A

Abstraction. See Ideas

Addison, Mrs. K., on sign-making by a jackdaw, 97

Adjectives, appropriately used by parrots, 129, 130, 152;

early use of, by children, 219;

not differentiated in early forms of speech, 295 et seq.;

origin of Aryan, 306;

and in language generally, 385-86.

Adverbs not differentiated in early forms of speech, 306

African Bushmen. See Hottentots

African languages. See Languages

Agglomerative. See Languages

Agglutinating. See Languages

American languages. See Languages

Analytic. See Languages

Anatomy, evidence of man’s descent supplied by, 19

Animals. See Brutes

Animism of primitive man, 275

Ants, intelligence of, 52, 53;

sign-making by, 91-95

Apes, brain-weight of, 16;

bodily structure of, 19;

counting by, 58, 215;

understanding of words by, 125, 126;

unable to imitate articulate sounds, 153-157;

psychological characters of anthropoid, in relation to the descent of man, 364-370;

singing, 370, 373-378;

other vocal sounds made by, 374;

erect attitude assumed by, 381, 382

Appleyard on language of savages, 349

Apposition. See Predication

Aristotle, on intelligence of brutes, 12,

and of man, 20;

his classification of the animal kingdom, 79;

his logic based on grammar of the Greek language, 314, 320

Articulation, chap. vii.;

classification of different kinds of, 121;

meaningless, 121, 122;

understanding of, 122-129;

by dogs, 128;

use of, with intelligent signification by talking birds, 129-139;

arbitrary use of, by young children, 138-144;

relation of, to tone and gesture, 145-162;

importance of sense of sight to development of, 366, 367;

probable period and mode of genesis of in the race, 370-373

Aryan languages. See Languages

Aryan race, civilization of, 272;

antiquity of, 273

Audouin on a monkey recognizing pictorial representations, 188

Axe, discovery of, by neolithic man, 214

B

Barter only used by man, 19

Basque language. See Language

Bateman, Dr. F., on speech-centre of brain, 134, 135

Bates, on intelligence of ants, 92, 93;

on a monkey recognizing pictorial representations, 188.

Bats the only mammals capable of flight, 156

Bear, intelligence of, 51;

understanding tones of human voice, 124

Beattie, Dr., on intelligence of a dog, 100

Bees, sign-making by, 90

Bell, Professor A. Graham, on teaching a dog to articulate, 128;

on the ideation of deaf-mutes, 150

Belt on intelligence of ants, 52, 92

Benfry on roots of Sanskrit, 267

Berkeley on ideas, 21, 22

Binet on analogies between perception and reason, 32

and sensation, 37, 46

Bingley on bees understanding tones of human voice, 124

Bleek, on origin of pronouns, 302;

on the sentence-words of African Bushmen, 316, 337, 338;

on onomatopoeia, 339;

on the clicks of Hottentots and African Bushmen, 373

Bonaparte, Prince Lucien, on possible number of articulate sounds, 373

Bopp on the origin of speech, 240

Bowen, Professor F., on psychology of judgment, 167

Boyd Dawkins, Professor, on discovery of axe by neolithic man, 214

Bramston, Miss, on intelligence of a dog, 56

Brazil, climate and native languages of, 262, 263

Brown, Thomas, on generalization, 44

Browning, A. H., on intelligence of a dog, 99, 100

Brutes, mind of, compared with human, 6-39;

emotions of, 7;

instincts of, 8;

volition of, 8;

intellect of, 9;

Mr. Mivart on psychology of, 10, 177;

as machines, 11;

rationality of, 11, 12;

soul of, 12;

Bishop Butler on immortality of, 12;

instances of intelligence of, 51-63;

ideas of causality in, 58-60;

appreciation of principles by, 60, 61;

sign-making by, 88-102;

understanding of words by, 123-127;

articulation by, 128-138, 152;

reasons why none have become intellectual rivals of man, 154-157;

self-consciousness in relation to, 175-178;

recognizing pictorial representations, 188, 189;

conditions to genesis of self-consciousness manifested by, 195-199;

counting by, 56-58, 214, 215;

psychology of, in relation to the descent of man, 364-384

Buffon, on intelligence of brutes, 12, 117;

his parrot, 201

Bunsen, on onomatopoeia, 282;

on Egyptian language, 297, 298;

