SELECTIONS OF HARDY EXOTIC PLANTS FOR VARIOUS POSITIONS IN THE WILD GARDEN.
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As it is desirable to know how to procure as well as how to select the best kinds, a few words on the first subject may not be amiss here.

A very important point is the getting of a stock of plants to begin with. In country or other places where many good old border flowers remain in the cottage gardens, many species may be collected therein. A series of nursery beds should be formed in some by–place in which such subjects could be increased to any desired degree. Free–growing spring–flowers like Aubrietia, Alyssum, and Iberis, may be multiplied to any extent by division or cuttings. Numbers of kinds may be raised from seed sown rather thinly in drills, in nursery beds in the open air. The catalogues should be searched every Spring for suitable subjects. The best time for sowing is the Spring, but any time during the Summer will do. Many perennials and bulbs must be bought in nurseries and increased as well as may be in nursery beds. As to soil, etc., the best way is to avoid the trouble of preparing it except for specially interesting plants. The great point is to adapt the plant to the soil—in peaty places to place plants that thrive in peat, in clay soils those that thrive in clays, and so on. Among coarse vegetation the best way is to dig the ground deeply before planting, so as to allow the planted subjects to become well established. The ground is so dried, and exhausted and impoverished in some woodland places with coarse weeds, that so much preparation is necessary.

A selection of Plants for Naturalisation in places devoid of any but dwarf vegetation, on bare banks, etc., and in poorish soil.

Dielytra eximia.
” formosa.
Cheiranthus alpinus.
Arabis albida.
Aubrietia, in var.
Alyssum saxatile.
Odontarrhena carsinum.
Iberis corifolia.
” sempervirens.
” correÆfolia.
Thlaspi latifolium.
Æthionema coridifolium.
Helianthemum, in var.
Viola cornuta.
” cucullata.
Gypsophila repens.
Tunica Saxifraga.
Saponaria ocymoides.
Silene alpestris.
” Schafta.
Cerastium Biebersteinii.
” grandiflorum.
” tomentosum.
Linum alpinum.
” arboreum.
” flavum.
Geranium Wallichianum.
” striatum.
” cinereum, and others.
Oxalis floribunda.
Genista sagittalis.
Anthyllis montana.
Astragalus monspessulanus.
Coronilla varia.
Hedysarum obscurum.
Vicia argentea.
Orobus vernus.
” lathyroides.
Waldsteinia trifolia.
Potentilla calabra.
Œnothera speciosa.
” missouriensis.
” taraxacifolia.
Sedum dentatum.
” kamtschaticum.
” Sieboldii.
” spectabile.
” spurium.
Sempervivum calcareum.
” hirtum.
” montanum.
” soboliferum.
” sedoides.
Saxifraga Aizoon.
” cordifolia.
” crassifolia.
” crustata.
” longifolia.
” Cotyledon.
” rosularis.
Astrantia major.
Dondia Epipactis.
Athamanta Matthioli.
Cornus canadensis.
Scabiosa caucasica.
Hieracium aurantiacum.
Doronicum caucasicum.
Aster alpinus.
Tussilago fragrans.
Achillea aurea.
Symphyandra pendula.
Campanula carpatica.
” fragilis.
” garganica.
” cÆspitosa.
Gaultheria procumbens.
Vinca herbacea.
Gentiana acaulis.
Phlox stolonifera.
” subulata.
Lithospermum prostratum.
Pulmonaria grandiflora.
” mollis.
Myosotis dissitiflora.
Physalis Alkekengi.
Pentstemon procerus.
Veronica austriaca.
” candida.
” taurica.
Teucrium ChamÆdrys.
Ajuga genevensis.
Scutellaria alpina.
Prunella grandiflora.
Stachys lanata.
Zietenia lavandulÆfolia.
Dodecatheon Meadia.
Acantholimon glumaceum.
Armeria cephalotes.
Plumbago LarpentÆ.
Polygonum Brunonis.
” vaccinifolium.
Euphorbia Cyparissias.
Iris cristata.
“ graminea.
“ pumila.
“ reticulata.
“ nudicaulis.

Plants of vigorous habit for the Wild Garden.

