Smiterlow was "one of the first and best upholders of the Reformation," if we are to believe the evidence of a chronicler of the sixteenth century. He died in July, 1539. Hailing originally from Greifswald, he had got married at Stralsund in 1498. The Smiterlows, Schmiterlows, or Smiterloews interpreted their name in the sense of "Smiters of Lions." Their arms represented a man wielding a club and a lion by his side. It was said that during the Crusades their ancestor had laid low one of those animals with the blow of a club.--Translator. Footnote 4: It was the custom to give a present to a relative or to a friend as a contribution to the furnishing of his house.--Translator. Footnote 5: When Sastrow became secretary of Stralsund he took care to collect, under the title of "Rubrikenbuch" all the documents relating to the privileges and property of the city; a collection which proved useful to the magistrates in office and which is of interest to-day as a contribution to the local history.--Translator. Footnote 6: The ancient monastery of Belbuck, near Treptow on the Rega, became, under Abbot Boldewan, a nursery of learning. From thence came George von UkermÜnde, who was the first to preach the reformed doctrine at Stralsund; the impassioned preacher Kurcke or Kureke; Ketelhot, born in 1492, died in 1546, whom the chronicler Berckmann calls the "Apostle of Stralsund and the founder of the holy doctrine"; Peter Suave, the pioneer of the Reformation in Denmark and Holstein; and finally, Johannes Bugenhagen, famous under the name of Pomeranus, born in 1485, died in 1558, pastor at Wittemberg since 1523, the author of the first historical work on Pomerania, the translator of the Bible into Low-German, and the veritable organizer of Protestantism into those northern regions. Duke Bogislaw X, displeased with the spirit that prevailed at Belbuck, suppressed that institution in 1523; the dispersion of the monks only resulted in the prompter diffusion of the new doctrines. The chronology of the history of the Reformation at Stralsund remained uncertain up to 1859, in which year the archives of the Imperial Chamber, forgotten at Wetzlar, brought to light the documents in connexion with the lawsuit brought by Canon Hippolytus Steinwer against Stralsund, in order to despoil the city of certain revenues and privileges. The principal dates may be fixed as follows: 1522.--First conflict of the city with the Catholic clergy who refuse to be taxed; Zutfeld Wardenburg, administrator of the diocese, flies to Rome. 1523 or end of 1522.--Arrival of the first reformed monks and preachers, George Kempe, Heindrich Sichermann, George von UkermÜnde. 1524.--First preachings of Ketelhot (at Easter), and of Kurcke on St. Michael's Day. 1525.--The Monday after Palm Sunday (April 10), the churches and convents are invaded; suppression of Catholic worship. 1525.--The Sunday after All Saints' (November 5), official recognition of the Reformation through the promulgation of the ecclesiastical and scholastic ordinances of Johannes Alpinus. With regard to political events the confusion was the same. Otho Frock, the recent historian of Pomerania, made it his business to apply the remedy, and the following are the results arrived at. 1524, from May to June.--Installation of the Forty-Eight; voluntary exile of Smiterlow. 1525, January.--Frustrated attempt of Smiterlow to return to Stralsund with the support of the Hanseatic towns. 1525 (probably April 15).--Riotous election of Rolof Moller and Christopher Lorbeer as burgomasters, of Franz Wessel, Hermann Meyer and six other partisans of the Reformation as councillors. 1525 (at St. John).--Entry into Stralsund of Dukes George and Barnim; the rendering of homage and confirmation of privileges. 1527 (July 24?).--Rolof Moller leaves Stralsund, and on August 1 or 5 Smiterlow returns. 1529.--Return and death of Rolof Moller.--Translator. Footnote 7: There are various versions of the origin of this famous tumult. According to some documents the servant's mistress was a widow named Frese, who lived in the old market.--Translator. Footnote 8: The fishmonger's bench or stall of Vischer reminds one of that of the reformer Froment, preaching on the Place Molard at Geneva, just as the departure of the nuns of St. Brigitta, at Stralsund, reminds one, though not quite so seriously, of the flitting from Geneva of the Sisters of Santa Clara.--Translator. Footnote 9: In the ducal House of Pomerania the law of succession admitted all the sons indistinctly to the throne. They reigned in common, but if an understanding was impossible, the county was divided between them. In 1478 the whole of Pomerania was united under the sceptre of Bogislaw X. At the death of this able prince, which took place in 1523, Dukes George and Barnim wielded power conjointly, in spite of their utterly opposed sentiments. George remained faithful to the old belief; Barnim, on the other hand, proceeded to the university of Wittemberg, and in 1519 had accompanied Luther to Leipzig when he was disputing with Eck. The honour accrued to Barnim in his capacity of rector, a dignity seldom conferred upon a student. George died in 1531, leaving an only son, Philippe. The division of Pomerania long desired by Barnim occurred the following year. Barnim's chance gave him Eastern Pomerania as far as the Swine, and with Stettin as a residence. To his nephew, Philip I, fell Western Pomerania, of which Wolgast became once more the capital. That agreement, concluded for ten years, was renewed in 1541, and its effects were prolonged until 1625, at which date there was a new reunion under Bogislaw XIV, of the Stettin branch, who died in 1637, the last of the House. The