FOOTNOTES

Previous
L. F. Salzman

[1] Galloway, Annals of Coal Mining, 5.

[2] See Wright's Uriconium.

[3] Petrie and Sharp, Mon. Hist., i, x.

[4] Printed by the Surtees Society and, more recently, in V. C. H. Durham.

[5] V. C. H. Durham, ii. 293.

[6] Op. cit. (Rolls Ser.), 160.

[7] Galloway, op. cit., 18.

[8] Riley, Mems. of London, p. xvi.

[9] Galloway, op. cit., 30.

[10] Assize R., 223, m. 4.

[11] Mat. Paris, Chron. (Rolls Ser.), vi. 96.

[12] V. C. H. Glouc., ii. 218.

[13] Pat., 40 Hen. III., m. 21.

[14] V. C. H. Shrops., i. 449.

[15] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 349.

[16] Ann. Mon. (Rolls Ser.), iii. 105.

[17] Pat., 35 Edw. I., m. 5d. Complaints had been made and commissions of inquiry appointed in 1285 (Pat., 13 Edw. I., m. 18d) and 1288 (Pat., 16 Edw. I., m. 12).

[18] Galloway, op. cit., 23.

[19] Colman, Hist. of Barwick in Elmet, 205.

[20] Mins. Accts., bdle. 1040, no. 18.

[21] Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass., xxix. 174.

[22] Proc. Soc. of Ant., xx. 262.

[23] V. C. H. Lancs., ii. 359.

[24] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 350.

[25] Add. Ch., 49516.

[26] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 351.

[27] Ibid.

[28] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 350.

[29] Ibid., 351. Cf. a reference to 'le dampe' in 1316: Hist. MSS. Com. Rep., Middleton MSS., 88. This Report contains a great deal of value for the early history of coal mining.

[30] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 350.

[31] A 'sowe' is mentioned at Cossall in 1316.—Hist. MSS. Com. Rep., Middleton MSS., 88.

[32] Galloway, op. cit., 53.

[33] Ibid., 46.

[34] Finchale Priory (Surt. Soc.), p. cccxci.

[35] V. C. H. Durham, ii. 322.

[36] V. C. H. War., ii. 221.

[37] In 1366 in the manor of Bolsover, £4, 11s. was paid in wages to 'a man looking after the coals and mine at Shutehoode, and keeping tally against the colliers and diggers of the same coals and stones.'—Foreign R., 42 Edw. III., m. 13.

[38] Except that the coalminers in the Forest of Dean, thanks to their intimate association with the iron-miners there, shared in the latter's privileges.

[39] V. C. H. Durham, ii. 322.

[40] Exch. Dep. by Com., 29 Eliz., East. 4.

[41] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 352.

[42] 'Fines for digging coals in the lord's waste,' in fifteenth century.—Galloway, op. cit. 76; 'Licences to dig in sixteenth century,' ibid., 113.

[43] Exch. Dep. by Com., 21 Eliz., Hil. 8.

[44] See, e.g., V. C. H. War., ii. 219; V. C. H. Derby, ii. 350; De Banco R., 275, m. 163d.

[45] Star Chamber Proc., Hen. VIII., file 22, no. 94.

[46] Star Chamber Proc., Edw. VI., file 6, no. 99.

[47] Rot. Parl., i. 228, 229.

[48] See V. C. H. War., ii. 219.

[49] The rent was sometimes paid, partly or wholly, in kind; as at Shippen in 1262 (Colman, Hist. of Barwick-in-Elmet, 205).

[50] V. C. H. Shrops., ii. 454.

[51] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 350.

[52] Such partnerships were not uncommon; e.g. in 1351 W. de Allesworth demanded 2s. 10½d. from Geoffrey Hardyng, as the seventh part of 20s. paid to Geoffrey and his partners for coal got at Nuneaton.—Add. Ch. 49532.

[53] Galloway, op. cit., 70.

[54] Add. Ch. 48948.

[55] Galloway (op. cit., 113-14) gives a late sixteenth-century case in Wakefield, where the 'heads, pillars, and other works ... for bearing up the ground' being cut away, the ground suddenly fell in.

[56] Galloway, op. cit., 45.

[57] V. C. H. Durham, ii. 324.

[58] Foreign R., 42 Edw. III., m. E.

[59] Pat., 8 Rich. II.

[60] Rot. Parl., iv. 148.

[61] Galloway, op. cit., 70, 87.

[62] Customs Accts., 106/1.

[63] Ibid., 111/40.

[64] Ibid., 171/26.

[65] Kendall, Iron Ores, 15; V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 241.

[66] Journ. of Brit. Arch. Ass., xxix. 121-9.

[67] V. C. H. Somers., i. 275. There was also a 'collegium fabrorum' at Chichester (Regnum).—Suss. Arch. Coll., vii. 61-3.

[68] Kemble, Cod. Dipl., no. 30.

[69] Chron. Evesham (Rolls Ser.), 26. The legend was probably invented as an explanation of the remains of the (Roman) town found below the ground here, but the tradition of the smiths had no doubt some foundation.

[70] Dom. Bk., i. 162.

[71] Ibid.

[72] V. C. H. Cumberland, ii. 340.

[73] Facsimiles of Charters in B. M., no. 64.

[74] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 356.

[75] Pipe Rolls, quoted in V. C. H. Gloucs., ii. 216.

[76] V. C. H. Gloucs., ii. 217.

[77] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 241.

[78] See Exch. K. R. Accts., 467, 7.

[79] Ibid., 467, 7 (7).

[80] Ibid., 467, 7 (7).

[81] Roy. and Hist. Letters (Rolls Ser.), i. 278.

[82] Furness Coucher (Chetham Soc.), pt. iii., Intro.

[83] Ibid.

[84] Holinshed, Chron., sub anno.

[85] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 357.

[86] Peat was mixed with the charcoal in Lancashire, and doubtless elsewhere, when available.—V. C. H. Lancs., ii. 361.

[87] This process was used by the Romans at Beaufort, near Battle, in Sussex, amongst other places.—Suss. Arch. Coll., xxix. 173

[88] Journ. of Brit. Arch. Ass., xxix. 124.

[89] Even after the introduction of the footblast the 'cinders' or slag, contained about half the original iron, according to Dud Dudley (Metallum Martis), and were worth resmelting in the improved furnaces of later times.

[90] Engl. Hist. Rev., xiv. 513.

[91] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 358.

[92] Furness Coucher (Chetham Soc.), pt. iii., Intro., and pp. 261-6.

[93] See above, p. 7.

[94] The same term is used in connection with burning tiles, and is no doubt derived from the same root as anneal.

[95] This account of the process of manufacture is compiled from several sources, the chief being: (1) the accounts of Tudeley Forge, Tunbridge, for the reign of Edw. III., in the P. R. O.; (2) the accounts of Bedbourne Forge, Durham, in 1408, Engl. Hist. Rev., xiv. 509-29; (3) several Sussex accounts summarised by the present writer in V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 244-5.

[96] Nicholls, Iron Making in the Forest of Dean, 20.

[97] Cal. Chart. R., iii. 95-6.

