  Abailard, i, 307, 308 n., 311 sq. Abassides, the, i, 252, 255 Abauzit, ii, 243 Abbas Effendi, i, 274 Abdera, i, 157 Aben-Ezra, i, 335 Abernethy, ii, 461 Aboul-ala el Marri, i, 261 Abraham and Isaac, i, 102 Abraxas, i, 228 Abstractions, deification of, i, 198 Abubacer, i, 270 Abyssinia, magic and religion in, i, 46 Academic thought in England, i, 164, 165, 321 AcadÉmie, the French, ii, 227 sq. Academy, the New, i, 187; Achamoth, i, 228 Aconzio, i, 392, 468, 469, 470 Acton, Lord, i, 461 Adamites, the, i, 418 Adams, John, ii, 382 —— George, ii, 394 Adamson, Professor, ii, 43 n.; Addison, ii, 151 Adler, Felix, ii, 414 Adonai, i, 105 Adonis, i, 75, 101 Afdal-i-kÁshÍ, i, 265 Æneas Sylvius, i, 367, 370 n., 415, 418 n. Ænesidemus, i, 181 n., 190 Aerius, i, 239 Æschylus, i, 130 sq., 148 Africa, Islam in, i, 276 —— unbelief in, i, 34, 35, 38, 39 African tribes, religion of, i, 23, 31 Agathon, i, 162 n. Agni, cult of, i, 48 Agnosticism, Chinese, i, 83 sq. —— of Chaucer, i, 346–47 —— Greek, i, 143, 146, 152, 161 —— Mohammedan, i, 255, 263 Agobard, i, 282 Agur, i, 116 Ahriman (Angra Mainyu), i, 68, 111 Ahura Mazda, i, 65 sq. Aikenhead, ii, 181 Akbar, i, 275 Akerberg, ii, 418 Akhunaton, i, 72 sq. Akkadian religion, i, 61 sq. Ala-ud-Dawla, i, 267 Alba, Duke d’, ii, 372 Alberti, cited, ii, 157 n., 190, 368 Albertus Magnus, i, 319, 362, 377 n. —— of Saxony, i, 360 Albigenses, i, 282, 299 sq. Alciati, i, 453 Alexander IV, i, 322 —— VI, i, 373 —— of Aphrodisias, i, 376 Alexandria, religion at, i, 189, 226 —— library of, i, 253 n. —— culture at. i, 188 Alfarabi, i, 267 Alfieri, ii, 369 Alfonso X, the Wise, i, 321, 325, 338–39 —— II, i, 336 —— of Naples, i, 366 —— de Spina, i, 370 n., 376 Algarotti, ii, 369 Algazel, i, 259, 263, 266, 267, 270 Algebra, ii, 13 Algeria, freethought in, i, 276 Alhazen, i, 268 Alison, cited, ii, 250 Ali Syed, i, 272 n. Alkaios, i, 200 Alkibiades, i, 159, 160 Al Kindi, i, 267 Al Kindy, i, 258 Allbutt, Professor T. C., cited, i, 40; ii, 103 n. Allegory, freethinking, i, 145, 161, 191 Allen, Ethan, ii, 382 n. Allingham, cited, ii, 447 Almodobar, Duke of, ii, 373 Almoravides and Almohades, i, 269 Alphabetic writing, ago of, i, 105, 194 Alsted, ii, 294 sq. Alyattes, i, 136 Amadeo de’ Landi, i, 368 Amalrich (Amaury) of Bena, i, 317, 333 Amazons, myth of, i, 173, 185 Amberley, ii, 403 Ambrose, i, 233, 393 American colonies, revolt of, ii, 281 Amen-Ra, i, 69, 72 Ames, ii, 74 Ammianus Marcellinus, i, 234 Ammonios Saccas, i, 226 Amos, i, 104 sq. Amun, i, 62 Anabaptists, the, i, 436, 454; ii, 1, 2 Anaita, i, 67 Anatomy, i, 259 n. Anax, i, 125 n. Anaxagoras, i, 136, 152 sq. Anaximandros, i, 136, 138; ii, 47 Anaximenes, i, 136, 138, 152 Ancestor-worship, i, 83 Andamanese, religion and ethics of, i, 93; AndrÉ, ii, 122 Angels, belief in, i, 110, 111 Angerio, i, 411 Anglo-Saxons, i, 113 Ani, papyrus of, i, 109 Anomeans, the, i, 242 Anselm, St., i, 307, 308 n., 309 sq. —— of Laon, i, 315 n. Ansted, ii, 463 Anthoine, Nicholas, i, 453 Anthropomorphism, i, 182, 195; ii, 29 Antichthon, i, 150 Anti-clericalism in India, i, 55; Antinomianism and religion, i, 2, 18, 333, 446 Antisthenes, i, 183 Antonines, the, i, 217 Anytas, i, 171 AphroditÊ, i, 124 Apistos, early use of word, i, 1, 127 n., 235 Apocalypse, i, 225 n. Apollo, i, 124, 145 Apollonius of Tyana, i, 238 n. Apologetics, Christian, i, 235, 310, 350, 370, 407, 482 sq.; ii, 79 sq., 97 sq., 124 sq., 137, 145, 156, 162 sq., 179, 210, 214 Apostolici, i, 336, 406 Apotheosis, imperial, i, 185, 208, 209 Apthorp, ii, 205 Apuleius, i, 212; Aquinas, Thomas, i, 318 sq., 359, 360, 376 Arabs, influence of, on Europe, i, 268, 301 sq., 315 sq., 362, 366; Aranda, Count, ii, 372, 373, 377 Arcadia, religion in, i, 45 Archelaos, i, 136, 160, 163 Archilochos, i, 124 n., 145 Argotti, ii, 54 Aristarchos, i, 188 Aristippos, i, 183 Aristo, i, 184 Aristodemos, i, 170 Aristophanes, i, 152, 167, 171 Aristotle, i, 131, 149, 152, 168, 177 sq., 257, 307, 471; Aristotelianism, i, 307, 317, 318, 469–70; ii, 63 Arius and Arianism, i, 77, 229 sq.; ii, 151, 153–54 Ark, the Hebrew, i, 101 Arkesilaos, i, 187 Arminianism, i, 462 sq.; ii, 22, 133, 137, 378 Arminius, i, 455, 462 Armstrong, E., cited, i, 408 Arnaldo of Villanueva, i, 339 Arnobius, i, 215, 225 Arnold of Brescia, i, 295 —— the legate, i, 303 —— Matthew, i, 457; ii, 255, 403, 408, 441 n., 450, 452 Arnoldson, K. P., ii, 418 Artaxerxes Mnemon, i, 67 Artemis, i, 124 Artemon, i, 230 Arts, effect of, on religion, i, 95–96; Aryabhata, i, 57 Aryans, i, 48 sq. Asceticism, i, 54, 216, 227, 243 sq. Ascham, i, 467; ii, 2 Aselli, ii, 66 Ashari, Al, i, 259 Ashtoreths, i, 79, 81 Asmodeus, i, 111 Asoka, i, 59, 60 Aspasia, i, 155 Assassins, the, i, 266 Asser, i, 284 Associations, religious, in Greece, i, 189 “Assurance,” doctrine of, i, 455 Assyria, religion of, i, 47, 63 sq. Astrology, i, 401; Astronomy, Arab, i, 270, 275; Astruc, ii, 236 n., 239, 256, 431 Asvamedha, rite of, i, 53 Aszo y del Rio, ii, 372 Aten, cult of, i, 73, 74 sq. Athanasius, i, 77 Athanasianism, i, 235 Atheism and atheist, use