Trollius altaicus.
” napellifolius, or any other kind.
Thalictrum aquilegifolium.
Delphinium, in var.
Aconitum, in var.
PÆonia, in great var.
Papaver orientale.
” bracteatum.
Macleya cordata.
Datisca cannabina.
Crambe cordifolia.
AlthÆa ficifolia.
” nudiflora.
” taurinensis.
Lavate a Olbia.
Galega officinalis.
” biloba.
Lathyrus latifolius.
” grandiflorus, and any others.
Lupinus polyphyllus.
Thermopsis barbata.
SpirÆa Aruncus.
Astilbe rivularis.
” rubra.
Molopospermum cicutarium.
Ferula communis.
” glauca.
” tingitana.
” sulcata.
Statice latifolia.
Peucedanum involucratum.
” longifolium.
Heracleum flavescens.
” giganteum.
Dipsacus laciniatus.
Mulgedium Plumieri.
Alfredia cernua.
Onopordon tauricum.
Centaurea babylonica.
Echinops bannaticus.
” exaltatus.
” ruthenicus.
” purpureus.
Aster elegans.
” Novi Belgii.
” NovÆ AngliÆ.
” pyrenÆus.
” ericoides, and any other good kinds.
Eupatorium purpureum.
Telekia cordifolia.
Helianthus angustifolius.
” multiflorus.
” orgyalis.
Harpalium rigidum.
Silphium perfoliatum.
Campanula, all the tall and strong growing kinds.
Asclepias Cornuti.
” Douglasii.
Verbascum Chaixii.
Physostegia imbricata.
” speciosa.
Acanthus latifolius.
” spinosus.
” spinosissimus.
Phytolacca decandra.
Polygonum Sieboldii.
Rheum Emodi.
” palmatum.
Achillea Eupatorium.
Bambusa falcata.
Veratrum album.
Yucca filamentosa.
” flaccida.
” recurva.
” gloriosa.
Peucedanum ruthenicum.
Astragalus ponticus.

Hardy Plants with fine foliage or graceful habit suitable for Naturalisation.

Acanthus, several species.
Asclepias syriaca.
Statice latifolia.
Polygonum cuspidatum.
” sachalinense.
Rheum Emodi, and other kinds.
Euphorbia Cyparissias.
Datisca cannabina.
Veratrum album.
Crambe cordifolia.
AlthÆa taurinensis.
Elymus arenarius.
Bambusa, several species.
Arundinaria falcata.
Yucca, several species.
Verbascum Chaixii.
SpirÆa Aruncus.
Astilbe rivularis.
” rubra.
Eryngium, several species.
Ferula, several species.
Phytolacca decandra.
Centaurea babylonica.
ActÆa, in var.
Cimicifuga racemosa.
Peucedanum ruthenicum.
Heracleum, several species.
Aralia japonica.
” edulis.
Macleaya cordata.
Panicum bulbosum.
” virgatum.
Dipsacus laciniatus.
Alfredia cernua.
Carlina acanthifolia.
Telekia cordifolia.
Echinops exaltatus.
” ruthenicus.
Helianthus orgyalis.
” multiflorus, and vars.
Silybum eburneum.
” Marianum.
Onopordon Acanthium.
” arabicum.

Plants for Hedge–banks and like Places.

Clematis in great var.
Thalictrum aquilegifolium.
Anemone japonica and vars.
Delphinium, in var.
Aconitum, in var.
Macleaya cordata.
Kitaibelia vitifolia.
TropÆolum speciosum.
Baptisia australis.
Coronilla varia.
Galega officinalis, both white and pink forms.
Galega biloba.
Astragalus ponticus.
Lathyrus grandiflorus.
” rotundifolius.
” latifolius.
” latifolius albus.
Lupinus polyphyllus.
Rubus biflorus.
Œnothera Lamarckiana.
Astilbe rivularis.
Ferula, in var.
Campanula, in great var.
Calystegia dahurica.
” pubescens.
Verbascum Chaixii.
Pentstemon barbatus.
Veronica, tall kinds in var.
Phlomis Russelliana.
” herba–venti.
Physostegia speciosa.
” virginica.
Acanthus spinosus.
Lilies, common kinds.
Narcissus, common kinds.
Scillas, in var.
Statice latifolia.
Phytolacca decandra.
Aristolochia Sipho.
Asparagus Broussoneti.
” officinalis.
Vitis, in var.
Honeysuckles, in var.
Leucojum, in var.
Fritillary, in var.

Trailers, Climbers, etc.

The selection of plants to cover bowers, trellises, railings, old trees, stumps, rootwork, etc., suitably, is important, particularly as the plants fitted for these purposes are equally useful for rough rockwork, precipitous banks, flanks of rustic bridges, river–banks, ruins, covering cottages or outhouses, and many other uses in garden, pleasure–ground, or wilderness.