[98] V. C. H. Glouc., ii. 219, n. 5. Cf. the twelfth century grant to the monks of Louth Park of 'duas fabricas, id est duos focos ... scilicet unam fabricam blomeriam ... unam operariam.'—V. C. H. Derby, ii. 356.

[99] The date of the introduction of hammers driven by water power is problematic: a 'great waterhamor' was working in Ashdown Forest, Sussex, in 1496.—Misc. Bks. Exch. T. R., 8, f. 49.

[100] The unworked bloom was called a 'loop,' which appears to be derived from the French loup, a wolf, the German equivalent, StÜck, being applied to such a mass of iron.—Swank, Iron in All Ages, 80.

[101] A furnace once lit might be kept in blast sometimes for as long as forty weeks, in the seventeenth century, but the periods usual in earlier times were no doubt much shorter.

[102] Engl. Hist. Rev., xiv. 529.

[103] Furness Coucher, pt. iii., Intro. The word used is 'band,' but it is apparently equivalent to 'bloom.'

[104] Exch. K. R. Accts., 485, no. 11.

[105] Ibid., 466, no. 20.

[106] Suss. Arch. Coll., ii. 202.

[107] Exch. K. R. Accts., 546, no. 16.

[108] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 246.

[109] Exch. K. R. Accts., 483, no. 19.

[110] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 245.

[111] Engl. Hist. Rev., xiv. 509-29.

[112] Exch. K. R. Accts., 485, no. 11.

[113] Mins. Accts., 890, no. 25.

[114] Latinised in one place as 'anteriores flatores.'

[115] Suss. Arch. Coll., xiii. 128.

[116] At some iron mills near Teddesley in Staffordshire in 1583 the filler and fyner were identical, and there was a hammerman and a founder.—Exch. K. R. Accts., 546, no. 16.

[117] Nicholls, Ironmaking in the Forest of Dean; V. C. H. Gloucs., ii. 219-23.

[118] This was farmed in 1280 for £23, so that the amount exported annually must have been well over 10,000 loads.

[119] The surface material which has to be removed before the ore is reached.

[120] Arch. Cambr. (S. 3), iii. 418.

[121] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 247

[122] Exch. Dep. by Com., 22 Eliz., Trin. 4.

[123] Journ. Brit. Arch. Ass., xxxi. 129-42. For a list of Roman pigs found in England, see ibid., liv. 272.

[124] Ibid.

[125] Birch, Cart. Sax., i. 579.

[126] V. C. H. Glouc., ii. 237.

[127] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 323.

[128] Pipe Rolls of Hen. II.

[129] V. C. H. Durham, ii. 348.

[130] V. C. H. Somers., ii. 363.

[131] Pat., 20 Hen. III., m. 13.

[132] V. C. H. Cumberland, ii. 339.

[133] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 326.

[134] V. C. H. Somers., ii. 367-9.

[135] V. C. H. Cumb., ii. 340.

[136] Pat., 15 Edw. IV., pt. i., m. 22.

[137] Assize R., 143, m. 1. The Scottish king's dominial rights over Alston, apart from the mines, seem to have been well established. William the Lion granted land at Alston as 'in Tyndale,' to William de Vipont, and later to his son Ivo de Vipont, the latter grant being confirmed by King John in 1210. Finally, after the whole matter had been carefully examined, Edward I. gave the manor of Alston in 1282 to Nicholas de Vipont to hold of the King of Scotland, reserving, however, the liberty of the mines.—Assize Rolls, 143, m. 1; 132, m. 34; Chanc. Misc. 53, file 1, nos. 20, 22.

[138] V. C. H. Cumb., ii. 340.

[139] Assize R., 143, m. 1.

[140] Assize R., 132, m. 34; 143, m. 1.

[141] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 339.

[142] Exch. K. R. Accts., 260, no. 19.

[143] e.g. at Eyam and Litton.—V. C. H. Derby, ii. 338.

[144] Until the nineteenth century the would-be miner had to set up a model stow, fastened with wooden pins and not with nails.

[145] i.e. forwards and backwards along the line of the vein.

[146] It is not quite clear whether he threw from the old pit, in which case he would naturally throw a very short distance, or from his own pit, in which case he might so throw as to cover much of the vein which would have belonged to the elder pitchers.

[147] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 328.

[148] The Derbyshire standard dish made in 1512 and still preserved at Wirksworth contains about sixty lbs. of ore.

[149] Assize R., 132, m. 34.

[150] Ibid.

[151] Memo. R., K. R., Mich., 2 Edw. II., no. 55.

[152] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 332.

[153] Memo. R., L. T. R., 25-26 Edw. I., m. 51.

[154] The load, or lade (lada), contained nine dishes (disci, scutella).

[155] Exch. K. R. Accts., 260, no. 19.

[156] Ibid., 261, no. 25.

[157] Memo. R., L. T. R., 25-26 Edw. I., m. 51.

[158] In 1302 there were four mines: the South Mine, the Middle Mine, the Mine of Fershull, and the Old Mine.—Exch. K. R. Accts., 260, no. 22.

[159] The smiths were paid 12d.-18d. a week.—Ibid.

[160] Exch. K. R. Accts., 261, no. 25.

[161] Anct. Corresp., xlviii. 81.

[162] Exch. K. R. Accts., 260, no. 16.

[163] Anct. Corresp., xlviii, 81.

[164] Exch. K. R. Accts., 260, no. 22.

[165] Pipe R., 28 Edw. I.

[166] V. C. H. Durham, ii. 349.

[167] Pipe R., 28 Edw. I.

[168] Exch. K. R. Accts., 260, no. 6.

[169] Pipe R., 28 Edw. I.

[170] V. C. H. Somers., ii. 373.

[171] Exch. K. R. Accts., 260, no. 22.

[172] ArchÆologia, lvij, 113-124.

[173] e.g. 'In 6510 turbis tannitis emptis ad inde faciendos cineres pro plumbo affinando.'—Exch. K. R. Accts., 260, no. 4.

[174] Memo., L. T. R., 25-26 Edw. I., m. 51.

[175] Exch. K. R. Accts., 260, no. 7.

[176] Ibid., no. 19.

[177] Pipe R., 28 Edw. I.

[178] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 324.

[179] It is possible that 'cut' is the Celtic word 'cwt', meaning a piece, and dates back to British times.—Ibid.

[180] Ibid.

[181] Pipe R., 28 Edw. I.

[182] Pat., 27 Edw. I., m. 28.

[183] Exch. K. R. Accts., 126, no. 9.

[184] Pat., 35 Edw. I., m. 19.

[185] Mins. Accts., 826, no. 12.

[186] Ibid., no. 11.

[187] Exch. K. R. Accts., 265, no. 9.

[188] Ibid., no. 10.

[189] Close 24 Edw. I., m. 11d.

[190] Pipe R., 28 Edw. I.

[191] Ibid.

[192] Anct. Corresp., xlviii. 177.

[193] 'Minera' may also bear the sense of 'ore.'

[194] Close 7 Edw. II., m. 6.

[195] Anct. Pet., 13552.

[196] Pat., 17 Edw. II., p. 2, m. 15.