franchises of Stralsund, in fact, were so extensive as to reduce the authority of the princes to a mere nominal rule. The bond between them only consisted of a kind of perfunctory rendering of homage and the payment of a small tribute, the amount of which had been fixed once for all. The suzerain only entered the city after a notice of three months. In 1525, with the political and religious crisis at its height, the rendering of homage was preceded by protracted negotiations. No safe-conduct, though delivered by the prince, was valid at Stralsund unless it was countersigned by the council. The city exercised its jurisdiction not only within its walls, but in its exterior domains. Though exempt from military obligations as far as the reigning dukes were concerned, the city imposed compulsory service both by sea and by land on its citizens. It had the power to conclude treaties and was its sole arbiter with regard to peace or war. These privileges were preserved by Stralsund during the whole of the sixteenth century, in spite of the decline of the Hanseatic bond.--Translator. Footnote 10: Franz Wessel, born at Stralsund, September 30, 1487, died May 19, 1570, was the son of a brewer of the Lange Strasse. At a very early age--when scarcely more than twelve--he embraced a commercial career and made long stays in foreign countries, besides pilgrimages to TrÈves, Aix-la-Chapelle, Einfriedlaw, and St. James of Compostella. In 1516 he was back at Stralsund, and was one of the most energetic and first promoters of the Reformation. Councillor in 1524, burgomaster in 1541, he played a scarcely less important political part. Wessel is the author of a curious piece of writing on divine worship at Stralsund at the period of papistry. The very year of his death, Gerard Droege, who had been brought up in his house, published his biography at Rostock.--Translator. Footnote 11: Christopher Lorbeer, who was councillor in 1507, burgomaster in 1524, and who died in 1555, belonged to a much respected family of Stralsund and enjoyed great consideration there.--Translator. Footnote 12: According to tradition King Arthur or Artus, chief of the Knights of the Round Table, lived in the sixth century. He and his companions had devoted themselves to the recovery of the Holy Grail. Arthur himself is supposed to have conquered Sweden and Norway. On the other hand, the historian Johannes Magnus, Archbishop of Upsal, who died in 1554, mentions a Swedish Arthur famed for his doughty deeds, and he adds: "Even in our days, there exist in certain towns along the Baltic, for instance at Dantzig and Stralsund, houses, domus Arthi, on which the term illustrious has been bestowed; it is there that the notables foregather for the relaxation of their minds, as if it were a kind of school of the highest courtesy and amenity." Hence in the trading cities of the north the magnificent structures set apart for public and private rejoicings, as well as for commercial transactions, were intimately bound up with the tradition of a legendary hero. If I am not mistaken, only one of those buildings still remains, namely, the Artushof of Dantzig, which does duty as an exchange, and the ancient halls of which were the scene of the interview of the German Emperor and the Czar in September, 1881. The local chroniclers assert that the Artushof of Stralsund was built with the ransom of Duke Eric of Saxony, taken prisoner by the city troops in 1316 The great fire of June 12, 1680, completely destroyed it. On its site stands the official residence of the military governor of the place. When near his end Ketelhot expressed his regret at having, at that period of his scant resources, too eagerly accepted the burgher's hospitality. Johannes Knipstro (Knypstro or Knipstrow), born May 1, 1497, at Sandow in the March, was at first a Franciscan monk. He and Ketelhot are considered as the most active propagators of the Reformation at Stralsund. But for the earnings of his wife, it is said, he would have been compelled to beg his bread, his salary being too small to keep body and soul together. She was an erewhile nun, and provided for both with her needle. Knipstro became superintendent-general at Wolgast in 1535, and professor of theology at Greifswald. He died October 4, 1556.--Translator. Footnote 13: Doctor and ducal councillor Valentin StroÏentin was the friend of Ulrich von Hutten. Bugenhagen dedicated his Pomerania to him. He died in 1539. Footnote 14: Johannes Aepinus (in German Hoeck or Hoch, high), was born in 1499 at Ziegesar in the Urich, and died in 1553 superintendent at Hamburg, where he had discharged the ministry since 1529. Aepinus laboured hard at ecclesiastical and scholastic reform. Many writings, especially against the Interim, came from his pen.--Translator. Footnote 15: Hermann Bonnus, born in 1504, near Osnaburgh; he preached the new doctrine at Greifswald, Stralsund and Copenhagen, and died on February 12, 1548, superintendent at Lubeck, a post which had been confided to him in 1531. Bonnus has written a chronicle of Lubeck.--Translator. Footnote 16: Nicholas Gentzkow, doctor of law, born December 6, 1502, the son of a shoemaker, according to the annalist Berckmann, and deceased February 24, 1576, was elected burgomaster of Stralsund in 1555. He, nevertheless, remained syndic, that is, legal adviser to the city, just as, after his admission to the council, Sastrow continued his functions of protonotary, or first secretary. Sastrow, who had many disagreements with Gentzkow, as, in fact, with others, succeeded him in the dignity of burgomaster. Gentzkow left a diary of which Zober published extracts in 1870.