on the substantive verb, 309

Burton on sign-making by Indians, 105

Bushmen, clicks in the language of, 291

Butler, Bishop, on immortality of brutes, 12

C

California, climate and native languages of, 261, 262

Caldwell on language of savages, 349

Carlyle on fundamental metaphor, 344

Carpenter, Commander Alfred, on monkeys using stones to open oysters, 382

Casalis on poverty of savage languages in abstract terms, 351

Cat, intelligence of, 59, 98, 99;

use of signs by, 158

Caterpillars, sign-making by, 95, 96

Causation, ideas of, in brutes, 58-60;

origin of idea of, in man, 210

Cebus, intelligence of, 60, 61;

different tones uttered by, 96

Champollion on Egyptian hieroglyphics, 311

Charlevoix on language of savages, 349

Cheyenne language. See Languages

Child, psychogenesis of, 4, 5;

emotions and instincts of, 7, 8;

intelligence of, as regards classification, 26, 27, 41, 66, 67;

instinctive and imitative articulation by, 121, 122;

understanding of words by infantile, 123;

spontaneous invention of words by, 138-143;

indicative stage of language in, 158, 218-222, 324;

denotation and connotation of, 179, 191, 218-231, 283-285;

recognizing portraits, &c., 188, 189;

rise of self-consciousness in, 200-212;

use of personal pronoun by, 201, 232, 408, 409;

hypothesis of languages having been originated by, 259-263;

undifferentiated language of, 296, 297, 317;

stages of language in, 157-193, 328;

differences between infantile and primitive man, as regards development of speech, 329-334;

order of development of articulate sounds in, 372, 373

Cicero on the origin of speech, 240

Chimpanzee. See Apes

Chinese language. See Language

Classification, in relation to abstraction, 31, 32;

powers of, exhibited by a young child, 26, 66, 67;

by lower animals generally, 27-30 (see also under Precepts);

of ideas, 34-39, 193;

conceptual, 78-80, 174;

of the animal kingdom by the early Jews and by Aristotle, 78, 79;

of language, 85-89;

of mental faculties artificial, 234;

of languages, 245-251

Clicks of Hottentots, 291

Clothes only worn by man, 19

Communication. See Language

Complex ideas. See Ideas

Compound ideas. See Ideas

Comte, Auguste, on the logic of feelings and of signs, 42, 46, 47

Conception. See Concepts

Concepts, defined, 34;

logic of, 47, and chap. iv.;

as named recepts, 74, 75;

as higher and lower, 76, 185;

in relation to particular and generic ideas, 76-78;

in relation to judgment and self-consciousness, 168-191;

Max MÜller’s alleged, 221;

in relation to non-conceptual faculties, 234-237;

attainment of, by the individual, 230-232;

original, 269-281;

philological proof of derivation of, from recepts, 343-349

Concrete ideas. See Ideas

Connotation, 88, 89, 136, 137, 157, 159-162, 169, 170, 179-184, 218, 219, 283, 284, 294 et seq., 368, 383, 384

Conscience. See Morality

Coptic language. See Language

Copula, the, 172, 173, 230, 309, 314, 387

Counting, by rooks, 56, 57, 214, 215;

by an ape, 58, 215;

by sensuous computation and by separate notation, 57, 215;

by savages, 215

Crawford on Malay language, 351

Cronise on the climate of California, 261

Crows, intelligence of, 56, 57

Cuvier on speech as the most distinctive characteristic of man, 371

D

Dammaras, counting by, 215

Darwin, Charles, on intelligence of savage man in relation to his cerebral development, 16, 17;

on intelligence of animals, 51, 52, 54;

on pointing of sporting dogs, 97;

on expression of emotions, 103;

on psychogenesis of child, 123, 158;

on self-consciousness, 199;

on descent of man, 369, 370, 374-376, 380

Dayak language. See Language

Deaf-mutes, sign-making by, 105-120;

ideation of, 149, 150, 339-341;

invention of articulate signs by, 122, 263, 367

De FraviÈre on sign-making by bees, 90

Demonstrative elements. See Pronouns

Denomination, 88, 89, 161, 162, 168-170, 294, et seq.