of words, i, 1, 4, 225 Atheism, Arab, i, 249 sq., 256; Athenaeus, cited, i, 176 Athenagoras, i, 225 n., 230 AthÊnÊ, i, 124 Athens, culture of, i, 133, 148, 152 sq. Atheos, early use of word, i, 127 Atomic theory, i, 80, 157, 312 Atto, i, 291 n. Aucassin et Nicolette, i, 300–301 Audra, ii, 291 Auerbach, ii, 456 AufklÄrung, the, ii, 331, 333, 409, 472, 474 Augsburg, Peace of, ii, 49 Augustine, St., i, 1, 215, 225, 231, 232, 233, 235, 287, 290; ii, 119 Augustus, i, 204, 207 sq., 213 Aulard, cited, i, 287 n. Aulus Gellius, cited, i, 200 n. Auspices, Roman, i, 199 Austore d’Orlac, i, 366 n. Australian aborigines, religion of, i, 32, 35, 95 Australian, freethought, ii, 412 Austria, freethought in, ii, 305 sq. Austrittsbewegung, ii, 436 n. Autocracy and freethought, i, 212 sq. Auxerre, Bishop of, ii, 264, 269 Avebury, Lord, i, 30–31, 93; ii, 471 Avempace, i, 270, 316 Avenar, ii, 6 AverroËs and Averroism, i, 270 sq., 302, 316, 318 sq., 324, 330, 338, 346, 360, 361, 369, 376, 379, 404; ii, 34 Avicebron, i, 316 Avicenna, i, 265, 267 Avignon, the papacy at, i, 354 sq., 398, 443 Azara, ii, 374 Aztec religion, i, 88 sq. Baals, i, 78–79, 124 BÂb sect, i, 273 sq. Babylon, religion of, i, 47, 111; Bacchic mysteries, i, 200 Bachaumont, cited, ii, 221 n., 235 n., 239 n., 240 n., 242 n., 244 Bacon, Francis, ii, 25 sq., 64; —— John, ii, 54 —— Roger, i, 319, 343 sq., 354 Baden Powell, Rev., cited, ii, 13, 178, 463 sq. Baerlein, H., i, 262 Bagehot, W., criticized, ii, 198 Bails, ii, 375 Bain, Professor, ii, 404; Bainham, i, 458 Bains, i, 456 Baird, H. M., cited, ii, 498 Baker, Sir S., i, 35 Ball, John, i, 350 Ballance, ii, 500 Baltus, ii, 226 Balzac, ii, 442 Bandino, i, 469 n. Banier, AbbÉ, i, 185 Bantu, the, i, 22 Banvan, i, 429 Baptism, i, 280 Barante, ii, 284 sq. Bardesanes, i, 227 Barmekides, the, i, 257 Barneveldt, i, 463 Barrington, ii, 173 Barrow, ii, 104 Barth, cited, i, 50 Barthez, ii, 243 Barthogge, ii, 87 BartholmÈss, ii, 43 n. Bartoli, cited, i, 328 n., 353 Basel, University of, i, 447 Basil, Emperor, i, 279 Basileus, i, 125 n. Basilides, i, 228 Bastian, A., ii, 470 Bataks, the, i, 23 Bathenians, the, i, 255 Baudeau, ii, 244 Baudelaire, ii, 442 Baudrier, President, i, 387 n. Bauer, A., quoted, i, 156 n. —— Edgar, ii, 432 Baume-Desdossat, ii, 239 Baumgarten, ii, 318 n. Baur, F. C, ii, 325, 354; —— Rev. W., cited, ii, 336 n., 409 n. Baxter, i, 350 n.; ii, 71, 82, 84 Bayle, i, 2, 466; ii, 139 sq., 150, 154, 282, 352 Beard, C., cited, i, 464 Beaumont, J., ii, 138 Beating of idols, i, 23 sq. —— Heinrich, i, 435 BÉda, i, 429 Bede, i, 313 Beethoven, ii, 351 Beghards and Beguins, i, 333, 335, 339, 406 BÉha, i, 274 Bekker, ii, 138 Belgium, freethought in, ii, 406 sq. “Believers in Reason,” ii, 350 BÉlisaire, ii, 259 sq. Bellarmin, Cardinal, i, 462; ii, 22, 57, 119 n. Bellay, Guillaume de, i, 383 —— Jean du, i, 382 —— Joachim du, i, 390 Bellman, ii, 360 Bel Merodach, i, 62, 64 Benedict XIV, Pope, ii, 368, 369, 370 Benn, A., ii, 389 n., 444 n.; Bennet, Benjamin, ii, 88 n. —— A., ii, 451 Bentley, ii, 97, 155; BÉranger, ii, 442 Berault, ii, 98 Berengar, i, 289 sq., 440 Bergier, ii, 245, 250, 253, 256, 275, 287 Berington, Rev. J., cited, i, 300 Berkeley, i, 8 n.; ii, 91, 105, 124, 150, 151–52, 162 sq., 168; Berlin, churchgoing in, ii, 438 n. Bernard, St., i, 295, 312, 313 —— J.-F., ii, 238 —— Sylvester, i, 312 Berquin, i, 429 Berruyer, ii, 215 Berthelot, ii, 122 Berti, cited, ii, 61 n.; Besant, Mrs., ii, 402, 408, 452 —— Sir W., ii, 452 Bettinelli, ii, 368 Bevan, E. R., cited, i, 186 Beverland, ii, 36 Beyle, ii, 442 Bezold, i, 404, 435 n., 441 Bhagavat GÎta, the, i, 59 Biandrata, i, 420–21, 425, 453, 468; ii, 37 Bibliolatry, i, 403, 439, 454, 457; ii, 25, 26, 32, 35, 61, 209 Bickell, i, 115 Bielfeld, cited, ii, 303 n. BiÉlinsky, ii, 456 Biology, ii, 207, 459 sq., 464 sq. Bion, i, 184 Biran, ii, 479 Birch, W. J., ii, 18 n. BjÖrnson, ii, 457 Black Death, i, 34, 328–29 Blackmore, ii, 173 Blackstone, Sir W., ii, 195–96 Blanchard, ii, 257 Blasphemy, i, 167; ii, 5, 8, 73 n., 76, 99, 147, 149, 159, 170 Blatchford, ii, 408 Bleeckly, H., i, 171 n., 172 Blind, ideas of the, i, 39 Blount, Charles, ii, 96 sq., 99, 115, 149–50, 243, 449 —— Sir T. P., ii, 96 n. Blunt, cited, i, 458 Bluntschli, ii, 35 Boas, Professor, cited, ii, 12 Boccaccio, i, 327 sq.; ii, 328 Bocher, Joan, ii, 1 Boeheim, i, 406 n. BoËthius, i, 246–47, 348; ii, 34 Bogomilians, the, i, 281 Bohemia, Reformation in, i, 415 sq. Bohemian Brethren, the, i, 419 Bohn, H., ii, 398 Bohun, ii, 99 n. Boileau, ii, 183 Boindin, ii, 222, 248 n., 257, 258 Boissier, cited, i, 195, 198 n., 205 n. Bolde, ii, 110 Boleslav, i, 422 Bolingbroke, ii, 143, 154, 164, 178, 196 sq., 223, 232–33, 253 Bolsec, i, 442, 446 Bonamy, ii, 257 Bonaventure Desperiers, i, 379 sq., 391 Boncerf, ii, 290 Boniface, St., i, 282 Bonner, Mrs., ii, 338 Book of the Dead, the, i, 70 Booth, B., ii, 452 n. Booms, ii, 352 Borthwick, F., ii, 182 n. Bos Homes, i, 297 Bossuet, ii, 65 n., 126, 131, 142, 146, 213, 250, 251 —— cited, ii, 123 Bouchier, Jean, i, 459 