es@24800@24800-h@24800-h-1.htm.html#page_24" class="pginternal">24-26;

empirical rules of, 33-40;

Darwin on, 35, 36, 39,40;

form of, a nexus or tree, 29-32;

of organic forms like that of languages, 32;

single characters in relation to, 37;

aggregates of characters in relation to, 35-37;

adaptive and non-adaptive characters in relation to, 34, 35, 38, 39;

chains of affinities in relation to, 39-40;

biological differs from astronomical, 43.

Cockerell, on vegetable galls, 447, 448.

Colours, of plants and animals in relation to the theory of natural selection, 317-332;

• in relation to the theory of sexual selection, 391, 392, 394-396, 408-410, 448-450.

Colouring, see Recognition marks, Protective, Seasonal, Warning, and Mimicry.

Congenital characters, see Characters.

Conjugation, of Protozoa, 115-117.

Continuity, principle of, in nature, 15-21.

Contrivance, Darwin’s use of the word, 281.

Co-operation, mutual, of species alleged, 445-448.

Co-operative instincts, due to natural selection, 267, 269.

Cope, Professor, his table of geological formations, 163, 164;

• his table of palÆontological development of feet, vertebral column, and brain, 197.

Correlation of growth, 357-362.

CossonidÆ, 233.

Courtship, see Sexual Selection.

Crabs, 62-65, 139.

Cuttle-fish, 317.

Cuvier, on method in natural history, 3-4;

• on monkeys, 429.

Cyst, see Encystation.

D.

Darwin, Charles, his influence on ideas of method, 1-9;

• on classification, 35, 36, 39, 40;
• on vestigial characters in man, 77, 86, 146, 147, 150, 151.
• Gill-slits, 146, 147, 150-153.
• Gills, of young salamanders, 102;
  • origin of, in embryo, 144;
  • of fish, 150, 152.
• Giraffe, neck of, in relation to Lamarck’s theory, 254.
• Glacial periods, effects of, on distribution of plants and animals, 209, 210, and Appendix.
• Goose, Frizzled, portrait of, 304.
• Gorilla, see Apes.
• Gray, Professor Asa, 337
• Great-toe, in man and apes, 79-81.
• Grouse, 317-319
• Growth, correlation of, 357, 362.
• Gymnotus, 365, 367.
• H.
• HÄckel, on analogy between species and languages, 32;
  • on reproduction as discontinuous growth, 105, 106;
  • his ideal primitive vertebrate, 143, 144.
• Hair, vestigial characters of, in man, 89-92.
• Hales, 3.
• Haller, 3.
• Hamilton, Sir William, 272.
• Hands, 51-55, 66, 80-82, 174-192.
• Hare, 318, 319.
• Hartmann, on flattening of early human tibiÆ, 96.
• Harvey, on Lord Bacon’s writings, 2.
• Heart, development of, 154.
• Heilprin, on skulls of deer, 198, 199;
  • on fossil shells, 201, 202.
• Hen, ovum of, 122.
• Heredity, in relation to classification, 28-31;
  • in relation to embryology, 98-102;
  • chromatin-fibres in relation to, 134;
  • in relation to theories of organic evolution, 253-255, 260-264, 377.
• Hermit-crabs, 62-65, 184, 185.
• Phylogeny, see Ontogeny.
• Physiological selection, 376.
• Pig, embryology of, 153;
  • feet of, 176, 187;
  • portraits of wild and domesticated, 312.
• Pigeons, portraits of, 298, 299;
  • feather-footed, 359.
• Pilot fish, 289.
• Planorbis, transmutations of, 200, 201.
• Pleasure and pain, in relation to the theory of evolution, 417.
• Plica semilunaris, 75.
• Pliohippus, 189.
• Polar bear, skeleton of, 174;
  • feet of, 178.
• Polar bodies, 125, 126.
• Polar star, 129.
• Polyps, 114.
• Porpoises, 24, 25, 50.
• Poulton, E. B., on warning colours, 325, 326;
  • on mimicry, 331, 332;
  • sexual selection, 400, 401, 449, 450.
• Poultry, portraits of, 300-302.
• Pronucleus, 126-128.
• Prophetic types, 272, 351-362.
• Prophysema primordiale, 140.
• Protective colouring, 317-323.
• Protohippus, 189.
• Protozoa, 104.
• Ptarmigan, 317, 318.
• Pterodactyl, wing of, 56.
• Purpose, Darwin’s use of the word, 281, 340.
• Puss moth, larva of, 325, 326.
• Python, 66, 67.
• Q.
• Quadrumana, muscles of, 76, 82, 83;
  • perforations of humeri of, 94, 95;
  • hair on phalanges of, 91.
• R.
• Rabbit, embryology of, 153;
  • multiplication of, in Australia, 286;
  • portraits of wild and domesticated breeds of, 308;
  • protective colouring of, 3 s="pginternal">94;
  • palÆontology of horses’, 189-191.
• Temperature, sense of, probable origin of that of sight, 353, 354.
• Tennyson, 266.
• TibiÆ, flattening of, 95, 96.
• Tissue-cells, see Cell.
• Toes, 79, 80; see also Feet.
• Tomes, C. S., on molar teeth of man and apes, 94.
• Torpedo, 365, 367.
• Tortoise, embryology of, 152, 154.
• Toxopneustes variegatus, and T. lividus, 122.
• Transport of organisms, means of, 207, 216-218.
• Tribal fitness, as distinguished from individual, 267-269.
• Trout, ovum of, 122.
• Turtle, eye of, 75.
• Tylor, Alfred, on colouration of animals, 448-450.
• Type, preserved by natural selection, 264-269;
  • improvement of, by natural selection, 269, 270;
  • prophetic, 272, 351-362.
• Types, as simple and generalized, 33.
• U.
• Unicellular organisms, 104.
• Uraster, 138.
• Utility, of specific characters, 274, 275;
  • of incipient characters, 351-363;
  • of electric organs, 365-373.
• V.
• Variation, in relation to natural selection, 263, 335-340, 377.
• Verification, 6-9.
• Vertebral column, embryology of 145, 146;
  • palÆontology of, 192, 193.
• Vertebrated animal, ideal primitive, 143, 144;
  • embryology of, 143, 155.
• Vespa vulgaris, 331.
• Vestigial organs, 65-97.
• Volucella inans, and V. bombylans, 329.
• W.
• Wagner, Moritz, on geographical distribution, 216.
• Wallace, A. R., on origin of species as coincident in time and space with pre-existing and allied species, 22;
  • on wingless insects, 70;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
  
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