[197] Assize R., 135, m. 26d.

[198] Pat., 14 Edw. IV., p. 1, m. 7d.

[199] Pat., 15 Edw. IV., p. 1, m. 22.

[200] Pat., 18 Edw. IV., p. 2, m. 30.

[201] Pat., 2 Edw. IV., p. 1, m. 7.

[202] Exch. K. R. Accts., 262, no. 2.

[203] Acts of Privy Council, 1542-7, p. 367.

[204] Jour. of Brit. Arch. Ass., lxii. 145-60.

[205] ArchÆologia, lix. 281-8.

[206] V. C. H. Cornw., i. 523.

[207] Ibid.

[208] Vol. iii. of Harvard Economic Studies. The same writer has contributed a valuable article on tin-mining to V. C. H. Cornwall.

[209] Lewis, op. cit., 5.

[210] Lewis, op. cit., 11.

[211] A case of a London goldsmith making engines and instruments to drain a deep tin mine near Truro occurs in first quarter of the sixteenth century—Early Chanc. Proc., 481, no. 46.

[212] Memo. R., L. T. R., 9 Eliz., Mich., 3.

[213] Either the channel by which the blast was admitted, or else the channel conveying water to the wheel.

[214] The ore was sometimes roasted before smelting.

[215] V. C. H. Cornw., i. 539.

[216] Lewis, op. cit., 133-4.

[217] W. de Wrotham, when appointed warden of the stannaries in 1198, ordered all masters of ships in Cornwall and Devon to swear not to take unstamped tin out of the country.—Lewis, op. cit., 337.

[218] Lewis, op. cit., 190.

[219] Op. cit., 187.

[220] V. C. H. Cornw., i. 523.

[221] Lewis, op. cit., 34.

[222] For output, see Lewis, op. cit., App. J.

[223] Lewis, op. cit., App. K.

[224] Ibid., Apps. L-T.

[225] Chron. of Battle Abbey, 11.

[226] V. C. H. Northants., ii. 293-5.

[227] Ibid., 295.

[228] Fabric R. of York (Surtees Soc.), passim.

[229] e.g. at the Tower in 1324 'one boatload of Aylesford stone called rag, 6s.'—Exch. K. R. Accts., 469, no. 7. And in 1362 '8 boatloads of stone called ragg, with carriage from Maidstone, £10, 13s. 4d.'—Ibid., 472, no. 9.

[230] Ibid., 502, no. 10.

[231] See the Westminster building accounts, passim.

[232] Arch. Cant., ii. 112.

[233] '20 tontightes de peers de Beer.'—Exch. K. R. Accts., 472, no. 8.

[234] Exch. K. R. Accts., 491, no. 13.

[235] For some fourteenth and fifteenth century references to the Haslebury quarries, see The Tropenell Cartulary (Wilts. Arch. Soc.), ii. 148-50.

[236] V. C. H. Dorset, ii. 333.

[237] Ibid., 339.

[238] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 230.

[239] Exch. K. R. Accts., 305, no. 12.

[240] Ibid., 502, no. 3.

[241] Arch. Cant., ii. 112.

[242] The 'pondus dolii,' anglicised in other entries as 'tuntight,' seems to have been about 40 cubic feet.

[243] Presumably from the Yorkshire quarry referred to above; it came via London.—Ibid., 121.

[244] Apparently about 440 tons.—Ibid.

[245] Pipe R., 16 Edw. III.

[246] The term 'damlade,' of uncertain meaning, seems to be peculiar to Yorkshire. See Fabric R. of York.

[247] Pipe R., 7 Edw. III.

[248] Misc. Bks., Tr. of R., 4, f. 142.

[249] Exch. K. R. Accts., 476, no. 5.

[250] Ibid., 461, no. 11.

[251] Exch. K. R. Accts., no. 12.

[252] V. C. H. Northants., ii. 296-7.

[253] A similar method of splitting was employed in the case of the slates of Stonesfield, in Oxfordshire.—V. C. H. Oxon., ii. 267.

[254] Ibid.; V. C. H. Northants., ii. 296.

[255] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 230.

[256] Exch. K. R. Accts., 476, no. 5.

[257] Ibid., 494, no. 4.

[258] Pipe R., 7 Edw. III.

[259] Exch. K. R. Accts., 502, no. 3.

[260] Fabric R. of York, 19.

[261] A fifteenth-century account for Launceston mentions the purchase of 'An iron tool for breaking stones in the quarry, called a polax, weighing 16½ lbs., and two new wedges weighing 10 lbs.'—Exch. K. R. Accts., 461, no. 13.

[262] For a fuller history of the Purbeck marble quarries, see V. C. H. Dorset, ii. 331-8, from which the details given below are taken when other references are not given.

[263] See articles on 'Medieval Figure Sculpture in England,' Architectural Review, 1903.

[264] Liberate R., K. R., 37 Hen. III., m. 13.

[265] Exch. K. R. Accts., 467, no. 6 (2).

[266] Ibid., 469, no. 8.

[267] Ibid., no. 12.

[268] Arch. Journ., x. 116.

[269] Arch. Journ., lxi. 221-40.

[270] See e.g. the Flawford and Breadsall figures, ibid.; and the catalogue of Alabaster carvings exhibited at the Society of Antiquaries in 1910.

[271] Pipe R., 41 Edw. III.

[272] Arch. Journ., lxiv. 32.

[273] Ibid., lxi. 229.

[274] The numerous cases of the export of alabaster carvings from Poole make it probable that the Purbeck carvers, when the demand for their marble fell off, worked the alabaster which exists in the district.—V. C. H. Dorset, ii.

[275] Some of these no doubt were sold at the time of the Reformation.—Arch. Journ., lxi. 239.

[276] Ibid., 237-8.

[277] Ibid., 230.

[278] Arch. Journ., lxi. 234-5.

[279] For an account of these, see Mr. Hope's article in ArchÆologia, xli.

[280] Arch. Journ., lxiv. 239.

[281] Ibid., x. 120.

[282] Fabric R. of York, 74, 78, 84, 90, 106.

[283] Fabric R. of York, 15.

[284] Exch. K. R. Accts., 504, no. 4.

[285] Hundred R., ii. 56.

[286] Exch. K. R. Accts., 467, no. 4.

[287] Customs Accts., 124/30.

[288] Probably chalk may be taken at about 4d. the quarter.

[289] Brit. Arch. Ass. Journal, lx.

[290] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 231.

[291] Chaffers, Gilda Aurifabrorum, 19.

[292] Ibid., 23-5.

[293] A long chronological list of English goldsmiths is given by Chaffers, op. cit.

[294] Beverley Chapter Act Book (Surtees Soc.), ii., p. lxv.

[295] Cal. of City of London Letter Books, A., p. 180.

[296] Riley, Mems. of London, 350.

[297] Foreign R., 4 Hen. V., m. A.

[298] Camden Soc., xxxvii. 42.

[299] Chaffers, Gilda Aurifabrorum, 38.

[300] Ibid., 8, 9.

[301] Foreign R., 3 Hen. IV., m. E.

[302] Church Bells of England, by H. B. Walters, published since this was in print, contains much valuable matter.