Bougre, origin of word, i, 281 Bouillier, cited, i, 377 n.; ii, 121 n. Boulainvilliers, ii, 213, 237–38, 241 Bourdelot, ii, 357 Bourdin, ii, 65 Bourget, ii, 442. Bourgeville, i, 473 Bourne, cited, ii, 108 n., 114 n. Bouterwek, cited, ii, 40, 41 n. Boyse, ii, 188 Bradke, Von, cited, i, 49 Bradford, Bishop, ii, 98 Bradlaugh, ii, 399 sq. Bradley, J., ii, 98 —— F. H., i, 140 BrahÉ, Tycho, ii, 355 Brahmanism, i, 51 sq.; Brahmo-Somaj movement, ii, 497 Brandes, G., ii, 457 —— E., ii, 457 Braun, ii, 418 Breasted, J. H., cited, i, 74 Breitburg, ii, 136 n. Breitinger, ii, 234 n. Brethren of the Free Spirit, i, 2, 317, 333, 335, 362, 446 —— Sincere (of Purity), i, 256 —— Bohemian, i, 419 —— of the Common Lot, i, 438 Brett, Prof., ii, 66 n. Brewster, cited, ii, 110, 112, 113, 151, 178, 464 BriÇonnet, i, 428 Bridges, Dr., i, 344 n. Brihaspati, i, 53, 54 Brissot de Warville, ii, 244 “Broad Church,” ii, 375 Brooke, ii, 20 Brown, ii, 194 —— W., ii, 458 n. Browne, Sir T., i, 3, 11; ii, 100 sq. —— Bishop, ii, 150 —— E. G., cited, i, 261 —— quoted, ii, 231 BrunetiÈre, ii, 443 Brunetto Latini, i, 348, 398 n. Bruno, Giordano, i, 21, 411 n., 451, 469; ii, 43 sq., 134, 458 Bryce, cited, i, 18, 294 Bucer, i, 447 Buchanan, ii, 283 BÜchner, ii, 418, 436 n., 478 sq. Buckingham, ii, 97 Buckle, i, 13, 480; ii, 402, 469; Buckley, i, 130 n. Buddeus, i, 11 Buddha, traditions of, i, 55 sq. Buddhism, i, 52 n., 55 sq., 149; ii, 491 sq., 497 BudÉ, i, 388 Budge, Dr. Wallis, i, 70, 75 Budny, ii, 37 Bulgarians, i, 281; ii, 498 Bull, Dr., ii, 114 Bullen, cited, ii, 100 n. Burckhardt, cited, i, 131, 328 n., 367 n., 369, 409 Burgers, ii, 416 Burghley, cited, i, 468 Buridan, i, 360 Burigny, ii, 225, 226, 238, 241, 245, 248, 258 Burke, V. R., cited, i, 340–41 Burlamaqui, ii, 379 Burleigh, Walter, i, 346 n. Burnet, Bishop, cited, i, 6, 432 n., 460 n.; ii, 78, 111, 153, 166; ii, 365 —— Dr. J., cited, i, 122, 142, 149, 151, 192 —— Dr. T., ii, 109, 115, 176, 182 Bury, A., ii, 111 —— J. B., i, 10, 126 n., 247 n. —— Richard de, i, 334 Busher, Leonard, ii, 24 Busone da Gubbio, i, 328 n. Bussy, ii, 142 Butler, ii, 143, 168, 179, 251, 252 Byron, ii, 444 Byzantium, civilization of, i, 246; Caballero, ii, 387 Cabanis, ii, 387, 459 sq., 462 Cadell, Mrs. A. M., i, 264 n. CÆlestius, i, 229, 232 CÆsar, i, 206 sq., 212 Cagnuelo, ii, 375 Caird, E., i, 441 Calas, ii, 220 Calderon, ii, 39 Calendar, reform of, i, 262, 457 Callidius, ii, 33 Callimachus, i, 184 Calovius, i, 457 Calvert, A. F., cited, i, 95 Calvin, i, 2, 379, 383, 392, 408 n., 414, 431, 439, 442 sq., 455 Calvinism, i, 442 sq., 462; ii, 22, 378 sq. Cambridge university in 18th century, ii, 167 Cambyses, i, 66, 76 Camden, cited, ii, 5 n. Campanella, ii, 309 Campanus, i, 435 Cannibalism, i, 43 Cantatapiedra, Martinez de, ii, 39 CantÙ, i, 13; cited, i, 411 n. Caraffa, Cardinal, i, 408, 412 Cardan, i, xv, 349 n. Carducci, ii, 454 Carlyle, ii, 232, 270 n., 313 sq., 447, 448, 449, 450, 466 n., 469, 489 Carmelites, the, i, 330 Carneades, i, 187, 200 Carnesecchi, i, 412 Caroline, Queen, ii, 165 n. Carpi, Marquis of, ii, 365 Carpocrates, i, 228 Carra, ii, 243 Carranza, ii, 44 Carriere, cited, i, 390 n.; ii, 49 n. Carrol, ii, 109 Cartaud, ii, 291 Cartesianism, ii, 103 sq., 121, 128, 133 Casaubon, Isaac, i, 464 —— Meric, ii, 86 Casimir the Great, i, 423 Cassels, W. R., ii, 439 n. Cassini, ii, 178 Castalio, i, 392, 442, 446 Castelli, ii, 58 Castelnau, ii, 45 Casuistry, ii, 74 Cathari, i, 292, 296 Catherine the Great, ii, 260, 364 Catholic Church and civilization, i, 192–93 Cato, i, 199, 200–201 Cavalcanti, the two, i, 325 and n. Cavoli, i, 411 Caxton, i, 353 Cecco d’Ascoli, i, 327 Cellario, i, 412 Celso, i, 392 Celsus, i, 236 sq. Censorship, Roman, i, 212 Centeno, ii, 375 Cerinthus, i, 225 n. Cerise, ii, 461 n. Cerutti, ii, 280 Cesalpini, ii, 63 n. Chaeremon, i, 211 Chaitanya, ii, 497 Chaldea, science in, i, 180 Chalmers, ii, 485; Chaloner, ii, 78 Chamberlain, B. H., cited, ii, 491 sq. Chambers, R., ii, 464 sq. Champion, i, 476 n., 479; ii, 233 Chandragupta, i, 59 Channing, ii, 344 —— Dr. John, ii, 408 n. Charlemagne, i, 24, 293 —— III of Spain, ii, 377 —— IV of Spain, ii, 377 —— IV, Emperor, i, 415 —— V, i, 341, 401, 408, 412, 414; ii, 32 Charron, i, 480 sq.; cited, ii, 492 Chastellain, i, 429 Chateaubriand, ii, 421, 438, 441 ChÂtelet, Marquise du, ii, 230 Chatham. See Pitt Chatterton, ii, 199 Chaucer, i, 346 sq. Chaumette, ii, 278 Chazars, the, i, 292 n. Cheffontaines, i, 474 Chelsum, ii, 205 ChÉnier, A., ii, 254 Chesterfield, cited, ii, 165 n. —— cited, i, 105 n., 106, 107, 112, 115; ii, 167 n., 175–76 Chillingworth, ii, 106 China, thought in, i, 82 sq. —— evolution of, i, 136 Chivalry and religion, i, 356 sq. Choiseul, ii, 236 Cholmeley, ii, 12 Chosroes, i, 240 n. Christian II of Denmark, ii, 138 —— III, ii, 354 Christianity, theory of, i, 18; Christie, R., i, 383 n., 386; ii, 51, 53 n. Christina, Queen, ii, 121, 357 sq. Chronology, Biblical, criticism of, ii, 9 Chrysostom, i, 239 n., 241, 242 Chubb, ii, 161 Chuen-Aten, i, 72 sq. Church, popular hostility