In Every village cemetery it is easy to find shafts of gray or speckled granite, the polished surfaces of which show that the granite is made of small bits of different coloured minerals, cemented together into solid rock. Outside the gate you will usually find a place where monuments and gravestones may be bought. Here there is usually a stonecutter chipping away on a block with his graving tools. He is a man worth knowing, and because his work is rather monotonous he will probably be glad to talk to a chance visitor and answer questions about the different kinds of stone on which he works.

There are bits of granite lying about on the ground. If you have a hand-glass of low power, such as the botany class uses to examine the parts of flowers, it will be interesting to look through it and see the magnified surface of a flake of broken granite. Here are bits of glassy quartz, clear and sparkling in the sun. Black and white may be all the colours you make out in this specimen, or it may be that you see specks of pink, dark green, gray, and smoky brown, all cemented together with no spaces that are not filled. The particles of quartz are of various colours, and are very hard. They scratch glass, and you cannot scratch them with the steel point of your knife, as you can scratch the other minerals associated with the grains of quartz.

Granite is made of quartz, feldspar, and mica, sometimes with added particles of hornblende. Feldspar particles have as wide a range of colour as quartz, but it is easy to tell the two apart. A knife will scratch feldspar, as it is not so hard as quartz. The crystals of feldspar have smooth faces, while quartz breaks with a rough surface as glass does. Feldspar loses its glassy lustre when exposed to the weather, and becomes dull, with the soft lustre of pearl.

Mica may be clear and glassy, and it ranges in colour from transparency through various shades of brown to black. It has the peculiarity of splitting into thin, leaf-like, flexible sheets, so it is easy to find out which particles in a piece of granite are mica. One has only to use one's pocket knife with a little care. Hornblende is a dark mineral which contains considerable iron. It is found in lavas and granites, where it easily decays by the rusting of the iron. It is not unusual to see a rough granite boulder streaked with dark red rust from this cause.

The crumbling of granite is constantly going on as a result of the exposure of its four mineral elements to the air. Quartz is the most stable and resistant to weathering. Soil water trickling over a granite cliff has little effect on the quartz particles; but it dissolves out some of the silicon. The bits of feldspar are even more resistant to water than quartz is, but the air causes them to decay rapidly, and finally to fall away in a sort of mealy clay. Mica, like feldspar, decays easily. Its substance is dissolved by water and carried away to become a kind of clay. The hornblende rusts away chiefly under the influence of moist air and trickling water.

We think of granite as a firm, imperishable kind of rock, and use it in great buildings like churches and cathedrals that are to stand for centuries. But the faces that are exposed to the air suffer, especially in regions having a moist climate. The signs of decay are plainly visible on the outer surfaces of these stones. Fortunate it is that the weathering process cannot go very deep.

The glassy polish on a smooth granite shaft is the silicon which acts as a cement to bind all the particles together. It is resistant to the weather. A polished shaft will last longer than an unpolished one.

Granites differ in colouring because the minerals that compose them, the feldspars, quartzes, micas, and hornblendes, have each so wide a range of colour. Again, the proportions of the different mineral elements vary greatly in different granites. A banded granite the colours of which give it a stratified appearance is called a gneiss.

We have spoken before of the seventy elements found in the earth's crust. A mineral is a union of two or more of these different elements; and we have found four minerals composing our granite rock. It may be interesting to go back and inquire what elements compose these four minerals. Quartz is made of silicon and oxygen. Feldspar is made of silicon, oxygen, and aluminum. Mica is made of silicon, oxygen, and carbon, with some mingling of potassium and iron and other elements in differing proportions. Hornblende is made of silicon, oxygen, carbon, and iron.

The crumbling of a granite rock separates the minerals that compose it, reducing some to the condition of clay, others to grains of sand. Some of the elements let go their union and become free to form new unions. Water and wind gather up the fragments of crumbling granite and carry them away. The feldspar and mica fragments form clay; the quartz fragments, sand. All of the sandstones and slates, the sand-banks and sand beaches, are made out of crumbled granite, the rocky foundations of the earth.