Vitis Æstivalis.
” amooriensis.
” cordifolia.
” heterophylla variegata
” Isabella.
” Labrusca.
” laciniosa.
” riparia.
” Sieboldii.
” vinifera apiifolia.
” vulpina.
Aristolochia Sipho.
” tomentosa.
Clematis, in great variety, both species and hybrids.
Calystegia dahurica.
” pubescens plena.
Wistaria sinensis.
Asparagus Broussoneti.
Periploca grÆca.
Hablitzia tamnoides.
Boussingaultia baselloides.
Menispermum canadense.
” virginicum.
Cissus orientalis.
” pubescens.
Ampelopsis bipinnata.
” cordata.
” hederacea.
” tricuspidata.
Jasminum nudiflorum.
” officinale.
” revolutum.
Passiflora coerulea.
Lonicera Caprifolium.
” confusa.
” flava.
” japonica.
” Periclymenum.

Spring and early Summer Flowers for Naturalisation.

Anemone alpina.
” ” sulphurea.
” apennina.
” blanda.
” Coronaria.
” fulgens.
” Hepatica.
” ranunculoides.
” trifolia.
Ranunculus aconitifolius.
” amplexicaulis.
” montanus.
Helleborus niger.
” olympicus, and many other kinds.
Eranthis hyemalis.
Aquilegia vulgaris.
PÆonia, many kinds.
Epimedium pinnatum.
Papaver croceum.
” bracteatum.
” orientale.
Dielytra eximia.
” spectabilis.
Corydalis capnoides.
” lutea.
Cheiranthus alpinus.
” Cheiri.
Arabis.
Aubrietia, various.
Alyssum saxatile.
Iberis corifolia.
” sempervirens.
” correÆfolia.
Viola cornuta.
Saponaria ocymoides.
Silene alpestris.
Arenaria montana.
Ononis fruticosa.
Vicia argentea.
Orobus flaccidus.
” cyaneus.
” lathyroides.
” variegatus.
” vernus.
Centranthus ruber.
Centaurea montana.
Doronicum caucasicum.
Thlaspi latifolium.
Hesperis matronalis.
Erica carnea.
Vinca major.
Gentiana acaulis.
Phlox reptans.
Pulmonaria grandiflora.
” mollis.
Symphytum bohemicum.
” caucasicum.
Myosotis dissitiflora.
Omphalodes verna.
Verbascum Chaixii.
Dodecatheon Jeffreyi.
” Meadia.
Cyclamen europÆum.
Cyclamen hederÆfolium.
Primula, in var.
Iris amoena.
” cristata.
” De Bergii.
” flavescens.
” florentina.
” germanica.
” graminea.
” ochroleuca.
” pallida.
” sambucina.
” sub–biflora.
” variegata, and many other kinds.
Crocus aureus.
” speciosus.
” versicolor.
” susianus, and many others.
Narcissus angustifolius.
” Bulbocodium.
” bicolor.
” incomparabilis.
” major.
” montanus.
” odorus.
” poeticus & vars.
Galanthus, in var.
Leucojum pulchellum.
” vernum.
Paradisia Liliastrum.
Ornithogalum umbellatum.
Scilla amoena.
” bifolia.
” campanulata.
” patula.
” italica.
” sibirica.
Hyacinthus amethystinus.
Muscari botryoides.
” moschatum, and various others.
Allium neapolitanum.
” ciliatum.
Tulipa Gesneriana.
” suaveolens.
” scabriscapa and many others.
Fritillaria, in var.
Bulbocodium vernum.

Plants for Naturalisation beneath specimen Trees on Lawns, etc.

Where, as is frequently the case, the branches of trees, both evergreen and deciduous, sweep the turf—and this, as a rule, they should be allowed to do where they are planted in ornamental grounds—a great number of pretty spring flowers may be naturalised beneath the branches, where they thrive without attention. It is chiefly in the case of deciduous trees that this could be done; but even in the case of conifers and evergreens some graceful objects might be dotted beneath the outermost points of their lower branches. However, it is the specimen deciduous tree that offers us the best opportunities in this way. We know that a great number of our spring flowers and hardy bulbs mature their foliage and go to rest early in the year. They require light and sun in spring, which they obtain abundantly under the deciduous tree; they have time to flower and develop their leaves under it before the foliage of the tree appears; then, as the summer heats approach, they are gradually overshadowed by a cool canopy, and go to rest undisturbed; but, the leaves of the trees once fallen, they soon begin to appear again and cover the ground with beauty.

