The Editor desires to acknowledge his indebtedness to the following distinguished educators, scientists, writers and publicists for helpful suggestions, counsel, contributions, or revisions connected with the various departments of THE CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE.

EDWIN A. ALDERMAN, LL.D., D.C.L.

President University of Virginia; Editor-in-Chief Library of Southern Literature; author of Obligations and Opportunities of Citizenship, etc.

E. BENJAMIN ANDREWS, D.D., LL.D.

Educator and Historian; author of Institutes of General History, History of the United States, etc.

JAMES B. ANGELL, LL.D.

Late President University of Michigan; author of The Higher Education, Progress in International Law, etc.

LIBERTY H. BAILEY, D.Sc., LL.D.

Cornell University; author of Plant Breeding, Manual of Gardening, Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, etc.

GEORGE F. BARKER, Sc.D., LL.D.

University of Pennsylvania; author of Text-book of Chemistry, Text-book of Physics, etc.

JOHN HENRY BARROWS, LL.D.

Late President Oberlin College; author of Christian Evidences, Lectures, etc.

CHARLES E. BESSEY, Ph.D., LL.D.

University of Nebraska; author of Essentials of Botany, Botany for High Schools and Colleges, Elementary Botany, etc.

FRANK W. BLACKMAR, Ph.D.

University of Kansas; author of The Story of Human Progress, Outlines of Sociology, etc.

DAVID J. BREWER, LL.D.

Jurist, Publicist; Associate Justice U. S. Supreme Court; author of American Citizenship, The Twentieth Century, etc.

ELMER ELLSWORTH BROWN, Ph.D., LL.D.

President N. Y. University; former U. S. Commissioner of Education; author of The Making of our Middle Schools, Origin of American State Universities, etc.

JAMES M. BUCKLEY, LL.D.

Late editor New York Christian Advocate; author of Travels in Three Continents, The Land of the Czar, etc.

JOHN W. BURGESS, Ph.D., LL.D.

Columbia University; author of The Civil War and the Constitution, Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law, etc.

G. MONTAGUE BUTLER, M.E.

Colorado School of Mines; Geologist for Colorado Geological Survey; author of A Pocket Handbook of Minerals, etc.

JAMES McKEAN CATTELL, Ph.D.

Editor Popular Science Monthly; author of School and Society, American Men of Science, etc.

JOHN W. CAVANAUGH, C.S.C., LL.D.

President Notre Dame University; author of Priests of Holy Cross, etc.

EDWARD CHANNING, Ph.D., LL.D.

Harvard University; author of History of United States, English History for American Readers, etc.

SUSAN FRANCES CHASE, M.A., Ph.D.

Department of Psychology and Literature, Buffalo State Normal School; author of Talks to Teachers, Outlines of Literature, etc.

FOSTER D. COBURN, LL.D.

Former Secretary Kansas Department of Agriculture; author of Swine Husbandry, Alfalfa, The Farmer’s Encyclopedia, etc.

MAURICE F. EGAN, Litt.D., LL.D.

U. S. Minister to Denmark; author of Lectures on English Literature, Modern Novelists, etc.

CHARLES W. ELIOT, LL.D.

President Emeritus Harvard University; author of Educational Reform, The Durable Satisfactions of Life, etc.

EPHRAIM EMERTON, Ph.D.

Harvard University; author of Synopsis of the History of Continental Europe, MediÆval Europe, etc.

WILLIAM H. EMMONS, Ph.D.

University of Minnesota; Geologist of Minnesota; author of numerous Reports and Technical Papers on Geology.

ALCEE FORTIER, Litt.D., LL.D.

Tulane University; author of History of French Literature, Louisiana Folk Tales, History of France, etc.

ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, Ph.D.

Author of History of Sculpture, Mediaeval Art Inventions of the Vatican, etc.; co-author Sturgis, History of Architecture, etc.

HORACE HOWARD FURNESS, Litt.D., LL.D.

Shakespearean Scholar, Critic; author of The Variorum Shakespeare, etc.