to, ii, 75 Church, Dean, cited, ii, 28 Churchill, Lord Randolph, ii, 401 Chwang-Tsze, i, 86 Cicero, i, 168, 175, 199, 202 sq. Clairaut, ii, 177 Clarke, i, 8 n.; ii, 98, 104, 105, 150, 166, 168, 196 —— John, ii, 394 —— W. R., i, 232 Clarkson, ii, 76 Claudius of Turin, i, 282, 298 n. —— of Savoy, i, 468 Clavel, ii, 129 n. Clayton, Bishop, ii, 189 Cleanthes, i, 184; Clemens Alexandrinus, i, 175, 225, 226 —— Romanus, i, 227 Clement IV, i, 343 —— VII, i, 382, 408 Clergy, extortion by, i, 292, 311 —— vice among, i, 292, 331 —— hostility to, i, 282, 292, 295; ii, 79, 171 Clerke, ii, 114 Clifford, M., ii, 90 —— Professor, ii, 403, 450, 467 Clitomachos, i, 187 Clough, ii, 452 Cobbett, i, 404 Coger, ii, 282 Coifi, i, 39 Cole, P., ii, 5 Colenso, i, 38, 108; ii, 418, 431, 433 Coleridge, i, 231; ii, 9, 349 n., 443–44, 446, 447, 450, 487 sq. Colet, i, 404 n. “Collegiants,” the, ii, 136 n. Colletet, ii, 122 Collins, Anthony, i, 7, 21; ii, 113, 138, 150 n., 154 sq., 166, 174, 225 —— W. E., cited, i, 306 Columbus, i, 345 Combe, G. and A., ii, 398 Comenius, i, 5; ii, 30 Comines, i, 356 Communism, primitive, and ethics, i, 93 —— in the Reformation, i, 418, 425 Comparison of creeds, effect of, i, 44, 135, 198 Comte, Auguste, ii, 405, 467, 468, 479, 483 sq. —— Charles, ii, 468; Conches. See William Concordat, NapolÉon’s, ii, 293 Condillac, ii, 235, 261, 265, 459 Condorcet, ii, 227, 243, 274, 285, 468 Confucius, i, 82 sq.; ii, 111 Connor, ii, 115 Conrad, Joseph, ii, 451 —— the Inquisitor, i, 305 n. —— of Waldhausen, i, 415 Conservatism, savage, i, 22; Constance, Council of, i, 366, 417 Constans, i, 240 n. Constant, B., i, 31; ii, 442, 470 n. Constantine, i, 233 —— Copronymus, i, 281 Constantius, i, 234, 240 n. Conway, M. D., ii, 402, 413 sq., 453 n., 454 —— cited, i, 220 n.; ii, 384 n. Conybeare, ii, 173 —— F. C., i, 280 n.; ii, 425 n. Cooke, Miss A. M., i, 395 Cooper, J. G., ii, 201 —— T., ii, 201 Coornhert, ii, 33 sq. Copernicus, i, 441, 456, 457, 477 n.; ii, 32, 41 sq., 47 Coping, John, ii, 5 Coquereau, ii, 291 Coquerel, ii, 404 Coras, i, 393 Corelli, Miss, ii, 451 Corneille, i, 2; ii, 122 Cornelius Agrippa, i, 402 Cornford, F. M., i, 13, 139 Cornill, i, 112 Cornutus, i, 191 Corodi, ii, 432 Corporate culture, i, 122–23, 139 Cosimo dei Medici, i, 372 Cosmas Indicopleustes, i, 241 Cosmology, ancient, i, 80, 118, 125 Cotta, i, 203 Cotterill, J. M., i, 238 n. Counter-Reformation, the, ii, 56 Cousin, i, 313, 321 n.; ii, 52 n., 124 n., 479 Cowell, Professor, cited, i, 264 Cowper, ii, 207 Craik, cited, ii, 149 n. Cramer, ii, 418 Cranmer, i, 459 Crates, in Campaspe, ii, 3 Creation, doctrine of, i, 118 Creator-Gods, i, 62, 90, 182 Credulity, evolution of, i, 91 sq. CrÉqui, Madame de, ii, 223 n. Croce, on Vico, ii, 366 sq. Cromwell, i, 206 n.; ii, 73, 78 Crotus, i, 434, 435 Crousaz, cited, ii, 165 Cruelty, Christian and pagan, i, 172, 246; Crusades, effects of, i, 47 n., 295 Crusius, ii, 346 Cudworth, i, 4; ii, 87, 95, 101 n., 104, 149–50 Cuffelaer, ii, 258 Culverwel, ii, 80 Cumberland, i, 30; ii, 80, 103, 104 Cuper, Franz, ii, 136 Curnier, cited, ii, 210 n. Curtius, E., cited, i, 127 CybelÊ, cult of, i, 64 Cynics, the, i, 183 Cyrano de Bergerac, ii, 123 Cyrenaics, the, i, 183 Cyril, i, 235, 239 Cyrus, i, 64, 65, 66 Czechowicz, ii, 37 D’Aguesseau, ii, 258 DaillÉ, ii, 120 Daillon, ii, 138 D’Alba, ii, 372 D’Alembert, ii, 177, 235, 236 n., 258, 271 sq., 286, 372 Dalton, cited, i, 41 n. Damiron, ii, 480 Damon, i, 154 Dandolo, ii, 367 Dante, i, 324, 325 sq., 330 n. Danton, ii, 279 Daoud, i, 101 Darboy, Archbishop, ii, 406 Dareios, i, 65, 66 D’Argens, ii, 225, 238, 242, 262 D’Argenson, ii, 223, 235 sq., 258, 281, 282 n., 286, 288 n. Darigrand, ii, 291 “Dark Ages,” the, i, 277 n. Darmesteter, cited, i, 68 D’Arusmont, Madame, ii, 499 Darwin, C., ii, 207, 450, 464, 465, 466, 467 Darwinism, early, ii, 365, 366 Daudet, ii, 442 Daumer, ii, 433 David, King, i, 101 —— of Dinant, i, 317, 333 Davides, i, 421; ii, 37 Davids, Rhys, cited, i, 55, 58 Davidson, J., ii, 453 Davies, J. C., ii, 201 —— Archbishop, ii, 98 —— Sir John, ii, 21 Davis, ii, 205 Deaf-mutes, beliefs of, i, 42 Decameron, The, i, 350 sq. Decharme, i, 13, 127, 132 De Crousaz, ii, 237 n. Deffand, Madame du, ii, 223 n. Degeneration in religion, i, 87, 91 sq., 243 D’Eichthal, ii, 440 Deification, i, 185, 208, 209 “Deism” and “deist,” use of words, i, 4, 466; ii, 91 —— early Italian and French, i, 328 —— English, ii, 25, 28, 31, 69 sq., 147 sq. —— French, ii, 223 sq. —— German, ii, 302 sq., 329 sq. —— American, ii, 317 sq. —— Scottish, ii, 182 “DÉiste,” introduction of word, i, 1 Dekker, ii, 17 De la Chambre, ii, 226 De la Chapelle, ii, 226 Delamare, cited, ii, 141 Delambre, ii, 254 De la Serre, ii, 225, 226, 238 Deleyre, ii, 239 Delisle de Sales, ii, 242, 290 Delmedigo, E. and J. S., i, 379 De Lolme, ii, 290 De Longue, L. P., ii, 238 Delphi, oracle of, i, 135, 186 DÊmÊtÊr, i, 153 Demetrius Phalereus, i, 183 —— PoliorkÊtes, i, 186 Democracy and freethought, i, 151, 155, 160, 167; ii, 209, 277 sq., 282 sq. Demokritos, i, 136, 