An example or two will perhaps explain the matter more fully. Take the case of, say, a spreading old specimen of any summer–leafing tree. Scatter a few tufts of the winter Aconite beneath it, and leave them alone. In a very few years they will have covered the ground; every year afterwards they will spread a golden carpet beneath the tree; and when it fades there will be no eyesore from decaying leaves as there would be on a border—no necessity for replacing the plants with others; the tree puts forth its leaves, covering the ground till Autumn, and in early spring we again see our little friend in all the vigour of his glossy leaves and golden buttons. In this way this pretty spring flower may be seen to much greater advantage, in a much more pleasing position than in the ordinary way of putting it in patches and rings in beds or borders, and with a tithe of the trouble. There are many other subjects of which the same is true. We have only to imagine this done in a variety of cases to see to what a beautiful and novel result it would lead. Given the bright blue Apennine Anemone under one tree, the spring Snowflake under another, the delicate blue and pencilled Crocuses, and so on, we should have a spring garden of the most beautiful kind. The same plan could be carried out under the branches of a grove as well as of specimen trees. Very attractive mixed plantations might be made by dotting tall subjects like the large Jonquil (Narcissus odorus) among dwarf spreading plants like the Anemone, and also by mixing dwarf plants of various colours: diversely coloured varieties of the same species of Anemone, for example.

Omitting the various pretty British plants that would thrive in the positions indicated—these are not likely to be unknown to the reader interested in such matters—and confining the selection to dwarf, hardy, exotic flowers alone, the following are selected as among the most suitable for such arrangements as that just described, with some little attention as to the season of flowering and the kind of soil required by some rather uncommon species. A late–flowering kind, for example, should be planted under late–leafing trees, or towards the points of their branches, so that they might not be obscured by the leaves of the tree before perfecting their flowers.

Anemone angulosa.
” apennina.
” blanda.
” Coronaria.
” fulgens.
” Hepatica.
” stellata.
” sylvestris.
” trifolia.
Arum italicum.
Bulbocodium vernum.
Corydalis solida.
” tuberosa.
Crocus Imperati.
” biflorus.
” reticulatus.
” versicolor, and many others.
Cyclamen hederÆfolium.
Eranthis hyemalis.
Erythronium Dens–canis.
Ficaria grandiflora.
Snowdrop, all the kinds.
Snowflake, all the kinds.
Iris reticulata.
Grape Hyacinths.
Grape Hyacinths Muscari,
any of the numerous kinds.
Narcissus, in var.
Puschkinia scilloides.
Sanguinaria canadensis.
Scilla bifolia.
” sibirica.
” campanulata.
Sisyrinchium grandiflorum.
Trillium grandiflorum (peat or leaf soil).
Tulipa, in var.

Plants for very moist rich Soils.

AlthÆa, in var.
Astilbe rivularis.
Aralia edulis.
” nudicaulis.
Artemisia, in var.
Asclepias Cornuti.
Asphodelus ramosus.
Aster, in var.
Baptisia exaltata.
Butomus umbellatus.
Calla palustris.
Caltha palustris fl. pl.
Campanula glomerata, and large kinds.
Convallaria multiflora.
Colchicum, in var.
Crinum capense.
Cypripedium spectabile.
Datisca cannabina.
Echinops, in var.
Elymus, in var.
Epilobium, in var.
Eupatorium, in var.
Ficaria grandiflora.
Galax aphylla.
Galega officinalis.
Gentiana asclepiadea.
Helianthus multiflorus,
single and double forms.
Helianthus orgyalis.
” rigidus.
Helonias bullata.
Hemerocallis, in var.
Heracleum, in var.
Iris ochreleuca.
Liatris, in var.
Lythrum (roseum superbum).
Mimulas, in var.
Molopospermum cicutarium.
Mulgedium Plumieri.
Narcissus, stronger kinds.
Œnothera, large kinds.
Omphalodes verna.
Onopordon, in var.
Phlomis herba–venti.
” Russelliana.
Physostegia speciosa.
Phytolacca decandra.
Rudbeckia hirta.
Ranunculus amplexicaulis.
” parnassifolius.
Sanguinaria canadensis.
Solidago, in var.
SpirÆa Aruncus.
Statice latifolia.
Silphium, in var.
Swertia perennis.
Telekia speciosa.
Thalictrum, in var.
Trollius, in var.
Vaccinium, in var.
Veratrum, in var.

Plants suited for Peat Soil.