[303] Chron. Battle Abbey (ed. Lower), 17.

[304] Cott. MS. Vesp. A., 22, f. 88.

[305] Stahlschmidt, London Bell-founders, 72.

[306] Ibid., p. 3.

[307] On the other hand, Fagniez (Docts. relatifs À l'histoire de l'Industrie, ii. 67) says that 'sainterius,' the title applied to Thomas de Claville who recast a bell for Notre Dame in 1397, is 'fait sur le vieux nom franÇais des cloches saints ... qui se rattache À signa.'

[308] Ex. inf. Mr. C. H. Vellacott, from Assize Roll.

[309] Most of the London founders recorded by Mr. Stahlschmidt as known or possible bell-founders used the title 'potter.'—Loc. cit., 72-74.

[310] Early Chanc. Proc., 24, no. 138.

[311] Particulars are given in Raven, Bells of England, on which this account is based.

[312] To prevent the core, thickness, and cope sticking together, it seems to have been usual to dust them over with tan.

[313] Raven, op. cit., 74.

[314] V. C. H. Berks., ii. 418.

[315] Raven, op. cit., 57.

[316] Early Chanc. Proc., 68, no. 144.

[317] Ch. Ward. Accts. St. Mary-at-Hill (E. E. T. S.).

[318] Raven, op. cit., 47.

[319] Ibid., 319.

[320] Recs. of St. Michael's. See also Ch. Wardens Accts. (Somerset Rec. Soc.).

[321] V. C. H. Berks., ii. 416. Cf. H. B. Walters, Church Bells of England, ch. xii.

[322] Toulmin Smith, English Gilds, 295.

[323] Raven, op. cit., 69.

[324] London Bell-founders, 3.

[325] Ibid., 45.

[326] Issue R. of Exch., 239.

[327] Ibid., 346.

[328] Glouc. Corporation Recs.

[329] Sacrist Rolls of Ely, ii. 114, 138, where details of the outlay in the purchase of tin and copper, and of clay for the moulds and other necessaries are given.

[330] Raven, op. cit., 149.

[331] Ibid., 90.

[332] Fabric R. of York (Surtees Soc.), 9. Details are given.

[333] Raven, op. cit., where illustrations of the three panels are given.

[334] If the bell-shaped object is really the core, the ornamentation upon it must be ascribed to 'artist's licence,' as the surface of the core would in reality be quite plain.

[335] Inq. ad qd. damnum, File 108, no. 15.

[336] Exch. K. R. Accts., 462, no. 16. Amongst the items of expenditure are 'For eggs and ale bought for making the inscription round the bell 3d. For wax and cobbler's wax (code) for the same 5½d.' Possibly a mixture of eggs and ale was used to anoint the metal letter stamps and prevent their sticking to the clay of the cope.

[337] Early Chanc. Proc., 24, no. 138.

[338] De Banco, 831, m. 414; and Raven, op. cit., 164-6, quoting Year Book 9 Edw. IV., Easter Term, case 13.

[339] V. C. H. Shrops., i. 47.

[340] Ryley, Mem. of London, 205.

[341] Enrolled Wardrobe Accts., no. 4.

[342] Enrolled Wardrobe Accts., no. 4.

[343] Foreign R., 9 Ric. II., m. A.

[344] Foreign R., 11 Ric. II., m. H.

[345] Issue R. of Exch., 346.

[346] Foreign R., 3 Hen. V., m. C.

[347] Foreign R., 3 Hen. IV., m. G.

[348] Ibid., m. I.

[349] Issue R. of Exch., 277.

[350] An illustration of a gun firing an arrow, drawn apparently in 1326, is mentioned in Proc. Soc. Ant. (xvi., 225), and at the battle of St. Albans in 1461 guns were used shooting 'arowes of an elle of length.'—Gregory's Chron. (Camd. Soc.), 213.

[351] Foreign R., 11 Ric. II., m. G.

[352] Foreign R., 3 Hen. V., m. C.

[353] Issue R. of Exch., 332.

[354] Ibid., 307-8.

[355] Foreign R., 3 Hen. V., m. C.

[356] In the Scottish expedition of 1496, five out of thirty-two 'faucons of brasse,' and twelve out of one hundred and eighty 'hakbusses of iren' were broken in action.—Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 7, f. 140.

[357] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 134.

[358] Early Chanc. Proc., 78, no. 81.

[359] Issue R. of Exch., 382.

[360] Foreign R., 12 Hen. VI., m. D.

[361] Figured in Suss. Arch. Coll., xlvi.

[362] He was paid at the rate of 16d. the hundredweight.—Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 139.

[363] Ibid., f. 34.

[364] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 158.

[365] Early Chanc. Proc., 222, no. 112.

[366] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 132.

[367] Ibid., f. 81.

[368] Ibid., f. 96.

[369] Early Chanc. Proc., 376, no. 32.

[370] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., 8, f. 136.

[371] Ibid., f. 149.

[372] Exch. Tr. of R., Misc. Bks., vol. vii., passim, and L. and P. Hen. VIII., vol. i.

[373] Misc. Bks., vol. i., ff. 32, 78.

[374] Ibid., ff. 57, 61.

[375] Ibid., vol. iv., ff. 166, 181.

[376] See V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 246-9.

[377] Arch. Journ., xxx. 319-24.

[378] See V. C. H. Northants., i. 206-12.

[379] Ibid.

[380] Proc. Soc. Ant., xvi. 42.

[381] Brit. Arch. Ass. Journ., xxxiii.

[382] Proc. Soc. Ant., xvii. 261-70.

[383] Somers. Arch. Soc., xiii. (2) 1.

[384] The dark colour of the Castor ware seems to have been caused by 'smothering' the kiln, by closing the vent, before the baking was complete.

[385] Misc. Accts. 1147, no. 23.

[386] Suss. Arch. Coll., xlv. 128-38.

[387] A Roman glazing kiln was found at Castor.—V. C. H. Northants., i. 210.

[388] Fagniez, Docs. relatifs À l'histoire de l'industrie, no. 133.

[389] Dom. Bk., 65, 156, 168b.

[390] e.g. 'Pottersfield' at Horsham, in which parish several finds of green glazed thirteenth-century vessels have been made.—V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 251.

[391] e.g. 'Geoffrey the potter,' who occurs in 1314 at Limpsfield, where remains of kilns have been found.—Proc. Soc. Ant., iii.

[392] Lib. R., 51 Hen. III., m. 10. Simon 'le Pichermakere' of Cornwall is found in the fourteenth century sending his wares (presumably pitchers) to Sussex.—Anct. Pet., 10357-8.

[393] Inq. Nonarum, 361. Cf. the Hundred Rolls for Bucks.

[394] Mins. Accts., 507, no. 8227.

[395] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 251.

[396] Ibid.

[397] Arch. Journ., lix. 1-16.

[398] Proc. Soc. Ant., xv. 5-11.

[399] Rec. of Norwich, ii., no. 193.

[400] Riley, Mem. of London, 254.

[401] Ibid., 309. The monks of Boxley got as much as 10s. the thousand for some of the tiles from their tilery this year.—Mins. Accts., 1253, no. 13.