157 sq., 181 Demonax, i, 190 Denk, i, 436 Denman, Lord, ii, 395 Denmark, culture history of, ii, 354 sq., 457 Denyse, ii, 215 D’Epinay, Madame, ii, 223 n. De Prades, ii, 224, 239, 269 sq. De Roches, ii, 234 n. Dersdon, ii, 88 Descartes, i, 470; ii, 36, 64 sq., 72, 73, 121, 133, 134, 150 Descente de Saint Paul aux Enfers, i, 326 Desdouits, Professor, ii, 49 sq. Desforges, ii, 291 Des FournÉilles, ii, 104 Desgabets, ii, 128 DeshouliÈres, Madame, ii, 142 Deslandes, i, 7, 236, 237, 238; ii, 214, 225 Desmoulins, ii, 254 Destutt de Tracy, ii, 254 De Thou, i, 482 n. Deukalion, i, 173 Deurhoff, ii, 138 Deus ex Machina, i, 163 Devienne, i, 477 De Villars, ii, 125 D’Holbach, ii, 77, 221, 242–43, 245, 249, 253, 271 sq., 285, 393 Diagoras, i, 130 n., 159 Dick, ii, 463 n. Dickens, ii, 451 Dickinson, T. L., cited, i, 100 Diderot, ii, 218, 226, 229, 247, 248, 249, 254, 259, 261, 264, 266 n., 267 sq., 285 sq., 364, 371; Dikaiarchos, i, 184 Dill, Sir S., i, 246 n. Dillon, Dr., cited, i, 112, 113, 115 Diodoros, cited, i, 71, 72 Diogenes of Apollonia, i, 138 n., 154 —— LaËrtius, i, 138 n., 144, 145, 183 —— the Babylonian, i, 184 n. Diogenes the Peripatetic, i, 188 Dionysios, the younger, i, 175, 176 —— the Areopagite, i, 229 n. Dionysos, i, 125, 134, 145, 164 Diopeithes, i, 154 Dippel, J. Conrad, ii, 304 Dissent, English, and Liberalism, ii, 326 Dissenters’ Chapels Act, ii, 334 Divination, Hebrew, i, 99 Dixon, Prof., cited, ii, 492 sq. Doddridge, ii, 173 Dodwell, H., senr., ii, 153 —— H., junr., ii, 170 —— W., cited, ii, 191 Dolcino, i, 337 Dolet, i, 21, 380, 383, 385 sq. D’Olivet, ii, 145 DÖllinger, i, 331 n. Dominic, St., i, 333, 340 Dominicans, i, 333, 334, 335; ii, 43 Domitian, i, 214 Domitius, i, 206 n. Donatists, the, i, 232 Dooman, ii, 493 Dostoyevsky, ii, 457 Douglas, S. A., ii, 419 Douglass, Frederick, ii, 419 —— J., ii, 201 Drama, freethought in, i, 133, 148, 161, 302; Draper, i, 13; ii, 469 Drews, A., i, 13, 168 Driver, Canon, ii, 433, 434 n.; Droz, cited, ii, 275 Drummond, H., ii, 403 Drunkenness, Protestant, i, 455 Dryden, ii, 90 n., 93 sq., 190 Dualism, i, 68, 154, 174, 227, 255, 280 Du Barry, Madame de, ii, 236 Dubois, Dr., ii, 461 n. DuchÂtel, Bishop, i, 383, 384, 387 Du ChÂtelet, Marquise, ii, 230 Ducket, ii, 167 Duels, veto on, i, 283 n. Dujardin, i, 108 Dulaurens, ii, 237 n. Dumarsais, ii, 238, 243, 248, 272 Dunbar, W., quoted, ii, 183 Duni, ii, 367 Dunlop, R., cited, ii, 172 —— Mrs., ii, 275 n. Duns Scotus, i, 336, 359 Du Pin, ii, 144 Durand, i, 360 Durkheim, ii, 469 Duvernet, ii, 222 n., 244, 290 Earthquakes, i, 278 Eberhard, ii, 260 n., 315, 317 Ebionites, i, 225 Ecclesiastes, i, 114 sq., 207 Eckhart, i, 362 Economic causation, i, 36, 41, 60, 71 sq., 77, 87, 233 sq., 287 sq., 292 sq., 305–306, 339, 341, 357, 377, 404 sq., 414, 423 sq., 427 sq., 431 sq.; ii, 160, 171, 216 Ecphantos, i, 150 Edelmann, ii, 307 sq. Edersheim, cited, i, 118 Edgeworth, Miss, ii, 451 Education and Protestantism, i, 436 —— in England in eighteenth century, ii, 200 —— Jonathan, ii, 438 Egypt, ancient, religion of, i, 69 sq.; Elcesaites, i, 227 Eleatic School, i, 136, 141 sq., 146 sq. Elements, the four, i, 140 Eleusinian mysteries, i, 159 Elias, i, 334 Eliezer, Rabbi, i, 334 Elijah and Elisha, i, 102 —— Rabbi, ii, 489 Eliot, George, ii, 438, 439, 444, 451, 500 —— St., i, 305 n. Ellis, C., ii, 98 —— Sir A. B., cited, i, 23, 25 —— W., cited, i, 23, 34 Elohim, i, 98; ii, 256 Emerson, ii, 100, 450, 453, 488 Emes, ii, 98 Emin, Khalif, i, 257 Emlyn, ii, 188 Empedokles, i, 158 EncyclopÉdie, ii, 234 sq., 258, 270 Engels, ii, 412 England, medieval, freethought in, i, 297–98, 342 sq.; English influence on France, ii, 223, 250; Ennius, i, 151, 199 sq. Enoch, Book of the Secrets of, i, 221 Enrique IV, i, 340 Ephesos, i, 124 Ephoros, i, 180 Epic, rise of, i, 126 Epicharmos, i, 152, 199 Epictetus, i, 189, 215, 392, 476 Epicureanism, i, 118, 181 sq., 200, 201 sq., 322, 325, 366; ii, 67, 143 Epicurus, i, 157, 181 sq., 186, 212 Erasmus, i, 370, 403, 406, 429, 440, 450, 461 Erastianism, ii, 71 n. Eratosthenes, i, 188 Erdmann, cited, i, 314, 345 Erhard, ii, 346 Erigena. See John Scotus Esoteric religion, i, 71, 87, 191 Esprit fort, use of term, i, 6 Essays and Reviews, ii, 325 Essenes, i, 148 Essex, Earl of, ii, 2 EstÈve, P., ii, 239 Estienne, i, 391, 473 n. Ethical Societies, ii, 414 Ethics, progress in, i, 132, 184; ii, 34, 116, 343; Etruscan religion, i, 197, 199, 200 Eucharist, doctrine of the, i, 286, 289 sq., 417–18, 420, 440 Euchite heresy, i, 280 n., 293 Euclides, i, 149 n., 184 Eudemus, i, 138 Eudo, i, 295 Eugenius IV, i, 357 Eunomians, i, 247 Euripides, i, 127 n., 148, 161 sq., 171, 199 Eusebius, i, 241, 434 Evanson, ii, 201–203, cited, 205 Evelyn, cited, ii, 168 EvÊmerism among Semites, i, 79–80, 102; EvÊmeros, i, 79, 184 Everlasting Gospel, the, i, 335 sq. Evolution theory, i, 138, 158; ii, 207 Ewald, ii, 431 Ewerbeck, ii, 433 Exeter, i, 468 Eye, S., ii, 98 EzÉl, i, 274 Fabricius, i, 11 Faguet, cited, ii, 442 n. Fairbanks, i, 137 n., 144 n. Falkland, ii, 106 “Family of