Alstroemeria, in var.
Calluna, in var.
Chimaphila maculata.
Chrysobactron Hookeri.
Coptis trifoliata.
Cornus canadensis.
Cypripedium spectabile.
Dentaria laciniata.
Daphne Cneorum.
Dryas octopetala.
EpigÆa repens.
Epimedium, in var.
Funkia Sieboldii.
” grandiflora.
Galax aphylla.
Gaultheria procumbens.
Gentians, in var.
Helonias bullata.
Iris nudicaulis, pumila, and vars.
Jeffersonia diphylla.
LinnÆa borealis.
Podophyllum peltatum.
Podophyllum Eniodi.
Polygala ChamÆbuxus.
Pyrola, in var.
Hardy Heaths, in var.
Ramondia pyrenaica.
Sisyrinchium grandiflorum.
Spigelia marilandica.
Trientalis europÆa.
Trillium grandiflorum.
Lilies, in var.

Plants suited for Calcareous or Chalky Soil.

Adenophora, in var.
Æthionema, in var.
Anemone, in var.
Alyssum, in var.
Anthyllis montana.
Antirrhinum, in var.
Cistus, in var.
Cheiranthus, in var.
Campanula, in var.
Carduus eriophorus.
Cerastium, in var.
Coronilla, in var.
Dorycnium sericeum.
Dianthus, in var.
Echium, in var.
Erodium, in var.
Genista, in var.
Geum, in var.
Geranium, in var.
Gypsophila, in var.
Hedysarum, in var.
Helianthemum, in var.
Lunaria biennis.
Lupinus polyphyllus.
Onobrychis, in var.
Ononis, in var.
Ophrys, in var.
Othonna cheirifolia.
Phlomis, in var.
Prunella grandiflora.
Santolina, in var.
Saponaria ocymoides.
Saxifraga (the encrusted and the large–leaved kinds).
Scabiosa, in var.
Sempervivum, in var.
Sedum, in var.
Symphytum, in var.
Thermopsis fabacea.
Thymus, in var.
Trachelium coeruleum.
Trifolium alpinum.
Triteleia uniflora.
Tunica Saxifraga.
Vesicaria utriculata.
Vicia, in var.
Vittadenia triloba.
Waldsteinia trifoliata.
” geoides.

Plants suited for Dry and Gravelly Soil.

AchillÆa, in var.
Æthionema cordifolium.
Agrostemma coronaria.
Alyssum saxatile.
Antennaria dioica.
Anthyllis montana.
Antirrhinum rupestre.
Arabis albida.
Aubrietia, in var.
Armeria cephalotes.
Artemisia, in var.
Cerastium, in var.
Carlina acanthifolia.
Cheiranthus, in var.
Chrysopsis mariana.
Cistus, in var.
Corydalis, in var.
Dianthus, in var.
Dracocephalum, in var.
Dielytra eximia.
Dorycnium sericeum.
Echium, in var.
Erodium, in var.
Eryngium, in var.
Euphorbia Myrsinites.
Fumaria, in var.
Geranium, in var.
Gypsophila, in var.
Helianthemum, in var.
Helichrysum arenarium.
Hypericum, in var.
Iberis, in var.
Jasione perennis.
Lavandula spica.
Linaria, in var.
Linum, in var.
Lupinus polyphyllus.
Modiola geranioides.
Narcissus, in var.
Nepeta Mussinii.
Onobrychis, in var.
Ononis, in var.
Ornithogalum, in var.
Plumbago LarpentÆ.
Polygonum vaccinifolium.
Santolina, in var.
Scabiosa, in var.
Sedum, in great var.
Sempervivum, in great var.
Saponaria ocymoides.
Stachys lanata.
Teucrium ChamÆdrys.
Thlaspi latifolium.
Thymus, in var.
Trachelium, in var.
Tussilago fragrans.
” Farfara variegata.
Verbascum, in var.
Vesicaria utriculata.

Selection of Plants for Growing on Old Walls, Ruins, or Rocky Slopes.