[402] Toulmin Smith, English Guilds, 399. At Lincoln, on the other hand, the tilers had formed a gild in 1346, and no tiler not belonging to the gild might stay in the town.—Ibid., 184.

[403] V. C. H. Essex, ii. 456.

[404] Statutes, 17 Edw. IV.

[405] Thorold Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices, i. 490.

[406] Mins. Accts., 899, 900.

[407] Possibly from the French, fÉtu = a straw, from their being moulded as hollow cylinders.

[408] Turf was evidently used by the Cambridgeshire tilers for fuel.—Sacrist Rolls of Ely, ii. 67, 93, 137.

[409] 'Pro luto tredando ad dictos vj furnos pro tegulis inde faciendis.' The meaning of tredando is uncertain, but as the process is always mentioned after the clay had been carried to the kilns, it may have been the rolling of the clay to the right thickness for cutting tiles from.

[410] The words used for burning, or baking, the tiles are eleare and aneleare, both connected with our word 'anneal.'

[411] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 251.

[412] In 1373 Peter at Gate leased the pasturage of Nackholt, where the tileries lay, at the low rent of 15s. on condition that he should serve as 'the lord's workman for making tiles.'

[413] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 252.

[414] De Banco, 407, m. 12.

[415] Harl. Ch., 76 D., 32.

[416] Ibid., B. 50.

[417] Kelle = kiln: cf. Anct. D., A 4904, for a 'tylekelle' at Woolwich in 1450.

[418] Chron. de Melsa (Rolls Ser.), iii. 179-80.

[419] Hist. MSS. Com., Beverley MSS., 15.

[420] Ibid., 62.

[421] Sacrist R. of Ely, ii. 67.

[422] 'Flaunderistyle vocata Breke.'—Exch. K. R. Accts., 503, no. 12.

[423] Ibid., 472, no. 4.

[424] Hist. MSS. Com., Beverley MSS., 62.

[425] Hist. MSS. Com., Beverley MSS., 128.

[426] Ibid., 47. These by-laws distinguish in one place between 'tilethakkers' and 'tile wallers,' the latter being what we should call bricklayers.

[427] Exch. K. R. Accts., 494, no. 4.

[428] Ibid., 467, no. 6 (6).

[429] Such were, no doubt, the paving tiles, of which 185,000 were bought from Richard Gregory, in 1357, for Westminster Chapel at 6s. 8d. the hundred.—Ibid., 472, no. 4.

[430] Lethaby, Westminster Abbey, 48; Arch. Journal, lxix. 36-73.

[431] V. C. H. Derby, ii. 375. Ibid.

[432] V. C. H. Worces., ii. 275.

[433] Suss. Arch. Coll., xi. 230.

[434] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 295.

[435] John of London, 'glasyere,' and John, son of John Alemayn of Chiddingfold, were acquitted on a charge of burglary at Turwick in 1342.—Gaol Delivery R., 129, m. 12.

[436] Exch. K. R. Accts., 471, no. 6.

[437] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 296.

[438] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 296.

[439] In 1404 the Sacrist of Durham had in store 'of new coloured glass 2 scheff, of white glass and new 76 scheffe.'—Durham Acct. R. (Surtees Soc.), ii. 397.

[440] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 297; V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 254.

[441] Exch. K. R. Accts., 471, no. 6.

[442] Durham Acct. R., ii. 393.

[443] Fabric R. of York, 76.

[444] Ibid., 83.

[445] Ibid., 37.

[446] Cat. of Pat., 1446-52, p. 255. The glorious windows now in King's College Chapel were made between 1515 and 1530 by four English and two Flemish glaziers, all of whom were resident in London.—Atkinson and Clark, Cambridge, 361.

[447] Fabric R. of York, 69.

[448] Ibid., 104, 108, 109.

[449] Hartshorne, Old Engl. Glass, 129.

[450] Ale is also said in one place to have been used 'pro congelacione vitri.'

[451] 'Frangentes et conjungentes vitrum super tabulas depictas.'

[452] The colours in some cases were fixed by heating, and it is presumably to this that an entry in an account of work at Guildford Castle in 1292 refers: 'In uno furno faciendo pro vytro comburendo—viijd.'—Exch. K. R. Accts., 492, no. 10.

[453] Pipe R., 2 Hen. II.

[454] V. C. H. Lincs., ii. 302.

[455] See charter of Stephen, Cal. Chart. R., iii. 378.

[456] Pipe R., 19 Hen. II.

[457] Boldon Book.—V. C. H. Durham, i. 338.

[458] Printed by Riley, Liber Custumarum (i. 130-1), and, from an earlier copy, by Leach, Beverley Town Documents (Selden Soc.).

[459] The weavers were not villeins; had they been so, the leave of their lords would have been necessary before they could obtain the freedom of their town.

[460] Liber Custumarum, i. 33.

[461] Ibid., lxiii.

[462] e.g. Ashley, Economic History, i. 193: 'No cloth was manufactured for export; and a great part of the English demand for cloth'—indeed the whole of the demand for the finer qualities—'was met by importation.'

[463] Pipe R., 18 Hen. II.

[464] Pipe R., 27 Hen. II., and other years.

[465] Pipe R., 28 Hen. II.

[466] The 'list' is the strip of selvage at the edge of the cloth.

[467] Assize R., 358.

[468] Pat., 2 Hen. III., m. 4, 2.

[469] Pat., 9 Hen. III., m. 5.

[470] Lib. R., 30 Hen. III.: some years earlier cloth to be distributed at Worcester had been bought at Oxford.—Lib. R., 17 Hen. III.

[471] Lib. R., 35 Hen. III., m. 17.

[472] Liber Custumarum, i. 124.

[473] Cal. of S. P. Venice, i. 3.

[474] Lib. R., 36 Hen. III., m. 19.

[475] Arch. Journ., ix. 70-1.

[476] The manufacture of this cloth must have originated in the village of Worsted, possibly with some settlement of Flemish weavers, but soon spread throughout the county.

[477] Rec. of Norwich, ii. 406.

[478] Statutes, 20 Hen. VI.

[479] Rot. Parl. iv. 230, 236.

[480] Customs Accts., 5, no. 7.

[481] Black Book of Admiralty (Rolls Ser.), ii. 197. Blues of Beverley, scarlets and greens of Lincoln, scarlets and blues of Stamford, coverlets of Winchester and cloth of Totness occur in wardrobe accounts of 1236. Pipe R., 19, 20 Henry III.

[482] Black Book of Admiralty (Rolls Ser.), ii. 187, 197.

[483] There was an 'omanseterowe' in the Drapery at Norwich as early as 1288.—Rec. of Norwich, ii. 8.

[484] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 4, 40. Narrow 'Osetes' were also made at Salisbury.—Exch. K. R. Accts., 344, no. 34.

[485] Liber Custumarum, i. 125; ii. 549.

[486] At Northampton the cloth trade, which in the time of Henry III. employed 300 men, had almost died out in 1334.—Rot. Parl., ii. 85.

[487] Liber Custumarum, i. 424.