--Translator. Footnote 17: Wulf Wulflam, the head of the patricians of Stralsund, and illustrious in virtue of his warlike exploits, treated on a footing of equality with the crowned heads of the fourteenth century.--Translator. Footnote 18: The same story is related of the Schwerin family at Lubeck.--Translator. Footnote 19: A jocular allusion to the three Maries of Bethany, viz., the mother of James the Minor and sister of the Virgin; the mother of the Apostles James and John, and Mary of Magdala.--Translator. Footnote 20: The dean of the Drapers had precedence of the deans of all the other corporations; in all the ceremonies he came immediately after the council.--Translator. Footnote 21: George Wullenweber was born about 1492, probably at Hamburg. When the political and religious struggle broke out at Lubeck, he was settled there as a merchant, and he distinguished himself by being in the front rank clamouring for changes. At the end of February, 1533, he was elected councillor and afterwards burgomaster. From that moment the whole of his attempts tended in the direction of the restoration of the commercial monopoly the Hanseatic cities had so long possessed on the shores of the Baltic. The aim was to close those ports to the Dutch merchant navy, and to cause the influence of Lubeck to prevail in the three Scandinavian kingdoms. In the spring of 1533, Lubeck made up its mind to come to close quarters with the Dutch, those detested rivals. A well-equipped fleet stood out to sea; the erewhile landsknecht, Marcus Meyer, who began by being a blacksmith at Hamburg, and had married the rich widow of a burgomaster, assumed the command of the mercenaries. The others had, however, been forewarned, and only some unimportant captures were made. Meyer, after having confiscated English merchandize found on board of the captured craft, made the mistake of landing on the English coast to revictual; he was arrested for piracy and taken to London. By a whim of Henry VIII, jealous of the power of the Netherlands and of Charles V, Marx Meyer, instead of being put to death, received a knighthood and immediately served as an intermediary between the king and Wullenweber in the more or less serious negotiations they started. This first campaign had cost much, and its issue was not very profitable. The Dutch fleet had got some good prizes, and pillaged on the Schonen (Swedish) coast some of the factories belonging to the Hanseatic combination. The complaints of the traders themselves became general. Was the war to be pursued? A diet foregathered at Hamburg in March, 1534, in order to come to an understanding. Wullenweber was received with universal recrimination; his haughty attitude drew from the Stralsund delegate the famous and prophetic reminder recorded by Sastrow a few pages further on. The proud burgomaster left the place at the end of a few days, angry and embittered at heart; in spite of this, an armistice of four years was signed: Naturally, Wullenweber felt it incumbent to retrieve this check. The elective throne of Denmark had become vacant through the death of Frederick I of Holstein: His son, Christian III, was unfavourably disposed towards the Hanseatic cities. Under those circumstances Wullenweber hit upon the idea of the candidature of Christian II, who had been deposed and afterwards confined to the castle of Sunderburg in the island of Alsen. A condottiere of high birth, Christopher of Oldenburg, accepted the chief command of the expedition. But the bold burgomaster, not satisfied with the restoration of Christian II., offered to Duke Albrecht of Mecklenburg the crown of Sweden at that time borne by Gustavus Wasa. That monarch had committed the blunder of not showing himself sufficiently grateful for the aid lent to him by Lubeck in days gone by. The beginnings of the campaign were successful. Copenhagen opened even its doors to the Count of Oldenburg. Christian III, however, had secured an able captain in Count Johannes Rantzau, who, leaving the enemy to carry on his devastations in Sealand, boldly came to invest Lubeck, inflicted a bloody defeat on Marx Meyer and captured eight vessels of war. Wullenweber understood that it was time to make concessions; his partners retired from the councils, and on November 18, 1534, the very curious convention with Rantzau was concluded at Stockeldorf by which the Lubeckers were left free to continue warring in Denmark in favour of Christian II, but bound themselves to cease hostilities in Holstein. The candidates for the Danish throne increased. Albrecht of Mecklenburg and even Count Christopher laid more and more stress upon their pretensions; Wullenweber, in order to conciliate the Emperor, put forward at the eleventh hour the name of a personage agreeable to the House of Hapsburg, namely, Count Palatine Frederick, the son-in-law of Christian II. The war went on with Christian III, whose cause Gustavus Wasa had espoused. Marx Meyer fell into the hands of the enemy; left prisoner on parole, he broke his pledge, made himself master of the very castle of Warburg that had been assigned to him as a residence, and his barbaric and cruel incursions terrified the country all round. The naval battle of Borholm on June 9, 1535, was not productive of a decisive result, a storm having dispersed the opposing fleets, but on June 11 Johannes Rantzau scored a victory on land in Denmark; and finally, on June 16, at Svendsburg, the Lubeck fleet fell without firing a shot into the hands of Admiral Peter Skramon. Added to all these catastrophes, Lubeck was threatened with being put outside the pale of the Empire; the game was evidently lost. Nevertheless peace with Christian III was only signed on February 14, 1536. Marx Meyer, after a splendid defence, surrendered