Denotation, 88, 89, 157, 158, 159, 162, 168, 179-184, 218, 219, 294 et seq., 368-369, 383, 384, 386

De Quatrefages, on distinctions between animal and human intelligence, 17-19;

on intelligence of a dog, 198;

on poverty of savage languages in abstract terms, 351

Dog, seeking water in hollows, 51;

making allowance for driftway, 52;

generic ideas shown by, 54, 352;

chasing imaginary pigs, 56;

idea of causation shown by, 59, 60;

pointing and backing of, 97, 98;

other gesture signs made by, 99, 100, 221;

understanding of written signs by, 101, 102;

understanding of words by, 124, 125;

alleged articulation by, 128;

Indian sign for barking, 146;

recognizing pictorial representations, 188;

practising concealment and hypocrisy, 198;

ejective ideation of, 198;

receptual self-consciousness of, 199;

counting by, 215;

begging before a bitch, 221;

deaf-mute’s articulate name of, 367

Donaldson on demonstrative elements, 244

Dublin Review on psychology of judgment, 166, 167

Dumas, Alex., on sign-making, 111

Du Ponceau on language of savages, 349, 351

E

Ecitons. See Ants

Egyptian language. See Language

Elephant, intelligence of, 98

Ellis on early English pronunciation, 373

Emerson on fundamental metaphor, 344

Emotions of man and brutes compared, 7

Empty words, 246

EncyclopÆdia Britannica (1857), on the origin of speech, 240

English language. See Language

Etruscan language. See Language

F

Farrar, Archdeacon, on demonstrative elements, 244;

on invention of languages by children, 263;

on roots of language, 268, 358;

on origin of the verb, 275;

on paucity of words in vocabulary of English labourers, 280;

on onomatopoeia, 284-288, 290;

on objective phraseology of young children and early man, 301;

on the substantive verb, 309;

on fundamental metaphor, 344;

on language of savages in respect of abstraction, 350;

on absence of subjective personal pronouns in early forms of speech, 421

Feejee language. See Language

Fire only made by man, 19

Fitzgerald, P. F., on self-consciousness, 212

Flight, capability of, in insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals, 156, 157

Forbes, James, on intelligence of monkeys, 100

Fox, intelligence of, 55, 56

Frogs, understanding by, of tones of human voice, 124

G

Galton, Francis, on ideas as generic images, 23;

on relation of thought to speech, 83;

on intelligence of Dammaras, 215

Garnett, on nature and analysis of the verb, 275, 307, 309-312;

on sentence-words, 300;

on primitive forms of predication, 318;

on fundamental metaphor, 344, 358;

on absence of subjective cases of pronouns in early forms of speech, 421

Geiger, on ideas, 45;

on dependence of thought upon language, 83;

on understanding of words by brutes, 127;

on roots of language, 268, 273, 336;

on distinction between ideas as general and generic, 279;

on increasing conceptuality of terms with increase of culture, 280;

on the impossibility of language having ever consisted exclusively of general terms, 282;

on Heyse’s theory of the origin of speech, 289;

on onomatopoeia, 292;

on the vanishing point of language, 314, 354;

on fundamental metaphor as illustrated by names of tools, 345, 346,

and words of moral significance, 346, 347;

on the sense of sight in relation to the origin of speech, 366, 367;

on Homo alalus, 380

General ideas. See Ideas

Generalization. See Ideas

Generic ideas. See Recepts

Genitive case, philology of, 305, 385

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isid., on a monkey recognizing pictorial representations, 188

Geology, imperfect record of, 19

Gesture. See Language

Gibbon. See Apes

Goethe on obliteration of original meanings of words, 284

Goodbehere, S., on sign-making by a pony, 97

Gorilla. See Apes

Greek. See Language

Green, Professor, on self-consciousness, 212

Grimace. See Language

Grimm, on the origin of speech, 240;

on names for thunder, 286;

on fundamental metaphor, 344

H

Haeckel, Professor, on Homo alalus, 370, 380;

on sounds made by apes, 374

Hague on sign-making by ants, 93, 94

Hale, Dr. H., on spontaneous invention of words by children, 138-144;

on the origin of languages, 259-263

Hamilton, Sir William, on ideas as abstract and general, 24, 25, 79, 80

Harper, F., on Greek tenses, 301

Haughton, Sir Graves, on roots of languages, 275

Hebrew. See Language

Hegel, on absence in brutes of the idea of causality, 58;

on self-consciousness, 212

Heinieke on words spontaneously invented by deaf-mutes, 367

Hen, different tones used by, as signs to chickens, &c., 96