Achillea tomentosa.
Alyssum montanum saxatile (walls and ruins).
Antirrhinum rupestre.
” majus.
” Orontium.
Arenaria balearica.
” cÆspitosa.
” ciliata.
” graminifolia.
” montana.
” verna.
Arabis albida.
” petrÆa.
Asperula cynanchica.
Campanula Barrelieri.
” rotundifolia.
” fragilis.
” fragilis lanuginosa.
” garganica.
” pumila.
” pumila alba.
Centranthus ruber.
” ” albus.
Centranthus ruber coccineus.
Cheiranthus alpinus.
” Cheiri.
” ” pleno.
Coronilla minima.
Corydalis lutea.
Cotyledon Umbilicus.
Dianthus cÆsius.
” deltoides.
” monspessulanus.
” petrÆus.
Draba aizoides.
Erinus alpinus.
Erodium romanum.
” Reichardii.
Gypsophila muralis.
” prostrata.
Helianthemums.
Hutchinsia petrÆa.
Iberis.
Ionopsidium acaule.
Koniga maritima.
Linum alpinum.
Lychnis alpina.
Lychnis Flos Jovis.
” lapponica.
Malva campanulata.
Santolina lanata.
Saponaria ocymoides.
Saxifraga bryoides.
” caryophyllata.
” cÆsia.
” crustata.
” cuscutÆformis.
” diapensioides.
” Hostii.
” intacta.
” ligulata.
” longifolia.
” pectinata.
” pulchella.
” retusa.
” Rhei.
” rosularis.
” Rocheliana.
” sarmentosa.
Sedum acre.
” aureum.
” Aizoon.
Sedum album.
” anglicum.
” arenarium.
” brevifolium.
” californicum.
” coeruleum.
” dasyphyllum.
” elegans.
” Ewersii.
” farinosum.
” globiferum.
” Heuffelli.
” hirtum.
Sedum hispanicum.
” kamschaticum.
” montanum.
” multiceps.
” pilferum.
” pulchrum.
” sempervivoides.
Sempervivum arachnoideum.
” soboliferum.
” spurium.
” sexangulare.
” sexfidum.
Sempervivum tectorum.
Silene alpestris.
” rupestris.
” Schafta.
Symphiandra pendula.
Thlaspi alpestre.
Thymus citriodorus.
Trichomanes, and vars.
Tunica Saxifraga.
Umbilicus chrysanthus.
Veronica fruticulosa.
” saxatilis.
Vesicaria utriculata.

A Selection of Annual and Biennial Plants for Naturalisation.

Papaver somniferum.
Eschscholtzia californica.
Platystemon californicum.
Matthiola annua.
” bicornis.
Arabis arenosa.
Alyssum maritimum.
Iberis coronaria.
” umbellata.
Malcolmia maritima.
Erysimum Peroffskianum.
Gypsophila elegans.
Saponaria calabrica.
Silene Armeria.
Viscaria oculata.
Malope trifida.
Limnanthes Douglasii.
Ononis viscosa.
Œnothera odorata.
Godetia Lindleyana.
” rubicunda.
Godetia tenella.
Clarkia elegans.
” pulchella.
Eucharidium concinnum grandiflorum.
Amberboa moschata.
” odorata.
Helianthus annuus.
Dimorphotheca pluvialis.
Gilia capitata.
” tricolor.
Collomia coccinea.
Leptosiphon androsaceus.
” densiflorus.
Nicandra physaloides.
Collinsia bicolor.
” verna.
Dracocephalum nutans.
” moldavicum.
Blitum capitatum.
Polygonum orientale.
Panicum capillare.
Bromus brizÆformis.
Briza maxima.
” gracilis.
Agrostis nebulosa.
Matthiola, in var.
Lunaria biennis.
Hesperis matronalis.
Erysimum asperum.
Silene pendula.
Hedysarum coronarium.
Œnothera Jamesi.
Œnothera Lamarckiana.
Dipsacus laciniatus.
Silybum eburneum.
Onopordum, in var.
Campanula Medium.
” ” rosea.
Verbascum phlomoides.

Grasses for Naturalisation.

Agrostis nebulosa.
Briza maxima.
Brizopyrum siculum.
Bromus brizÆformis.
Hordeum jubatum.
Panicum virgatum.
” bulbosum.
” capillare.
Polypogon monspeliensis.
Stipa gigantea.
” pennata.
Milium multiflorum.

Some of our nobler grasses, like the Pampas and the New Zealand reeds, have not the qualities of perfect hardiness and power of increase without care in our climate, which would entitle them to a place in these selections. They belong to the garden proper.

Aquatic Plants for Naturalisation.

Nuphar advena.
NymphÆa odorata.
Calla palustris.
Pontederia cordata.
Aponogeton distachyon.
Orontium aquaticum.

Hardy Bulbs for Naturalisation.