[488] As early as 1331 special protection was granted to John Kempe of Flanders and any other clothworkers who wished to settle in England.—Pat., 5 Edw. III., p. 2, m. 25.

[489] Statutes, 11 Edw. III.

[490] Rot. Parl., ii. 449, Close 13 Edw. III., p. 3, m. 11.

[491] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 3.

[492] Langland, Piers Plowman.

[493] 'A Concise Poem on ... Shepton Mallet,' by Richd. Watts; printed in The Young Man's Looking Glass, 1641. With this may be compared Deloney's 'Pleasant History of John Winchcombe (Jack of Newbury),' written some fifty years earlier.—V. C. H. Berks., i. 388-9.

[494]
'Then to another room came they
Where children were, in poor array,
And every one sat picking wool,
The finest from the coarse to pull.'
[495]
'Two hundred men, the truth is so,
Wrought in their looms, all in a row;
By every one a pretty boy
Sat making quills with mickle joy.'

[496] The burler's business was to remove knots, loose ends and other impurities.

[497] The manufacture of these cloths was licensed in 1390, provided the quality was not improved.—Statutes, 13 Ric. II.

[498] Assize R.

[499] Liber Custumarum, ii. 549. Spanish wool is prominent amongst the imports at Southampton in 1310.—Customs Accts., 136, no. 8, n.

[500] Statutes, 4 Edw. IV.

[501] Statutes, 7 Edw. IV.

[502] An alkali, known as 'cineres,' possibly a kind of barilla or carbonate of soda (Rec. of City of Norwich, ii. 209) occurs fairly often: e.g. taxation of Colchester, Rot. Parl., i. 244.

[503] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 6.

[504] e.g. Customs Accts., 136/4, 136/12.

[505] Recs. of City of Norwich, ii. 209.

[506] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 16-22.

[507] Lands. MS., 121, no. 21.

[508] Cf. Rec. Borough of Northampton, i. 121: the compiler has mistaken 'wode' for wood.

[509] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 39.

[510] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 81-90.

[511] Rot. Parl., iv. 75.

[512] Early Chanc. Proc., 7, no. 23.

[513] Exch. K. R. Accts., 345, no. 16.

[514] Plunket appears to have been a pale blue, half the quantity of woad sufficing for plunkets that was used for azures, which in turn took half the amount required for blues.—V. C. H. Suffolk, ii. 258.

[515] Liber Custumarum, i. 129.

[516] There were no doubt the 'browne blewes' of later records: e.g. a Benenden clothier was fined in 1563 for 'a browne blewe, being a deceiptfull color.'—Memo. K. R., 7 Eliz., Hil., m. 330.

[517] Liber Custumarum, i. 125.

[518] Alkermes, an insect resembling cochineal.

[519] Statutes, 24 Hen. VIII.; cf. 4 Edw. IV.

[520] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 8, 9.

[521] Rec. of City of Norwich, ii. 119.

[522] Statutes, 4 Edw. IV.; 3 Hen. VIII.

[523] V. C. H. Essex, ii. 255.

[524] V. C. H. Worcs., ii. 286.

[525] V. C. H. Essex, ii. 383-4.

[526] The use of woof in place of warp was strictly forbidden.—Liber Custumarum, i. 125; Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 2. At Worcester in 1497 any one bringing yarn to be spun into cloth was to bring the warp and the woof separate.—V. C. H. Worcs., ii. 285.

[527] Rec. of City of Norwich, ii. 378.

[528] Rot. Parl., iii. 618.

[529] Arch. Journal, ix. 70: cf. Assize R., 787, m. 86.

[530] V. C. H. Notts., ii. 345.

[531] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 4.

[532] Liber Custumarum, i. 134.

[533] Arch. Journ., ix. 71.

[534] The suspension of worsted weaving for a month from 15 August was enforced in 1511 to avoid a shortage of agricultural labour during harvest.—Rec. of City of Norwich, ii. 376.

[535] Liber Custumarum, i. 423.

[536] Ibid. Candlewick Street (now Cannon Street) was the centre of manufacture of a coarse cheap cloth used for horse trappings, and also bought in large quantities for the King's almoner from 1330 to 1380.—Enrolled Wardrobe Accts., L. T. R., 2-4.

[537] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 40, 123.

[538] Statutes, 8 Hen. VI.

[539] V. C. H. Shrops., i. 428.

[540] Statutes, 3 and 5 Henry VIII.

[541] Toulmin Smith, Engl. Gilds, 179. The gild was founded in 1297, but this regulation was probably of later date.

[542] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 127.

[543] Liber Custumarum, i. 128-9.

[544] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 13.

[545] Ibid., 79.

[546] V. C. H. Notts., ii. 346.

[547] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 279.

[548] e.g. at Nottingham; V. C. H. Notts., ii. 346.

[549] V. C. H. Warw., ii. 252.

[550] Ibid.

[551] Statutes, 15 Ric. II.

[552] e.g. V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 344; V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 257.

[553] Exch. Dep. by Com., 41 Eliz., East. 1.

[554] Rot. Parl., i. 243.

[555] Statutes, 4 Edw. IV.

[556] V. C. H. Suffolk, ii. 262.

[557] Exch. K. R. Accts., bdles. 339-345.

[558] Marcus le Fair of Winchester was the only clothier not a Londoner from whom cloth was bought for the royal household in 1408.—Exch. K. R. Accts., 405, no. 22.

[559] V. C. H. Berks., i. 388.

[560] V. C. H. Suffolk, ii. 256.

[561] Hist. MSS. Com., Rep. viii. 93.

[562] Vlnage, or aulnage, from aulne = an ell.

[563] Statutes, 2 Edw. III.

[564] The penalty of forfeiture was withdrawn in 1354 as injurious to trade, deficient cloths being marked with their actual size.—Ibid., 27 Edw. III.

[565] Statutes, 7, 8, 10 Hen. IV.

[566] Statutes, 11 Hen. VI.

[567] Rec. of City of Norwich, ii. 407.

[568] Rot. Parl., i. 292.

[569] Statutes, 13 Ric. II.; 11 Hen. IV.

[570] Rot. Parl., iii. 637.

[571] Statutes, 20 Hen. VI.

[572] Statutes, 4 Edw. IV.

[573] Statutes, 18 Hen. VI.

[574] Exch. Dep. by Com., 41 Eliz.

[575] Statutes, 5 Edw. VI., 1 Mary, etc.

[576] See Memoranda Rolls, K. R., passim.

[577] Memo. R., K. R., Hil. 7 Eliz., m. 329. As an earlier instance, sixteen drapers in Coventry, thirteen in York, and seven in Lincoln, besides others elsewhere, were fined in the first quarter of 1390 for cloths of ray, not of assize.—Ibid., Hil. 13 Ric. II.

[578] Exch. Dep. by Com., 30 Eliz., Hil., 8.

[579] Statutes, 14-15 Hen. VIII.

[580] Early Chanc. Proc., 141, no. 4.

[581] Statutes, 5 Hen. VIII.

[582] Rot. Parl., i. 292.

[583] The same material was used in 1323 for the pillows of the king's new beds.—Enr. Ward. Accts., 3, m. 2.

[584] Ibid., m. 10.