Love,” ii, 4 Farel, i, 428 Farinata degli Uberti, i, 325 Farrar, A. S., i, 14–15 —— cited, i, 308 n., 321 n.; ii, 175 Fathers, the Christian, i, 215, 216 Fatimids, the, i, 256 n. Fauriel, ii, 460 Faxardo, ii, 375 Faye, La, ii, 44 Feargal, i, 282, 368 Fear in religion, i, 44 Federation, i, 137 FÉnelon, i, 363; ii, 126, 130, 142, 146, 213, 250, 252 Ferdinand, King, i, 340 Ferdinando II, Duke, ii, 365 —— III, ii, 371 Ferguson, ii, 186 Ferini and Antiferini, ii, 367 Ferrand, Mdlle., ii, 265 Ferrer, Francisco, ii, 502 Ferri, ii, 469 Fetishism, i, 25, 36 Fichte, ii, 345, 347 sq., 425, 471 sq., 473, 475 Fiji, unbelief in, i, 36 n., 43; Filangieri, ii, 369 Finetti, ii, 367 Finlay, quoted, i, 278 n. Finow, i, 38 Fiorentino, cited, i, 376 Firdausi, i, 262 Firmicus Maternus, i, 233 Firmin, ii, 114 Fischer, Kuno, quoted, ii, 66 Fisher, Bishop, ii, 1 —— Dr. L., quoted, i, 49 Fitzgerald, i, 264 Flade, ii, 33 Flagellants, i, 336 Flanders, civilization of, i, 2; Flaubert, i, 140; ii, 442 Fletcher, ii, 19 Floury, ii, 215 Flint, Professor, cited, ii, 35, 366 n., 399 n. Florence, culture of, i, 325 sq., 407; ii, 365, 387 Florimond de Boemond, i, 479 sq. FlÜgel, i, 256 n. Fogg’s Weekly Journal, quoted, ii, 157 Fontane, cited, i, 50 Fontanier, ii, 122 Fontenelle, ii, 54, 130 n., 142–43, 227 n., 235, 246, 250, 470 Food supply and religion, i, 94–5 Forbes, Lord President, ii, 104, 185, 252 Forbonnais, ii, 245 Forchhammer, i, 171 n. Forgiveness, ethic of, i, 221 Forgery, priestly, i, 72, 101, 230 n., 243 Fotherby, Bishop, ii, 24 Foucher, ii, 258 Founders, religious, i, 68 Fourier, ii, 404 n. Fourth Gospel, ii, 425 Fowler, Dr., ii, 28, 30 n., 105, 111 —— Dr. Warde, i, 195–96, 200 n., 202, 204, 209 Fox, C. J., ii, 206 —— W. J., ii, 413 Foxe, i, 3, 395, 459 Fracastorio, i, 371 n.; ii, 463 n. France, early freethought in, i, 291 sq., 296 sq., 299 sq., 317 sq., 351 sq.; Francis, King, i, 383, 389, 427 —— of Assisi, i, 333 Franciscans, i, 333 sq., 339, 409 Franck, Sebastian, i, 442 FranÇois de Rues, i, 351 Franklin, B., ii, 381 sq., 384 n. Fraticelli, the, i, 317, 337 Fraud in religion, i, 26 sq., 108, 109, 175, 230 n., 243, 250 Frazer, Sir J. G., i, 401 n., 471 Frederick II, Emperor, i, 323, 324 —— of Aragon, i, 339 —— the Great, ii, 248 n., 261 n., 269, 287, 305, 311, 312 sq. —— IV, ii, 426 —— V, of Denmark, ii, 361 Free Church of Scotland, ii, 410 sq. Freeman, cited, i, 261 Freemasonry, i, 358; ii, 306, 330 “Free religious” societies, ii, 410, 413 Freeseekers, sect of, 6 Free Spirit. See Brethren “Freethinker,” origin of word, i, 1, 4, 6 sq.; Freethinker, early journal, i, 7 Freethought, meaning of, i, 1 sq., 8 sq.; Free-will, doctrine of, i, 8, 232, 254, 270; ii, 150 n. Frei-geist, use of word, i, 6; ii, 301 Freke, ii, 114 n. French Revolution, effect on English freethought of, ii, 209, 386 sq. FrÉret, ii, 241 n., 243, 245, 248, 289 FrÉron, ii, 258 Fresnoy, L. du, ii, 206 Freudenthal, i, 142 “Friends of God,” i, 362 “Friends of Light,” ii, 339 Frith, Mrs. I., ii, 43 n. Froissart, i, 356 Fromman, ii, 298 Fronto, i, 236 Froude, i, 3 n.; ii, 448 Fry, ii, 106 Fuegians, i, 98 Fuller, cited, ii, 22 n., 23 n., 24 Furnival, F. J., cited, ii, 19 Gabriele de Salo, i, 369 Gaetano of Siena, i, 369 Gaidi, ii, 221 Gainsford, ii, 11 Galen, i, 471 Galeotto Marcio, i, 369 Galileo, i, 377–78, 401, 456; ii, 42, 57 sq., 65 Galitzin, Prince von, ii, 286 Galton, cited, i, 31 Galvani, ii, 371 Gambetta, ii, 500 Garasse, i, 480 n., 482 sq.; ii, 55, 56 Garat, ii, 280 Garbe, Prof., cited, i, 51 Garcilasso, cited, i, 90 Gardiner, cited, i, 396, 405; ii, 22, 23, 79 Garibaldi, ii, 500 Garlon, ii, 291 Gassendi, ii, 64, 65, 66 sq., 104, 138, 150 Gastrell, ii, 98 Gaul, Christian, freethought in, i, 236; Gaultier, ii, 217 Gaunilo, i, 310 Gaussen, ii, 458 Gautama. See Buddha Gautier, ii, 250 n. Gazzali, i, 259, 263, 266, 267, 270 Gebhardi, ii, 312 Gebhart, discussed, i, 409 Gebler, criticized, ii, 59 Geddes, Dr., ii, 431 Gegenbauer, Theophilus, ii, 295 Geijer, ii, 417 Gemistos Plethon, i, 371 GÉnard, ii, 291 Genesis, criticism of, i, 450; ii, 115, 463. Genest, ii, 214 Geneva, thought in, i, 2, 446; ii, 379 Gennadios, i, 372 Genovesi, ii, 369 Gentilis, Valentinus, i, 451, 453 Gentillet, i, 468 Geoffrin, Madame, ii, 223 n., 272 n. Geoffroy d’Estissac, i, 381 Geographical causation, i, 134, 197 Geology, i, 371; ii, 206 George III, ii, 200 Georgios Trapezuntios, i, 372 Gerbert, i, 301 n. Gerhard, Bishop, i, 291, 336 n. Germany, Reformation in, i, 403 sq.; Gerson, i, 363, 417 Gervinus, ii, 15 Geryon, i, 185 Geulincx, ii, 138 Gewissener, ii, 296 Ghailan of Damascus, i, 254 Ghibellines, i, 325 Gibbon, i, 139, 178, 204–205, 209, 246 n., 262; ii, 229, 398, 399, 447, 468 Gibson, Bishop, ii, 159 Giddings, ii, 469 Gilbert, i, 456 Gilman, Arthur, quoted, i, 260 Giorgio di Novara, i, 369 Giraldus Cambrensis, i, 310–311 Girard, i, 127, 131, 167 Gladiatorial games, i, 245 Gladstone, i, 202 n.; ii, 205–206, 255, 489 Glanvill, i, 3; ii, 102–106, 138 Glave, E. J., cited, i, 36 Glisson, ii, 103 Gnosticism, i, 191, 225 sq. Go, the