Allium Moly.
” fragrans.
” neapolitanum.
” ciliatum.
BrodiÆa congesta.
Bulbocodium vernum.
Camassia esculenta.
Crinum capense.
Crocus, in great var.
Colchicum, in var.
Cyclamen, in var.
Erythronium Dens–canis.
Fritillaria, in var.
Gladiolus communis.
Hyacinthus amethystinus.
Iris, in great var.
Leucojum, in var.
Lilium, in var.
Merendera Bulbocodium.
Muscari, in var.
Narcissus, in great var.
Ornithogalum, in var.
Scilla, in var.
Snowdrops, in var.
Sparaxis pulcherrima.
Sternbergia lutea.
Trichonema ramiflorum.
Triteleia uniflora.
Tulipa, in var.

List of Plants for Naturalisation in Lawns and other Grassy Places not frequently mown.

This must of necessity be a limited list—being confined to subjects that will grow and flower early in the season, and not form tufts or foliage large enough to much injure the turf.

Bulbocodium vernum.
Colchicum, in var.
Cyclamen hederÆfolium.
Snowdrops, all.
Leucojum vernum.
Scilla bifolia.
” alba.
” sibirica.
” italica.
” amoena.
Anemone apennina.
” ranunculoides.
” blanda.
” trifolia.
Antennaria dioica rosea.
Anthyllis montana.
Dianthus deltoides.
Erodium romanum.
Fumaria bulbosa.
Helichrysum arenarium.
Iris reticulata.
Linum alpinum.
Narcissus minor.
” bicolor.
” Bulbocodium.
” juncifolius, and many others.
Sternbergia lutea.
Hyacinthus amethystinus.
Merendera Bulbocodium.
Muscari, in var.
Trichonema ramiflorum.

Climbing and Twining Plants for Thickets, Copses, Hedgerows, and Trees.

Ampelopsis bipinnata.
” cordata.
” hederacea.
” tricuspidata.
Apios tuberosa.
Aristolochia Sipho.
” tomentosa.
Asparagus Broussoneti.
Calystegia dahurica.
Cissus orientalis.
Clematis flammula.
” montana.
” Viticella, and others.
Hablitzia tamnoides.
Jasminum nudiflorum.
” officinale.
Lathyrus grandiflorus.
” latifolius.
” rotundifolius.
” tuberosus and others.
Lonicera Caprifolium.
” confusa.
” flava.
” japonica.
” Periclymenum.
Menispermum canadense.
” virginicum.
Periploca grÆca.
Roses, single, in great var.
Smilax, hardy kinds.
Tamus communis.
TropÆolum pentaphyllum.
” speciosum.
Vitis, various.
Wistaria frutescens.
” sinensis.

These selections are only proposed as aids to those dealing with special positions. The most valuable selection and best guide to the material for the beginner will be found in Chapter XIV., on the principal types of Hardy Exotic Plants for the wild garden.

RABBITS AND WOODS.

This sad subject has been kept for the last, as the only disagreeable one in connection with the wild garden. All I have to say of it is, there should be no rabbits in the wild garden; but the following suggestions may prove useful.

The subject should be presented in a practical light to landowners and preservers of game, and if it can be shown that the preservation, or rather toleration, of rabbits on an estate is a dead loss both to the proprietor and his tenants, probably more active measures would be taken for their extermination. It is incalculable the injury they do to young trees alone; indeed, where they prevail there is no chance of getting up cover except at an extravagant cost. Hares are less destructive, if they damage trees at all; and it is said by experienced gamekeepers that they never thrive so well where rabbits abound. And as regards pheasants, they drive them away by eating down the evergreen cover so necessary to their existence in the way of shelter in winter. Pheasants will not remain in a wood where there is not shelter of this kind; and nothing are they more partial to than the Holly, which ought to abound in every wood, but which the rabbits destroy first. Here are two sorts of game—hares and pheasants—which many can never have enough of, and the existence of which is directly interfered with by the rabbits; they should be encouraged at the expense of the latter—not to speak of the expense incurred year after year making up losses in plantation, and the expense of wire–netting and labour, etc., in protecting the trees. The extermination of rabbits in this country is not such a difficult matter as might be imagined. When it was determined here a few years since to reduce their numbers to a minimum on the farm lands and woods, it did not require more than a couple of years to do so by shooting and ferreting during the season; and they are now principally confined to one part of the estate—an extensive tract of waste land not of much use for any other purpose. I feel pretty certain that a few active poachers would undertake to clear an estate of its rabbits in a marvellously short time, and would be glad to pay a handsome consideration for the privilege of doing so. In whatever degree rabbits contribute to our food supply—and it is not much—they certainly destroy a great quantity of our corn crops, and are no profit to gentlemen or game preservers, and there is therefore no excuse for their existence.

