1. Nineteenth Century, May, 1885.

2. Ibid., June, 1898.

3. As in "The Perfect Way in Diet," by Dr. Anna Kingsford; and "Strength and Diet," by the Hon. R. Russell.

4. See the list of names cited in Mr. Howard Williams's "Ethics of Diet," a biographical history of the literature of humane dietetics from the earliest period to the present day.

5. "Odontography," chap. x., p. 471, 1840-1845. This sentence is quoted only for what it is worth—viz., as proving that, in Owen's opinion, man was originally frugivorous. If the whole passage in "Odontography" be studied, it will be seen that Owen cannot fairly be cited as a vegetarian authority, because, after alluding to the fact that the apes occasionally eat insects, eggs, and young birds, he sums up in favour of what he calls "the frugivorous and mixed regimen of the quadrumana and man." This point I have dealt with later in the chapter.

6. "Foods for Man," Longman's Magazine, 1888.

7. It has been well shown by Dr. J. Oldfield, in the New Century Review, October 1898, that "omnivorism" in the hoggish sense, is not characteristic of progressive mankind. "The higher we go in the scale of life, the more we find selection taking the place of omnivorism. The more complex the organism, the greater its selective capacity. 'Selection,' then, rather than 'omnivorism,' should be the watch-cry of the human race evolving upward."

8. Humane Science Lectures: Summary of address given by Prince Kropotkin at Essex Hall, November 17, 1896.

9. "Study of Animal Life."

10. "Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology."

11. Wollaston, "Religion of Nature," 1759.

12. December 29, 1898.

13. Fortnightly Review, November, 1895.

14. The Ethical World, May 7, 1898.

15. Ibid.

16. Fortnightly Review, November, 1895.

17. Illustrated London News, May 14, 1898.

18. "Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-houses."

19. Daily Telegraph, July 19, 1897.

20. New Age, November 25, 1897.

21. From a series of letters contributed to the Nottingham Guardian by Mr. J. F. Fraser, author of "America at Work."

22. See the official facts and figures cited in "Tuberculosis," by Dr. J. Oldfield, 1892.

23. Reynolds's Newspaper, March 19, 1899.

24. The "Author's Case."

25. "Uric Acid as a Factor in the Causation of Disease. Diet and Foods Considered in Relation to Strength and Power of Endurance."

26. British Medical Journal, June 4, 1898.

27. "Foods of Man."

28. Rees's "EncyclopÆdia," Article, "Man."

29. Vegetarian Messenger, January, 1899.

30. Nineteenth Century, August, 1898.

31. Edward Carpenter, "The Art of Creation," "Health a Conquest."

32. Walden, "Higher Laws."

33. It is a curious fact that the Greek word psychic had the double sense of spiritual and carnal. See Tertullian's treatise, "Against the Carnal-Minded" (Psychicos).

34. Even cannibalism—such is the complexity of the human character—is not always directly demoralising. "This unnatural practice," says Captain Burrows in his "Land of the Pigmies," 1899, "stands by itself, seeming not in any way to affect or retard the development of the better emotions."

35. "The Perfect Way in Diet."

36. "Fads of an Old Physician," chap. xiv.

37. "Foods for Man."

38. "Food in Health and Disease."

39. See the chapter on "Values of Foods," pp. 93, 94, in "Strength and Diet," by the Hon. R. Russell.

40. Walden, "Higher Laws."

41. Appendix to "Enigmas of Life."

42. "Essays on Diet," p. 55.

43. Manchester Vegetarian Lectures, "Vegetarianism and National Economy." For a clear statement of the present shocking neglect of agriculture in this country, see "Fields, Factories, and Workshops," by P. Kropotkin, 1899, where it is shown that two-thirds of our food-supply is now imported from abroad.

44. Against the sea fisheries, it may be noted, the same objection cannot be raised, as they do not diminish, but supplement the produce of the soil.

45. "Our National Resources," 1889.

46. "The Open Court," 1898.

47. "Moral and Political Philosophy."

48. November 19, 1892.

49. As in the epigram,

which may be freely rendered,

50. Plutarch, "On Flesh-Eating," quoted in "The Ethics of Diet," by Howard Williams.

51. Robert Buchanan. Preface to J. Connell's "The Truth about the Game Laws."

52. For interesting facts concerning cannibalism, see Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie's article, Contemporary Review, June 1897; "The Fall of the Congo Arabs," by Captain Sidney L. Hinde, 1897; and "The Land of the Pigmies," by Captain Guy Burrows, 1899.

53. "Trooper Peter Halket."

54. Walden, "Higher Laws."

55. The New Charter, "The Humanitarian View."

56. "Foods in Health and Disease."

57. Nineteenth Century, May, 1885.

58. Take, for example, the rule to which some bird-lovers bind themselves, to wear no feathers but those of birds killed for food. One is reminded of Thomas Paine's epigram: "They pity the plumage, but forget the dying bird."

59. Richard Jefferies, "Field and Hedgerows."