chief, i, 39 Gobel, ii, 278 “Goddess of Reason,” ii, 274, 278 God-idea, evolution of, i, 197 God-names, Semitic, i, 102 Godwin, ii, 445 Goethe, ii, 48, 317, 333 sq., 447, 464; Goeze, ii, 317 Gogol, ii, 398 Goguet, ii, 379 Golden Rule, i, 85, 137 Goldsmith, ii, 195 Goliards, i, 299, 326 Gomates, i, 67 Gomperz, i, 123 Goncourt, de, ii, 442 Goniondzki, i, 425 Good, Dr. T., ii, 87 Goodman, ii, 98 Gordon, T., ii, 201 Gorgias, i, 168 Gorky, ii, 457 GorlÆus, ii, 35 Gospels, freethought in, i, 218 sq.; Gostwick, cited, ii, 165 Gottschalk, i, 283, 284 sq. Gouge, R., ii, 89 n. Gouvest, ii, 239 Graf, i, 108 Gramond, ii, 53 Granovsky, ii, 456 Grant, Sir A., i, 178 n. —— General, ii, 408 —— R., cited, ii, 178 Grapius, ii, 259 Grassi, ii, 59 GrÄtz, i, 115 Gray, cited, ii, 195 Greece, freethought in, i, 120 sq. —— modern, freethought in, ii, 498 Greef, de, ii, 469 Greek civilization, i, 120 sq., 192; Green, J. R., cited, i, 404 n., 439, 460; ii, 17, 200; GrÉgoire, AbbÉ, ii, 276, 292 n. —— Bishop, ii, 292 Gregorovius, cited, i, 374 n. Gregory VII, i, 289, 294 —— IX, i, 305, 323, 376 —— XIII, i, 457 Greissing, ii, 298 Greville, ii, 45 Gribaldo, i, 451, 453 Griffis, cited, ii, 492 Grimm, Jakob, cited, i, 39 —— M., cited, ii, 231 n., 240, 256 n., 266, 267, 273, 275 n., 368, 371, 374 n. Gringoire, i, 381, 427 Gronvelle, ii, 280 Grosart, Dr., ii, 27 Grosley, ii, 291 Grosse, ii, 298 GrosstÊte, Robert, i, 320, 345 Grote, ii, 469, 485; Grotius, i, 463; ii, 35, 70, 366 Gruet, Jacques, i, 442 sq. Gruppe, i, 42 Guardati, i, 368 Gubernatis, ii, 454 Gueroult de Pival, ii, 241 Gueudeville, ii, 237 Guibert, ii, 291 —— de Nogent, i, 323 Guicciardini, i, 375 Guillaume de Lorris, ii, 351 Guiot, i, 300 Guirlando, i, 468 Guizot, ii, 442; Gumplowicz, ii, 469 Gustavus Vasa, ii, 354 —— III, ii, 360 Gutschmid, cited, i, 68 Guyau, ii, 469 Guyon, Madame, ii, 146 —— AbbÉ, ii, 228 Hadi, Khalif, i, 257 Haeckel, ii, 466 Hafiz, i, 266 Hagenbach, i, 13; ii, 311 Hahn, i, 13 Haigh, cited, i, 131, 133, 161 n., 163, 166 —— Joseph, ii, 162 —— Robert, ii, 451 Hallam, ii, 468 sq.; Halyburton, ii, 181–82; Hamann, ii, 346 Hamilton, ii, 485 sq. Hammurabi, i, 61 Hamond, ii, 5 Hampden, Dr., quoted, i, 229 n., 307 n., 308, 309, 312 n. —— Richard, ii, 93 Hancock, ii, 98 Hanyfism, i, 249 sq. Hanyfites, the, i, 249 n., 255 Hardy, ii, 451 Harnack, cited, i, 231 n.; Haroun Alraschid, i, 257 Harrington, ii, 78 Harriott, i, 456; ii, 9, 12–13 Harris, ii, 98 Harrison, F., i, 313 n. Hartley, ii, 485 Hartmann, ii, 474 Hartung, i, 166 —— Gabriel, ii, 7 Haruspices, i, 199 Hasan-al-Basri, i, 254 Haslam, ii, 395 Hassall, cited, ii, 197 Hassan, i, 266 Hatch, quoted, i, 174 n., 226 n. Hattem, P. van, ii, 138 HaurÉau, i, 345 n. Hausrath, cited, ii, 426 Havet, i, 107–8; ii, 440 Hawaii, freethought in, i, 38 Hawkins, B., quoted, ii, 448–49 Hawthorne, ii, 453 HÂyitians, the, i, 256 n. Haym, ii, 473 Haynes, E. S. P., i, 14, 288 Healy, John, cited, i, 3 HÉbert, ii, 278 Hebrews, religion and ethics of, i, 97 sq.; Hegel, i, 12, 231; ii, 350, 470 n., 471 sq., 475, 476, 477, 490 Heiberg, ii, 362 Heine, ii, 442, 454 sq., 474, 489; Heiric, i, 318 n. Hekataios, i, 144, 147 Helchitsky, i, 418–19 Helena, i, 128 Hell, theories of, i, 266, 285, 459; ii, 4, 8, 77, 203 HelvÉtius, ii, 207, 240, 243, 265 sq., 368, 459 Hemming, ii, 6 Henley, ii, 453 Hennequin, ii, 443 Henotheism, i, 50 Henry, the monk, i, 295 —— of Clairvaux, i, 297 —— IV, of France, i, 481; ii, 314 —— V, of England, i, 394 —— VIII, —— i, 396, 427, 432, 458 —— P. E., cited, i, 444, 445 n., 446, 449 n. Hensel, i, 457 Herakleides, i, 145, 191 Herakleitos, i, 130, 136, 144 sq. —— (author of De Incredibilibus), i, 185 Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, ii, 25, 69 sq., 98 Herder, ii, 311, 333, 345, 350, 468 HÊrÊ, i, 124 Hermeias, i, 177 Hermippos, i, 155 —— i, 154 n. Hermits, Hindu, i, 54 Hermogenes, i, 214 Hermotimos, i, 136 Herodotos, i, 35 n., 45, 67, 121, 125 n., 147, 156 Hesiod, i, 80, 125 sq., 144 Hetherington, ii, 395 Hetzer, i, 435 Hewley, Lady, ii, 160 Hexameter, origin of, i, 126 Heyse, ii, 456 Heywood, Thomas, ii, 16 Hibbert, Julian, ii, 272 n. Hickes, Dr., ii, 113 Hicksites, the, ii, 385 Hiero, i, 152 Hierocles, i, 226, 238 Hieronymos, i, 154 n. Higginson, Colonel T. W., ii, 453 Higher Criticism, the, ii, 256, 330 High Priests, i, 111 Hiketas. See Iketas Hildebrand, i, 294 Hillel, i, 117, 218 Hilton, ii, 6 Hincmar, i, 284 Hinduism, i, 48 sq. Hinsdale, Mrs., ii, 384 n. Hipparchia, i, 183 n. Hipparchos, i, 188 Hippias, i, 168 Hippo, i, 156 Hippokrates, i, 169, 180, 471 Hitopadesa, the, i, 54 Hittites, i, 136 Hobbes, ii, 28, 63, 64, 71 sq., 90, 103, 134, 150 n., 253, 255, 282, 380 HÖffding, Prof., criticized, ii, 175 Holbach. See d’Holbach Holberg, ii, 355 sq. Holcroft, ii, 445 Holdsworth, Dr., ii, 158 Holkot, Robert, i, 334 Holland. See Netherlands —— G. J., ii, 253 Holmes, O. W., ii, 453 “Holy,” early meaning of, i, 103 Holyoake, G. J., ii, 394 sq., 408 Home, H. See Kames —— John, ii, 186 Homer, i, 99–100, 123, 145, 197 Homeric poems, i, 100, 120, 