[585] Ibid., 2, m. 11.

[586] Engl. Hist. Rev., xvi. 289.

[587] Rot. Parl., ii. 347.

[588] Statutes, 4 Edw. IV.

[589] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 343.

[590] Ibid., 343.

[591] Exch. K. R. Accts., 344, no. 10. The output from Berks. for the same period was 1747 kerseys, of which Steventon accounted for 574 and East and West Hendred for 520.—Ibid., 343, no. 24.

[592] Early Chanc. Proc., 140, no. 54.

[593] Statutes, 14-15 Hen. VIII.

[594] Rot. Parl., iv. 361.

[595] Enr. Ward. Accts., 4, m. 3.

[596] V. C. H. Worcs., ii. 284.

[597] V. C. H. Essex, ii. 384.

[598] Hist. MSS. Com., Rep. viii. 93.

[599] Rot. Parl., ii. 278.

[600] Exch. K. R. Accts., 405, no. 22.

[601] Rot. Parl., ii. 372.

[602] Enr. Ward. Accts., 5.

[603] Memo. R., K. R., 21 Eliz., East., m. 106.

[604] Rep. Dep. Keeper of Recs., xxxviii. 444; suit re draperies at Norwich, 1601.

[605] Thorold Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 46.

[606] The suggestion that this law caused the trade to be established in Norwich (Recs. of Norwich, II. xii.) can hardly be correct, as there was no forest in Norfolk.

[607] For instances of the infringement of these and other regulations, see V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 331-5; V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 259.

[608] Lansd. MS., 74, 55.

[609] V. C. H. Oxon., ii. 254.

[610] V. C. H. Essex, ii. 459.

[611] V. C. H. Shrops., i. 433.

[612] Rot. Parl., i. 243-65.

[613] Cott. MS. Vitell., C. vi., f. 239.

[614] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 52.

[615] Add. Chart. 30687.

[616] e.g. at Colchester in 1425.—V. C. H. Essex, ii. 459; and at Richmond in 1280.—Assize R., 1064, m. 32. In London the tanners were held partly responsible for blocking the course of the Fleet in 1306.—Rot. Parl., i. 200.

[617] Customs Accts., passim; e.g. those quoted in V. C. H. Dorset, ii. 327.

[618] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 114.

[619] The use of train oil instead of tallow was forbidden.

[620] V. C. H. Northants., ii. 311.

[621] Riley, Mems. of London, 421.

[622] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 48.

[623] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 53.

[624] Riley, Mems. of London, 364-5.

[625] Ibid., 331.

[626] Ibid., 546-7.

[627] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 49.

[628] Ibid., 60.

[629] i.e. myrtle.

[630] Lansd. MS., 74, f. 53.

[631] Ibid., f. 48.

[632] Ibid., f. 58.

[633] At Colchester in 1425 the charge for tawing a horse hide was 14d., a buckskin 8d., doe 5d., and calf 2d.—V. C. H. Essex, ii. 459.

[634] Right Buffe were made from 'Elke Skynnes or Iland hides brought out of Muscovia or from by Est'; the counterfeits were of horse, ox, and stag skins.—Lansd. MS., 74, f. 53.

[635] The price given for Spanish skins is probably an error; possibly the values of the 'right' and 'counterfeit' are reversed.

[636] In 1347 the London white tawyers charged 6s. 8d. for working a 'dyker [a packet of ten] of Scottes stagges or Irysshe,' and 10s. for the 'dyker of Spanysshe stagges.'—Riley, Mems. of London, 234.

[637] Corveiser was a still more common name for a shoemaker.

[638] Riley, Mems. of London, 572-3.

[639] Liber Albus, ii. 441-5.

[640] Riley, Mems. of London, 136.

[641] Ibid., 391.

[642] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 108.

[643] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 43.

[644] Ibid., ii. 105.

[645] Liber Albus, ii. 445.

[646] Riley, Mems. of London, 547.

[647] V. C. H. Northants., ii. 318.

[648] Ibid.

[649] Liberate R., 50 Hen. III., n. 11.

[650] Pipe R., 31 Hen. I.

[651] Cal. Chart. R., ii. 34.

[652] A Dyetary of Helth (E. E. T. S.), 256.

[653] Giraldus Cambs. (Rolls Ser.), iv. 41.

[654] Mat. for Hist. of T. Becket (Rolls Ser.), iii. 30.

[655] Mon. Franc. (Rolls Ser.), ii. 8.

[656] Statutes, temp. Hen. III.

[657] '[A Brewer's assise] is xijd highing and xijd lowing in the price of a quarter Malte, and evermore shilling to qa' (= farthing).—Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 397. In other words, ale was as many farthings a gallon as malt was shillings a quarter.

[658] Little Red Book of Bristol, 223.

[659] Assize R., 912, m. 49.

[660] Hundred R., ii. 216.

[661] Cal. Chart. R., i. 168.

[662] Ibid.

[663] V. C. H. Notts., ii. 364.

[664] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 25, 678, 710.

[665] Ibid., 772.

[666] Beverley Town Docts. (Selden Soc.), liv. In 1413, 260 barrels (30 gallons) and firkins (7½ gallons) made for Richard Bartlot of unseasoned wood and under size were burnt.—Riley, Mems. of London, 597.

[667] e.g. V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 261.

[668] Riley, Mems. of London, 319.

[669] From this it would seem that it was customary to put herbs into ale.

[670] Borough Customs (Selden Soc.), i. 185.

[671] Riley, Mems. of London, 386.

[672] Liber Albus, i. 360.

[673] V. C. H. Worcs., ii. 256.

[674] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.). 675. There were at least thirty brewers in Oxford in 1380.—V. C. H. Oxon., ii. 159.

[675] Riley, Mems. of London, 318.

[676] Andrew Borde, Introduction (E. E. T. S.), 123.

[677] Op. cit., 122.

[678] e.g. V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 262.

[679] Riley, Mems. of London, 225.

[680] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 229.

[681] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 584.

[682] V. C. H. Oxon., ii. 260.

[683] Liber Albus, i. 358.

[684] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 25.

[685] Suss. Arch. Coll., vii. 96.

[686] Liber Albus, i. 359.

[687] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 637.

[688] V. C. H. Oxon., ii. 260.

[689] Exch. Dep. by Com., Mich. 18-19, Eliz., no. 10.

[690] Cott. MS. Vesp., A. 22, f. 115.

[691] Recs. of Norwich, ii. 98.

[692] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 261.

[693] Dyetary (E. E. T. S.), 256.

[694] Riley, Mems. of London, 666.

[695] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 261.

[696] V. C. H. Dorset, ii. 367.

[697] Coram Rege 852, m. 23.

[698] Recs. of Norwich, ii. 100.

[699] V. C. H. Shrops., ii. 422.

[700] V. C. H. Surrey, ii. 382.

[701] Ibid., 382-4.

[702] Dyetary (E. E. T. S.), 256.

[703] V. C. H. Dorset, ii. 369.

[704] Pipe R., 6 Hen. II., Essex; 13 Hen. II., Windsor.

[705] Giraldus Cambr. (Rolls Ser.), iv. 41.