Warburg, on the condition of his retiring with the honours of war; in spite of their promise, the Danes tried and executed him together with his brother on June 17, 1536. On July 28 of the same year Copenhagen capitulated, after having sustained a twelve months' investment, aggravated by famine. Christian III gave their liberty to Duke Albrecht of Mecklenburg and to Count Christopher, although he inflicted repeated humiliations on the latter. As for the Duke, the adventure left him crestfallen for a long while. At Lubeck the men of the old regime obtained power once more, Wullenweber having resigned towards the end of August, 1535. In the beginning of October, while crossing the territory of the Archbishop of Bremen, the brother of his enemy, Duke Heinrich the Younger, of Brunswick, he was arrested, taken to the castle of Rothenburg, and put on the rack as a traitor, an anabaptist and a malefactor. After which he was transferred to the castle of StainbrÜck, between Brunswick and Hildesheim, and flung into a narrow dungeon, where to this day the following inscription records the event: "Here George Wullenweber suffered, 1536-1537." Finally, on September 24, a court of aldermen summoned at Tollenstein, near WolfenbÜttel, by Heindrich of Brunswick, sentenced the wretched man to suffer death by the sword, a sentence which was carried out immediately, the executioner quartering the body and putting it on the wheel. Such was the deplorable end of the man whose ambition had dreamt the political and commercial domination of his country in the north of Europe. According to a sailor's ditty of old, "The people of Lubeck are regretting every day the demise of Master George Wullenweber." The historian Waitz has devoted three volumes to the career of the famous burgomaster; the purely literary men and dramatic authors, Kruse and Gutzkow, have also seized upon this dramatic figure.--Translator. Footnote 22: Under the name of Wends, the Sclavs settled on the shores of the Baltic, engaged in maritime traffic, and became the founders of the Hanseatic League. In the sixteenth century the kernel of that confederation still consisted of the group of the six Wendish cities: "Lubeck the chief one, Hamburg, Luneburg, Rostock, Stralsund and Wismar."--Translator. Footnote 23: The Hanseatic League had established its most important factories, and above all for the herring traffic, in Schonen; enormous fairs were being held there from the beginning of July to the end of November. The centre of all this commerce was Falsterbo, at the extreme southwest of Sweden.--Translator. Footnote 24: Valentin Eichstedt died in 1600 as Chancellor of Wolgast. He wrote the life of Duke Philip I, an Epitome Annalium Pomerania and Annales Pomeraniae. Johannes Berckmann, a former monk of the order of St. Augustine, and preacher, an eye-witness of the scenes of the Reformation at Stralsund, is the author of a chronicle of that city which was published in 1833 by Mohnike and Gober. Sastrow has now and again borrowed from him for events anterior to his personal recollections; he nevertheless rarely misses an opportunity of attacking his fellow-worker in history. This may have been due to hatred of the popular party and perhaps to professional jealousy, apart from the fact of Berckmann being more favourable to his patron Christopher Lorbeer than to Burgomaster Nicholas Smiterlow. Born about the end of the fifteenth century, Berckmann died in 1560.--Translator. Footnote 25: Robert Barnes, chaplain to Henry VIII, and sent by the latter to Wittemberg in order to consult the theologians on the subject of Henry's divorce from Catherine of Arragon. At his return to London he showed so much zeal for the new faith that Henry sent him to the Tower. He recanted in order to recover his freedom; then overwhelmed with remorse fled to Wittemberg and stayed there several years with Bugenhagen under the name of Dr. Antonius Anglus. Henry VIII, after his rupture with the Pope, reinstated Barnes as his chaplain and entrusted him with the negotiations of his marriage with Anne of Cleves; but when the divorce took place, Barnes was brought before Parliament and was burned July 30, 1540. He wrote the lives of the Roman pontiffs from St. Peter to Alexander III.--Translator. Footnote 26: Arnold BÜren, the son of a peasant, took his name from the hamlet of BÜren, in Westphalia, in the neighbourhood of which he was born, in 1484. He spent fifteen years at Wittemberg with Luther and Melanchthon. The latter recommended him to the Duke of Mecklenburg, Henry the Pacific, as a tutor to his son Magnus, who was reported to be the most learned prince of his times. To BÜren belongs the credit of having restored the prestige of the University of Rostock, seriously impaired by the pest and by the troubles of the Reformation. He died on September 16, 1566. His tomb is in St. Mary's, at Rostock; among the scutcheons adorning it are the Genevese key and eagle.--Translator. Footnote 27: The herring fishery and the brewing industry gave a great importance to the coopers' guild, which was moreover protected against foreign competition by ancient enactments.--Translator. Footnote 28: Gaspard von Schwenkfeld, born in 1490 at the castle of Offing, in Silesia, died at Ulm in 1561. Entered into holy orders, he reproached Luther with restoring the reign of literal interpretation and with neglecting the spirit. Banished from Silesia as a fanatic, he made his way to Southern Germany, and stayed at Strasburg, Augsburg, Spires and Ulm. For some time he seemed to incline towards the Anabaptists, but soon parted from them to found a particular sect. He taught that God reveals Himself in direct communication to every man, and that regeneration is accomplished by the spiritual life and not by outward means of grace. His profound conviction and great piety gained him many adherents, notably in Swabia and Silesia. A colony of his persecuted disciples settled in Philadelphia, U.S.