Hungry rabbits, like hungry dogs or starving men, will eat almost anything that can be masticated and swallowed. Rabbits, as a rule, prefer to nibble over a pasture that contains short, sweet, wholesome grass, and a proportion of clover, dandelion, and daisies, but in and about woods where rabbits are numerous, the grass, from being closely and constantly eaten off, gradually disappears, and at the approach of winter is succeeded by moss, a very cold, watery, and innutritious substitute; then rabbits are driven to seek food from other sources than grass, and the bark of small trees, the leaves, stalks, and bark of shrubs, and the protruding roots of forest trees, are eaten almost indiscriminately. Amongst evergreen shrubs, rhododendrons and box are generally avoided, but I have known newly–planted hybrid rhododendrons to be partly eaten by rabbits. The elder is distasteful, and American azaleas are avoided. I have frequently seen Yew trees barked; mahonias are devoured in these woods as soon as planted; and periwinkle, which is named amongst rabbit–proof plants, is generally eaten to the ground in severe weather. Some of the bulbs and flowering plants named by your correspondent may well escape in winter, because they are not seen above ground, and where they grow, other more agreeable herbage appears, so their immunity consists in being inaccessible in a hungry time. Where rabbits are permitted, the fact that they require food daily, like other creatures, should be recognised. In the absence of wholesome food, they will eat simply what they can get. A certain portion of grass land should be retained for them and managed accordingly; a few acres might be wired round, or, to be more explicit, surrounded with wire–netting, to the exclusion of rabbits, until the approach of wintry weather, when it could be thrown open for them. If this cannot be done, and frosty weather sets in, when the mischief to shrubs is consummated, trimmings of quick hedges should be scattered about, and an allowance of turnips, carrots, or mangold wurzel made and doled out daily in bad weather. In my experience rabbits prefer newly planted trees and shrubs to those established. I have even had the fronds of newly–planted Athyrium Filix–foemina eaten, while other ferns have been untouched. There is one hint I may give your rabbit–preserving readers: certain breeds of wild rabbits are much more prone to bark trees than others. The barking of trees is an acquired propensity more common to north–country rabbits than others. I should advise the destruction of those rabbits whose propensity for shrubs is very marked, and try warren or common rabbits from the south of England; but the best advice I can give is to have no rabbits at all.—J. S.

A correspondent who has given much attention to the subject (Salmoniceps) gives the following, as among the most rabbit–proof of plants:—“Most of the Lily family are,” he says, “rejected by them, including Daffodils, Tulips, Snowdrops, Snowflakes, Lilies, Day Lilies, Asphodels, and others, and they cannot be too extensively planted; but even in that tribe the Crocus (which is also named in the article in question) is greedily devoured. I gave—in an early number of your paper (see pp. 9 and 88, Vol. I.)—a list of all rabbit–proof trees, shrubs, and flowers then known to me, and I regret that, though keeping a watch upon the subject, I have not been able to add a single species to the list given below.”

AndrosÆmum officinale.
Anemone coronaria.
” japonica.
Arabis.
Artemesia Abrotanum.
Asphodelus albus.
Aubrietia.
Berberis Darwinii.
Canterbury Bells.
Cineraria maritima.
Columbine.
Common and Irish Yews.
Deutzia scabra.
Dog’s–tooth Violet.
Elder.
Euonymus.
Fuchsia.
Hibiscus syriacus.
Hollies.
Honesty (Lunaria).
Iris.
Ligustrum vulgare.
Lilies (common orange and white kinds).
Lily of the Valley.
Lycium barbarum.
Mahonia Aquifolium.
Monkshood.
Muscari.
Narcissus.
Ornithogalum.
Pansies.
Periwinkle (large and small).
Phlox, in var.
Poppy.
Primrose, in var.
Roses.
Ruscus aculeatus.
” racemosus.
Scilla.
Solomon’s Seal.
Lonicera, in var.
Stachys lanata.
Symphoricarpus.
” racemosus.
Syringa persica.
” vulgaris.
Tritoma.
Violets.
Weigela rosea.
Winter Aconite.
Woodruff.
Yucca gloriosa.

Lists, however, and considerations of the above sort, are a poor substitute for what is really required in such cases—the extermination of pests which are destructive alike to field crops, to trees and shrubs, and to plants, and which offer at best a very scanty return for the havoc they commit.

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