MERRILL E. GATES, LL.D., L.H.D.

Ex-President Amherst College; author of Land and Law as Agents in Educating the Indian, International Arbitration, etc.

JOHN F. GENUNG, D.D., Ph.D., Litt.D.

Amherst College; author of Practical Elements of Rhetoric, Working Principles of Rhetoric, The Idylls of the Ages, etc.

NICHOLAS PAINE GILMAN, L.H.D.

Meadville Theological School; author of Profit Sharing, A Dividend to Labor, Methods of Industrial Peace, etc.

WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, D.C.L., LL.D.

Harvard University; author of Greek Grammar, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb, etc.

EDWARD HOWARD GRIGGS, L.H.D.

Lecturer, Educator; author of Moral Education, Self-Culture through the Vocation, etc.

FRANK W. GUNSAULUS, D.D., LL.D.

President Armour Institute; author of Paths to Power, Higher Ministries of Recent English Poetry, etc.

G. STANLEY HALL, Ph.D., LL.D.

President Clark University; author of Adolescence, Youth—Its Education, Regimen and Hygiene, etc.; editor of the American Journal of Psychology, The Pedagogical Seminary, etc.

JOHN HAY, LL.D.

Diplomat, Historian; co-author of Life of Abraham Lincoln, Castilian Days, etc.

EMIL G. HIRSCH, L.H.D., LL.D., D.C.L.

University of Chicago; minister of Sinai Congregation, Chicago; associate editor Jewish Encyclopedia; author of many articles on religion, etc.

GEORGE HODGES, D.D., D.C.L.

Dean Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.; author of The Episcopal Church, The Pursuit of Happiness, etc.

ARTHUR HOEBER, A.N.A.

Art Critic New York Globe; Art Editor New Encyclopedia Britannica; author of Painting in the Nineteenth Century, etc.

GEORGE S. HOLMESTED, K.C., Esq.

Registrar of the High Court of Justice of Ontario; editor of the Ontario Mechanics Lien Act, etc.

JAMES M. HOPPIN, D.D.

Yale University; author of Great Epochs in Art History, Old England: Its Art, Scenery and People, etc.

WILLIAM WIRT HOWE, LL.D.

Jurist, Lecturer; Justice Supreme Court of La.; author of Studies in Civil Law, etc.

GEORGE HOLMES HOWISON, LL.D.

University of California; author of Limits of Evolution, Philosophy: Its Fundamental Concepts and Methods, etc.

THOMAS WELBURN HUGHES, LL.D.

Dean Washburn College of Law; author of Hughes’ Cases on Evidence, Outline of Criminal Law, Commercial Law, etc.

JOHN F. HURST, D.D., LL.D.

Late Chancellor American University; author of History of the Christian Church, etc.

WILLIAM DeWITT HYDE, D.D., LL.D.

President Bowdoin College; author of The Teacher’s Philosophy In and Out of School, The Quest of the Best, etc.

MORRIS JASTROW, Ph.D.

University of Pennsylvania; author of Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria, The Study of Religion, etc.

JEREMIAH W. JENKS, Ph.D., LL.D.

New York University; author of The Trust Problem, Citizenship and the Schools, Government Action for Social Welfare, etc.

DAVID STARR JORDAN, Ph.D., LL.D.

Leland Stanford Jr. University; author of Science Sketches, Footnotes to Evolution, Animal Life, Food and Game Fishes of North America, etc.

ARTHUR B. LAMB, Ph.D.

Director Chemical Laboratory, Harvard University; translator of Haber’s Thermodynamics of Technical Gas Reaction; author of many papers on chemical subjects.

JOSEPHUS N. LARNED, LL.D.

Librarian and Historian; author of History for Ready Reference, Literature of American History, etc.

HENRY C. LEA, LL.D.

Historian; author of Studies in Church History, Superstition and Force, etc.

SIMON LITMAN, Jur.D., Ph.D.

University of Illinois; author of Trade and Commerce, and of many articles on commerce and industry.