--Translator. Footnote 29: At the head of the bands recruited by the Duke of Cleves and the King of Denmark, Martin van Rosse, or von Rossheim, acting in concert with the French troops, had ravaged Brabant. Not only did the Duke of Cleves retain Guelderland, on which Charles V pretended to have claims, but he continued his intrigues with France and Denmark. To put an end to these, Charles, in 1543, got together 35,000 men, Spaniards, Italians and Germans, and proceeded down the Rhine. The fortified place of DÜren having been carried by assault, the Duke considered himself lucky to be able to conclude a peace which only cost him Guelderland, and Martin van Rosse took service once more with the Emperor.--Translator. Footnote 30: Sastrow has the whole of the grant of poet laureate, with the full description of the arms conferred. In reality it was not a patent of nobility in the proper significance of the term.--Translator. Footnote 31: Les especes enlevÉes, il renferma la bourse et le fou de s'Écrier: "Monseigneur, appelez votre coquin de prÊtre (il ne le calumnioit point) qu'on le taille À son tour. Votre Grace sait qu'il a engrossÉ une fille de Butzbach." On suspendit derriÈre le poÊle les angelots cousus dans un sachet. Footnote 32: Duke Henry of Brunswick endeavoured to hold his own against the Protestant princes, but in 1545, abandoned by the mercenaries, he was compelled to surrender to the Landgrave Philip of Hesse.--Translator. Footnote 33: On the subject of the child Simeon, the following may be read with interest in the martyrology of the Israelites, entitled Emek Habakha, or The Valley of Tears (published by Julian SÉe, 1881): "At that period (1475), a scoundrel named Enzo, of Trent, in Italy, killed a child of two years old with the name of Simeon and flung it secretly into a pond, not far from the house of the Jew Samuel without any one having seen the deed. Immediately, as usual, the Jews were accused of it. At the order of the bishop their houses were entered into; the child, of course, was not found, and everybody went back to his home. The body was found afterwards. The bishop, after having had it examined on the spot itself, ordered the arrest of all the Jews, who were harassed and tortured to such a degree as to confess to a thing which had never entered their mind. Only one among them, a very old man, named Moses, refused to avow this signal falsehood and died under his torture. May the Lord reward him according to his piety." Two Christians, learned and versed in the law came from Padua to judge for themselves. The wrath of the inhabitants of Trent was kindled against them and they were nearly killed. The bishop condemned the Jews, heaped bitterness upon them, tortured them with red-hot pincers, finally burned them, and their guiltless souls ascended to heaven. He subsequently took possession of all their property as he had intended, and filled his cellars with spoil. The child was already reported as admitted among the saints, and was supposed to perform miracles. The bishop disseminated the announcement of it throughout all the provinces, crowds rushed to see, and they did not come empty-handed. All the people of that country began to show great hatred to the Jews in the spots where they resided, and ceased to speak peacefully to them. Meanwhile, the bishop having asked the pope to canonize the child, considering that it was among the saints, the pope sent one of his cardinals with the title of legate to examine the affair more closely, and the latter did not fail before long to discover that it was nothing but an imposture and fancy. He also wished to see the corpse; the corpse was embalmed. Thereupon the cardinal began to jeer; he declared in the presence of the people that it was nothing but sheer deception. The people, however, became furious against him; he was obliged to flee and to take refuge in a neighbouring town. When there he sent for all the documents relating to the avowals of the unfortunate Jews and the measures taken against them, had the servant of the scoundrel who killed the child arrested, and the latter declared that the crime had been committed by order of the bishop in order to ruin the Jews. The cardinal took the servant with him to Rome, gave an account of his mission to the pope, who refused to canonize the child as the bishop kept asking him. The child was only "beatified," but up to the present (1540) it has not been "canonized." Still, it was canonized in 1588, and its "day" is celebrated with great pomp at Trent on March 24.--Translator. Footnote 34: Ascagne, Count of St. Florian and Cardinal, was the son of Constance Farnese, daughter of Pope Paul III.--Translator. Footnote 35: Duke Octavius was the son of Peter-Aloys FarnÉse.--Translator. Footnote 36: This epicure was prelate of Augsburg, Johannes Fugger, who in reality travelled for the sole purpose of getting a knowledge of the different vintages. His servant had the following words cut on his tombstone: "Est, Est, Est et propter nimium Est; dominus meus mortuus est." The defunct left a legacy to empty so many bottles of wine on his grave once a year, a ceremony replaced nowadays by a distribution of bread to the poor. The wine of Montefiascone owes its name of Est, Est, Est to this adventure.