[706] Pipe R., 13 John.

[707] Mins. Accts., bdle. 899.

[708] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 263.

[709] Ibid.

[710] Mins. Accts., 1128, no. 4.

[711] V. C. H. Sussex, ii. 263.

[712] Memo., K. R., 17 Ric. II., Hil.

[713] A Venetian Relation of the Island of England (Camden Soc.), 9.

[714] Statutes, 23 Edw. III.

[715] Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 233.

[716] Engl. Hist. Rev., xxi. 517.

[717] Assize R., 773.

[718] Statutes, 3 Edw. IV.

[719] Riley, Mems. of London, 163.

[720] Statutes, 13 Ric. II.

[721] Ibid., 15 Ric. II.

[722] Parly. Rolls, iii. 637.

[723] Statutes, 20 Hen. VI.

[724] Statutes, 4 Edw. IV.

[725] Unwin, Gilds of London, 139.

[726] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 32.

[727] Norwich Recs., ii. 278-310.

[728] Statutes, 28 Edw. III. Is iron raw material? Much labour has been expended on it before it reaches the market—but the same would apply to corn.

[729] e.g. Riley, Mems. of London, 255.

[730] Statutes, 11 Hen. VI.

[731] Riley, Mems. of London, 308.

[732] For an exhaustive examination of all that concerns wages, see the works of Professor Thorold Rogers.

[733] From the end of the fifteenth century the gradation of payments to workmen becomes more pronounced, marking the institution of the modern system.

[734] In the case of carpenters, etc., employed in country districts there appear to have been considerable variations.

[735] Exch. K. R. Accts., 472, no. 4.

[736] Beverley Town Docts. (Selden Soc.), 50.

[737] Statutes, 11 Hen. VII.

[738] Riley, Mems. of London, 538.

[739] Coventry Leet Bk., 574.

[740] Ibid., 673.

[741] Riley, Mems. of London, 253.

[742] Little Red Book of Bristol, 15.

[743] Exch. K. R. Accts., 467, no. 7.

[744] Norwich Recs., ii. 104.

[745] Riley, Mems. of London, 513.

[746] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 185.

[747] Riley, Mems. of London, 227.

[748] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 168.

[749] Liber Cust., i. 99.

[750] Exch. K. R. Accts., 467, no. 7.

[751] Riley, Mems. of London, 226, 243. It is exceptional to find that at Leicester in 1264 the weavers were allowed to work at night.—Borough Recs. of Leicester, i. 105.

[752] Ibid., 538.

[753] Borough Recs. of Leicester, i. 547.

[754] Ibid., 226.

[755] Little Red Book of Bristol, 98; Coventry Leet Bk., 302; Beverley MSS. (Hist. MSS. Com.), 47.

[756] Riley, Mems. of London, 532, 246.

[757] Ibid., 226, 239.

[758] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 4.

[759] Ibid., 97.

[760] Ibid., 30.

[761] Riley, Mems. of London, 573.

[762] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 638.

[763] For reproductions of some of the marks used by worsted weavers, see Norwich Recs., ii. 153.

[764] See the maps of medieval Bruges, Paris, and London in Unwin's Gilds of London, 32-4.

[765] Riley, Mems. of London, 392.

[766] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 182.

[767] Norwich Recs., ii. 237.

[768] Cf. Blackwell Hall in London, the sole market for 'foreign' cloth.—Riley, Mems. of London, 550.

[769] Liber Albus, ii. 444.

[770] Statutes, 37 Edw. III.

[771] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 117.

[772] Liber Cust., i. 118.

[773] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 180-3.

[774] The 'brakeman' reduced the bar iron to rods, ready to be drawn into wire.

[775] i.e. bending.

[776] i.e. girdlers; middle = waist.

[777] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 85.

[778] Toulmin Smith, English Gilds, 184.

[779] Ibid.

[780] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 27.

[781] Borough Recs. of Leicester, i. 105; Coventry Leet Bk., 95; Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 7, 8.

[782] Beverley Town Docts. (Selden Soc.), 53.

[783] Little Red Book of Bristol, 5.

[784] Ibid., 98.

[785] Early Chanc. Proc., 61, no. 478.

[786] Norwich Recs., ii. 289.

[787] e.g. Ibid., 199, 234; Woodruff, Hist. of Fordwich, 32-5.

[788] See e.g. Cal. of Pat. Rolls 1419-36, 537-88.

[789] Riley, Mems. of London, 346.

[790] Liber Cust., i. 423.

[791] Liber Cust., i. 423.

[792] A servant engaged by the year.—Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 43.

[793] Coventry Leet Bk., 573.

[794] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 106.

[795] Toulmin Smith, English Gilds, 179.

[796] Riley, Mems. of London, 278.

[797] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 127.

[798] Riley, Mems. of London, 549.

[799] Ibid., 234.

[800] Ibid., 244.

[801] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 84.

[802] Early Chanc. Proc., 19, no. 491.

[803] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 560-1.

[804] e.g. Norwich Recs., ii. 290; Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 125.

[805] Early Chanc. Proc., 66, no. 244.

[806] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 672.

[807] Early Chanc. Proc., 66, no. 244.

[808] Ibid., 38, no. 40.

[809] An ordinance of the fullers in 1418 forbade any master to take a stranger to serve him by covenant for more than fifteen days unless he engaged him for a whole year.—Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 142.

[810] In the case of the London founders an intending journeyman had to satisfy the masters of his skill; if he could not, he must either become an apprentice or abandon the craft.—Riley, Mems. of London, 514.

[811] They had to give, and were entitled to receive, eight days' notice.—Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 573.

[812] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 185.

[813] Liber Albus, ii. 444.

[814] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 106; Norwich Recs., ii. 104; Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 656.

[815] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 786.

[816] Riley, Mems. of London, 495.

[817] Ibid., 542.

[818] Riley, Mems. of London, 609-12.

[819] Ibid., 653.

[820] Hist. MSS. Com. Coventry, 117-18.

[821] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 694.

[822] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 656.

[823] Ibid., 95.

[824] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 151.

[825] Riley, Mems. of London, 248, 307; cf. Acts of P. C., 1542-7, p. 367.

[826] Riley, Mems. of London, 307, 514; Lambert, Two Thousand Years of Gild Life, 216.

[827] e.g. Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 13.

[828] See the proceedings of the court of the tailors at Exeter.—Toulmin Smith, English Gilds, 299-321.

[829] Liber Cust., i. 122; cf. Borough Recs. of Leicester, i. 89.

[830] Little Red Book of Bristol, ii. 14.

[831] Coventry Leet Bk. (E. E. T. S.), 302.

[832] Riley, Mems. of London, 232.

[833] Ibid., 281.

[834] Ibid., 293.

[835] Lambert, Two Thousand Years of Gild Life, 205.

[836] Toulmin Smith, English Gilds, passim.

[837] Norwich Recs., ii. 230.

[838] Makers of 'skeps,' or baskets.

[839] Norwich Recs., ii. 280-2.

[840] Norwich Recs., ii. 111.

[841] Ibid., 173.

[842] Sute, probably = course.

[843] Douset = a sweetmeat of cream, eggs, and sugar.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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