THOMAS H. MACBRIDE, Ph.D., LL.D.

Ex-President Iowa State University; author of Textbook of Botany, etc.

OTIS T. MASON, Ph.D., LL.D.

Ethnologist, Scientist; author of Origin of Inventions, Woman’s Share in Primitive Culture, etc.

HUGO MÜNSTERBERG, M.D., Ph.D., LL.D.,

Harvard University; author of Psychology and the Teacher, The Eternal Values, American Problems, etc.

CHARLES W. NEEDHAM, LL.D.

Educator, Lawyer; Ex-President George Washington University; associate counsel Interstate Commerce Commission; etc.

THOMAS NELSON PAGE, Litt.D., LL.D.

Lawyer, Diplomat, Novelist; U. S. Ambassador to Italy; author of Social Life in Old Virginia, Robert E. Lee: Man and Soldier, etc.

JOHN K. PAINE, Mus.D.

Harvard University; Musician, Composer; author of Realm of Fancy, Song of Promise, etc.

GEORGE H. PALMER, Litt.D., LL.D.

Harvard University; author of Self-Cultivation in English, The Teacher, Trades and Professions, etc.

HORATIO W. PARKER, Mus.D.

Yale University; Composer; author of the operas Mona, Fairyland, and much other music.

HARRY THURSTON PECK, Ph.D., L.H.D.

Co-editor New International Encyclopedia, editor of Harper’s Classical Dictionary, etc.

JOHN W. POWELL, Ph.D., LL.D.

Late Chief of Bureau of American Ethnology; author of Studies in Sociology, The CaÑons of the Colorado, etc.

IRA REMSEN, Ph.D., LL.D.

Ex-President Johns Hopkins University; author of The Elements of Chemistry, Classical Experiments, etc.

HENRY A. ROWLAND, Ph.D., LL.D.

Late Professor Johns Hopkins University; author of Mechanical Equivalents of Heat, The Solar Spectrum, etc.

BOHUMIL SHIMEK, C.E., M.Sc.

Iowa State University; Botanist; author of numerous scientific papers.

AINSWORTH R. SPOFFORD, LL.D.

Late Librarian of Congress, Critic; editor of Library of Choice Literature, Book for All Readers, etc.

ROBERT H. THURSTON, LL.D., D.Eng.

Late Professor Cornell University; author of History of the Steam Engine, Materials of Construction, etc.

CRAWFORD H. TOY, M.A., LL.D.

Harvard University; author of The Religion of Israel, Judaism and Christianity, Quotations in the New Testament, etc.

JOHN C. VAN DYKE, L.H.D.

Rutgers College; author of New Guides to Old Masters, Studies in Pictures, etc.

LESTER F. WARD, Ph.D., LL.D.

Brown University; Scientist; author of Sociology and Economics, Pure Sociology, etc.

ROBERT M. WENLEY, Ph.D., Litt.D., D.Sc., LL.D.

University of Michigan; co-editor of The Dictionary of Philosophy, Dictionary of Theology, Religion and Ethics; author of Introduction to Kant, Contemporary Theology and Theism, etc.

BENJAMIN I. WHEELER, Ph.D., LL.D.

President University of California; author of Introduction to the History of Language, Life of Alexander the Great, etc.

JOHN SHARP WILLIAMS, LL.D.

Publicist, U. S. Senator; author of Permanent Influence of Thomas Jefferson on American Institutions, etc.

OWEN WISTER, Litt.D., LL.D.

Lawyer, Novelist, Critic; author of The Virginians, Biography of U. S. Grant, etc.

ROBERT S. WOODWARD, D.Sc., LL.D.

Director Carnegie Institute; Scientist; author of Higher Mathematics, etc.

CARROLL D. WRIGHT, Ph.D., LL.D.

Educator, Economist, Statistician; author of The Industrial Evolution of the United States, etc.

G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, D.D., LL.D.

Oberlin College; author of Man and the Glacial Period, Science and Religion, etc.