--Translator. Footnote 37: The famous Captain Schaertlin von Burtenbach had received the command of the Protestant forces, among which figured the contingents of Ulm and Augsburg: The successful night-surprise against the fortress of Ehrenberg-Klause marks the beginning of the war of Schmalkalden. From that moment Schaertlin, having become master of the passages of the Tyrol, could stop the reinforcements despatched from Italy to the emperor; he could descend into the plain and drive away the Council of Trent. The citizens of Augsburg, though, being anxious for the safety of their own town, pressed him to come back. "He obeyed, racked," says one of his own companions, "by the same despair that Hannibal felt when recalled from Italy by Carthage." The taking of the same fortress by Mauritz of Saxony in 1552 compelled Charles V to leave Innspruck in hot haste.--Translator. Footnote 38: Here follows a very unsavoury passage, showing the lamentable want of cleanliness even among the educated middle classes in the sixteenth century throughout Europe, for the particulars given by Sastrow did not apply to Germany only.--Translator. Footnote 39: It is not the final dissolution brought about by the defeat of MÜhlberg. A passage from Sleidan explains the league of Schmalkalden at the end of 1546. "The embassies of the Protestants, which were not agreed, foregathered with the hope of being enabled to deliberate more efficiently. But inasmuch as the 'Allied of the Religion' gave no help, and the confederates of Luneburg and Pomerania did not assist in anything, inasmuch as the other States and towns of Saxony were most sparing with their subsidies, as there came nothing from France, and the army dwindled down day by day because the soldiers took their discharge on account of the season and other discomforts, it was proposed to adopt one of three measures: to give battle, to retire and put the soldiers into winter quarters, or to make peace. The discussion resulted in a hint to make peace. But because the emperor, who was aware of the state of things through his spies, proposed too onerous conditions, it was decided to take the whole of the army into Saxony. In consequence of all this, the war was by no means successfully conducted."--Translator. Footnote 40: Gaspard Pflug, the chief of the Protestant party in Bohemia, must not be mistaken for Julius Pflug, Bishop of Naumburg, one of the three men who drew up "the Interim."--Translator. Footnote 41: Sastrow gives only one specimen, but I cannot reproduce it.--Translator. Footnote 42: After the victory of MÜhlberg, the imperial army went to lay siege to Wittenberg, which finally capitulated at the advice of Johannes Friedrich of Sachsen himself.--Translator. Footnote 43: The jurist, George Sigismund Seld, born in 1516, the son of a goldsmith at Augsburg, had become vice-chancellor at the death of Nares. His deputies were Johannes Marquardt of Baden, and Heinrich Hase, formerly counsellor to the Count Palatine and the Prince of Deux-Ponts. Seld died in 1565.--Translator. Footnote 44: Christopher von Carlowitz, born at Heimsdorff, near Dresden, on December 7, 1507, died on January 8, 1578. He was the able counsellor of the valiant but changeable Maurice of Saxony, who, as is well known, deserted the Protestant side for that of the emperor, and was rewarded with the electoral dignity of which his kinsman and neighbour Johannes-Friedrich was deprived. A few years later, Maurice, at the head of the vanquished of MÜhlberg, recommenced the struggle against the emperor, and in 1552 imposed upon that monarch the peace of Passau. In July 1553 Maurice met with a glorious death on the battlefield of Sievershausen, where the Margrave of Brandenburg suffered a defeat.--Translator. Footnote 45: It was at Ingoldstadt that the challenge of the Protestant princes was presented to Charles V. by a young squire, accompanied by a trumpeter. The emperor simply sent word to the two messengers that he granted them a safe-conduct; as for those by whom they were sent, he should know how to deal with them. That is the modern version of Ranke. According to Sastrow there were two challenges and he gives them both. The first was brought to Landshut by a gentleman accompanied by a trumpeter. Charles refused to receive him. The second is that of Ingoldstadt, and is posterior by three weeks to the other. It was presented on September 2. "This missive," adds Sastrow, "has been the cause of all the great ills that have befallen Germany, and I verily believe that wishing to chastise the German nation for her sins, God allowed it to be written with infernal ink. Neither Sleidan nor Beuter mentions it; it seems to me that there was an attempt to garble or altogether to suppress it."--Translator. Footnote 46: Sastrow had no easy task for his diplomatic beginnings: Charles V had gained the crushing victory of MÜhlberg over the German Protestants on April 24, 1547; the League of Schmalkalden had ceased to exist; its chiefs, the Elector Johannes-Friedrich of Sachsen and the Landgrave of Hesse, Philip the Magnanimous, were both prisoners. Though they were members of that league since 1536, the Dukes of Pomerania had, it is true, observed a neutral attitude during the latter years; nevertheless, the emperor's resentment inspired them, not without reason, with great fear. Preparations for defence commenced everywhere; Greifswald and Stralsund strengthened and increased their fortifications. Finally, the dukes obtained their pardon, in consideration of humiliating excuses, the acceptance of the Interim, and the payment of a large contribution, towards which Stralsund contributed 10,000 florins.--Translator. Footnote 47: The Duke Frederick III von Liegnitz in Silesia, born in 1520, had become reigning duke in 1547. His ill-regulated conduct caused him to be called "the Extravagant." Finally, the Emperor ordered him to be deposed. Frederick III, who died in 1570, spent the last six years of his life dependent upon private charity at the castle of Liegnitz. Heindrich XI, his son and successor, followed his example in every respect. Far distant from Silesia, in a mountainous region of Switzerland, there lived at that period another offshoot of an illustrious princely house, namely, Count Michael de GruyÈre, who, the last of his race, was soon compelled to abandon to his creditors even the manor of his ancestors By a curious coincidence the two incorrigible spendthrifts met at the French court and became, it appears intimately acquainted, for the noble Silesian paid a visit to the French noble in 1551 at his seat at Devonne, near Geneva. It would be impossible to conceive a better matched couple. Michael, finding his guest to be suffering from fever caused by a fall from his horse at Lyons, took him to the Castle of GruyÈre. True to his custom, Frederick soon asked for a loan, and obtained a big sum which the count himself had borrowed. When it came to repayment they fell out; there was a lawsuit at Friburg, and the Duke, ordered to refund, gave some jewels as security, which, after all, were not redeemed. A letter from the Countess de GruyÈre says, in fact, that Count Michael, holding several precious stones of great beauty, having belonged to the Duke von Liegnitz, has pledged part of them with the lords of Lucerne and another part with various people of Friburg. An innkeeper of that town with whom the prince had lodged put a distraint on certain jewels and other objects. Frederick succeeded in leaving the country, as usual, without paying.--Translator. Footnote 48: Those who refused to Charles V the title of Emperor Called him Charles of Ghent.--Translator. Footnote 49: Lazarus von Schwendi was born in 1525. After a brilliant university career at Basle and Strasburg, he entered the service of Charles V, who employed him both in warfare and in diplomatic negotiations. It was he who was ordered to arrest, at Wissemburg, Sebastian Vogelsberg, who, in spite of the Emperor's prohibition, had taken service with France, and was relentlessly executed as an example to Schaerlin and other Protestant captains who had taken refuge at the court of the king. Schwendi became a member of the Imperial Council for German Affairs. He went through all the campaigns in Germany, the Low Countries and Hungary. In 1564 he was appointed general-in-chief against the Turks. He retired to Alsace, and died there in May, 1583, bequeathing to Strasburg ten thousand florins for poor students.--Translator. Footnote 50: Nicholas Perrenot de Granvelle, born at Ornans (Doubs) in 1486, died at Augsburg in 1550. He was the most influential minister of Charles V. His son, Anthony, who was born at BesanÇon in 1517, inherited the paternal omnipotence. Appointed Bishop of Arras at twenty-three years of age, he died a cardinal at Madrid in 1586.--Translator. Footnote 51: These "Portuguese" golden coins were pieces of mark and often served as presents.--Translator. Footnote 52: Margrave Albrecht of Brandenburg-Culmbach, nicknamed Alcibiades, was born in 1522 and died in 1555. These two princes were fated to oppose each other in 1553 at Sievershausen, where Maurice, though victorious, perished. He had been ordered to reduce Albrecht to order, as the latter continued to trouble the peace of the Empire.--Translator. Footnote 53: "Truc" was a kind of game of skill, not unlike billiards, but more like bagatelle. There is a reproduction from an ancient picture of a "truc" board in Richter's Bilder aus der Deutschen Kulturgeschichte, vol. ii. p. 385.--Translator. Footnote 54: At a grand ball at the court of Philip V of Spain, the Duke de Saint Simon saw nearly two centuries later the ladies seated on the carpet covering the floor of one of the reception rooms.--Translator. Footnote 55: Jacob Sturm, of Sturmeck, the great magistrate and reformer of Strasburg, "the ornament of the German nobility," and who undertook not less than ninety-one missions between 1525 and 1552. He was born at Strasburg in 1489, and died therein 1553.--Translator. Footnote 56: Of all the towns of Upper Germany Constance was the last to submit to the emperor. On August 6, 1548, it was suddenly placed without the ban of the Empire, and on the same day a contingent of Spaniards endeavoured to take it by force. Though surprised, the inhabitants took up arms. The enemy, already master of the advanced part of the town, made for the bridge over the Rhine, and it was feared that they would enter pell-mell with the retreating defenders. At that critical moment, a burgher who was hard pressed by two Spaniards, performed an act of heroism; he took hold of his adversaries, and recommending his soul to God, dragged them into the stream with him, giving his townsmen time to close the gates. Constance escaped for the nonce, but, after having vainly waited for help, it had to capitulate on the following October 14.--Translator. Footnote 57: Sastrow's portrait is wanting in the collection of portraits of the burgomasters of Stralsund. The passage above suggests Sastrow's likeness to Jacob Sturm.--Translator. Footnote 58: The "Interim" was the document drawn up by Charles V in 1548, which, until the decision of a general Church Convocation, was to guide both Catholics and Protestants, which document was disliked by both.--Translator. Footnote 59: Johannes Walther von Hirnheim belonged to an old knightly family and had no children by his wife Margaret Goeslin.--Translator. Footnote 60: In 1548, after the promulgation of the "Interim," Melanchthon and some other theologians proposed a modus vivendi which was called the "Leipzig Interim." They accepted the jurisdiction of bishops, confirmation and last unction, fasts and feasts, even those of the Corpus Domini, and nearly the whole of the ancient Canon of the Mass. All this, according to them, was so much adiophora, in other words, things of no importance, to submit to which was perfectly permissible for the sake of the unity and peace of the Church. This concession, which was considered as a sign of weakness by many, caused an animated polemical strife.--Translator. Footnote 61: The Lloytz were the richest merchants of Stettin. They went bankrupt in 1572 for twenty "tuns" of gold, i.e. for 280,000 pounds sterling. Half a century later the council of Stettin still attributed the bad state of business to that failure.--Translator. Footnote 62: The letter of the celebrated geographer is in Latin and reads as follows: "I received thy letter dated from Spires January 22, together with a large bundle of manuscripts and maps coming from Pomerania. The ducal chancellor Citzewitz when I saw him promised me those documents before Christmas without fail. We even waited for another month, and nothing having come, we proceeded with our work. The same thing happened with the Duchy of Cleves. In the one case as in the other, I decline all responsibility, for in both I gave the rulers of those countries ample notice. Herr Petrus Artopaeus asks me to send thee the map of Pomerania, which he dispatched to me from Augsburg two years ago. I comply with his wish; thou no doubt knowest what to do with it. At the Frankfurt fair I shall write to the Chancellor of Pomerania; I am too busy to do so at present: We are printing the last sheets of the Cosmographiae; the printer must be ready to offer this costly work for sale at the next fair, and it must be illustrated with a number of figures. Among the things sent from Pomerania, I have found the drawing of a big black fish with an explanation which I detach from it in order for thee to copy it clearly, for I have my doubts about the word 'Braunfisch' (if I have read aright), and even stronger doubts with regard to the English and Spanish. I shall feel obliged by thy writing me those names more distinctly and to send them to me at the Easter vacation by one of the many merchants from Basle who pass through Spires on their return from the fair. Meanwhile, I wish thee good health! Basle, Wednesday after Riminiscere (the second Sunday in Lent)." The printer of the Cosmographie was H. Petri. Artopaeus points out the theologian Peter Becker as the author of the description of Pomerania largely consulted by MÜnster.--Translator. Footnote 63: A very ancient custom obliged the Ammeister, or first magistrate of Strasburg, regularly to take his two meals per day during his year of office at the expense of the city, at "The Lantern," unless he preferred the stewpans patronized by his own tribe. The table was open to every one willing to pay the fixed price. "Ad istum prandium omnibus et incolis et peregrinis pro certo pretio accedere licet," says the Itinerarium Germaniae of Hentzer, who visited Strasburg in 1599. Seven years later a gentleman from the March mentions also in his journal the Ammeisterstube (the Ammeister's room), where the Ammeister and two Stadmeister take their daily meals. Everybody is free to go in and to be served by paying. Each tribe (set) has its particular stewpan. What becomes of the Ammeister's usual haunt when the Ammeister is a member of that particular tribe? Nevertheless, the establishment mostly patronized is that of the Grain Market, which is conveniently situated. Among other strictly observed formalities are the blessing and the grace, announced by the rapping with a wand, and the proceedings are always opened by a reminder of the submission due to the authorities. The custom no doubt had its origin in the provisions for public order which induced the magistrates of Geneva to close all the taverns in 1546. They were replaced by five so-called abbeys, each having at its head one of the four syndics or their lieutenant; but after a few weeks, this reform, the idea of which had been brought, perhaps, from Strasburg by Calvin had to be abandoned. The Ammeister for 1570 being too feeble to eat twice a day at the expense of the city, the supper was suppressed. It would appear, however, that the magistrates "forgot themselves" at table, for the Council of Fifteen made an order in 1585 obliging the Ammeister to be at the Town Hall at one o'clock. "The magistrates too often only appeared at the Senate and at the chancellerie between three and four o'clock," says a chronicler. Apparently the order did not remedy the evil, as in 1627 it was decided to do away with the ancient institution.--Translator. Footnote 64: An allusion to the thief whose execution Sastrow saw in Rome.--Translator. Footnote 65: The bishopric of Cammin had been secularized; the importance of the debate bore wholly upon the revenues.--Translator. Footnote 66: This son, who became a doctor of law and who died in 1593 without issue, had a very hasty temper. On one occasion he drew his sword at a sitting of the Council whither his father had sent him to present a document. On another occasion he shook the hall by violently striking the magisterial bench with his fist, while his father kept saying: "Gently, Johannes, gently."--Translator. Footnote 67: It is to his two daughters Catherine and Amnistia, and to his two sons-in-law Heinrich Gottschalk and Jacob Clerike, and to their children, that Sastrow has dedicated his Memoirs, his son being already dead.--Translator.
Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.
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