124, 126 sq., 135, 152, 161 Honduras, Freethought in, ii, 407 Hone, ii, 394 Honorius of Autun, i, 313 Hooker, i, 394; ii, 25; Hooper, cited, i, 3, 459 Horace, i, 209, 215; ii, 35 Horrebow, ii, 355 Hosea, i, 104 sq. Hosius, i, 426 Hotman, ii, 283 Houteville, ii, 215 Howells, ii, 453 Howitt, Dr., 31–2 Huarte, i, 471 sq.; ii, 56 Huber, Marie, ii, 233, 238, 249 Huet, ii, 126 sq., 131, 217, 250, 252 Hugo, Victor, ii, 442 Hull, John, ii, 21 Humanists, Greek, i, 147; Hume, i, 204; ii, 10–11, 67, 102, 174, 178, 180–1, 205 n., 468, 484; Humiliati, i, 334 Humphrey of Gloucester, i, 396 Hungary, thought in, i, 421; Hunter, J., cited, ii, 161 Hurst, Bishop, i, 5, 14; Huss, i, 308, 360, 366, 415 sq., 423 Hutcheson, F., ii, 183 sq., 189 Hutchinson, Mrs., cited, ii, 75, 79 —— Roger, i, 458–59 Huttman, ii, 393 n. Huxley, ii, 174, 450, 464 sq., 466, 467; Hyde, ii, 257 Hygiainon, i, 162 n. Hyksos, the, i, 73 Hypatia, i, 233 Ibn Ezra, i, 316 Ibn Gebriol, i, 316 Ibn Khaldun, i, 268, 271–72 Ibsen, ii, 457 Ichikawa, ii, 495 n. Iconoclasm, savage, i, 24; Ideas, doctrine of, i, 147, 307 sq. Idolatry, i, 63, 65, 67; Ignell, ii, 418 Iketas, i, 150 Ilgen, ii, 431 Ilive, J., ii, 200 Imbert, ii, 289 Imitatio Christi, i, 363 Immaculate Conception, i, 336 Immortality, belief in, i, 99, 100, 116–17, 330 n.; Imperialism and freethought, ii, 171, 195 Impostors, the Three, i, 27, 323 sq., 339, 445 Incas, rationalistic, i, 90 Index Expurgatorius, i, 376, 412, 414, 479; ii, 58, 61, 63, 121, 218 India, freethought in, i, 49, 53, 55, 275; Indra, cult of, i, 49 Indulgences, i, 406, 417 Industrialism, ii, 195; Infanticide, Arab, i, 253 “Infidel,” use of word, i, 1, 3, 8 “Infidelity,” use of word, i, 1, 3, 4, 8; ii, 96 Inglis, Sir R., ii, 61 Innocent II, i, 296 —— III, i, 299, 302 —— IV, i, 322 —— VIII, i, 372 Inquisition, the, i, 297, 299, 302, 305, 306, 322, 335 n., 337 sq., 356, 368, 376, 387, 399, 409, 414, 423, 469, 475; ii, 39, 40, 46, 48, 59, 146, 372 sq. Institutions, power of, in religion, i, 36, 41, 59, 61; Intolerance, Greek, i, 152, 154, 159, 170 sq., 174, 184; Intuitionism, ii, 341 Ionia, culture of, i, 123 sq., 135 sq., 180 Ireland, ancient, culture in, i, 283–84; IrenÆus, i, 232 Iriarte, ii, 375 Isabella, i, 340–41 Isaiah, i, 63, 105, 107 Isenbiehl, ii, 329 Isis, cult of, i, 77 Islam, i, 248 sq. Ismailites, the, i, 261, 266 Israel, relative freethought in, i, 104 sq. Ista, ii, 376 Italy, freethought in, i, 3, 322 sq., 365 sq.; ii, 365 sq., 387, 454; IyÉyasu, ii, 495 Jaafer, i, 257 Jabarites, the, i, 255 Jacob, i, 102 Jacobeos, the, ii, 377 Jacques de Bourgogne, i, 447 Jahedians, the, i, 266 n. Jahn, ii, 351 Jainism, i, 57; ii, 497 Jamblichos, i, 235 James, Epistle of, i, 224 James I. of England, ii, 4 n., 19, 21 sq. James, Prof. W., i, 16 n. —— Henry, ii, 453 Jami, i, 266 Jamin, ii, 252 JannÈs, P. de la, ii, 291 Jansenists, ii, 121, 125, 129, 213, 216, 227, 269, 277 Japan, freethought in, ii, 490 sq.; Jean d’Olive, i, 344 —— le Clopinel, i, 351 —— de Caturce, i, 386 —— de Boysonne, i, 386 Jeanne d’Arc, i, 395 Jeannin, i, 481 Jefferies, R., ii, 452 Jeffrey, ii, 386 Jehovah. See Yahweh Jenghiz Khan, i, 260 Jeremiah, i, 104 Jerome, St., i, 240 Jerome of Prague, i, 417, 423 Jerusalem, J. F. W., ii, 308 —— the Younger, 309 n. Jesuits, i, 421, 422, 469; ii, 2, 32, 58 n., 60, 65, 121, 125, 143, 145, 227, 236, 245, 251, 277 Jesus, i, 21; Jevons, F. B., criticized, i, 45 Jewel, Bp., cited, i, 3 Jews in Middle Ages, i, 302, 315 sq., 379; Joachim, Abbot, i, 335 Job, i, 111 sq., 242 Joel, i, 106 John the Scot, i, 283 sq., 308, 309; ii, 488 —— of Baconthorpe, i, 346 n. —— of Gaunt, i, 349 —— of Jandun, i, 359 —— of Parma, i, 336 —— of Salisbury, i, 310, 314, 315, 376 —— Pannonicus, i, 419 —— Pirnensis, i, 423 —— Sobieski, ii, 363 —— of Wesel, i, 406 —— Wessel, i, 406 —— Zapoyla, i, 420 —— Zimisces, Emperor, i, 281 —— Pope, XII, i, 294 —— Pope, XXI, i, 377 n. —— Pope, XXIII, i, 417 Johnston, Sir H. H., cited, i, 276 Johnstone, John, ii, 183 Joinville, i, 317, 356 Jonas al Aswari, i, 254 Jonson, Ben, ii, 16, 20; Joseph, myth of, i, 102 Joshua, i, 102 Journalism, freethinking, ii, 400, 407, 408, 411, 419 Jousse, ii, 291 Jovinian, i, 239 Juan de Paratallada, i, 339 Judas, i, 172 n. Julian, i, 189, 217, 238 “Julianites,” i, 459 Julius III, i, 411 Junod, H. A., i, 25, 31, 34 Justinian, i, 240 n., 255 Justin Martyr, i, 236, 244 Juvenal, i, 118, 210, 223 Ka’aba, the, i, 248 Kadarites, i, 254, 270 Kadesh, i, 103 Kaffirs, freethought among, 39 Kafirs of Hindu Kush, i, 40 Kahnis, cited, ii, 300 n., 306, 308, 311, 421 n. KaÏres, ii, 498 Kaiser, ii, 424 Kalam, the, i, 259 Kalisch, ii, 433 Kant, ii, 311, 331, 333, 337 sq., 458, 468, 471 sq., 475; Kantemir, ii, 364 Kantsa, i, 52 Kapila, i, 52 KaraÏtes, i, 315 Karians, i, 124 Karma, doctrine of, i, 56 Karmathians, the, i, 260 Karneades, i, 187, 200 Kasimirski, i, 249 n. Kautsky, i, 416 n. Keane, cited, i, 95 Keats, ii, 445 Keener, Bishop, ii, 419 Kenrick, ii, 415 Kepler, i, 263, 456; ii, 43 Kerberos, i, 185 Ketzer, origin of word, i, 292 Kharejites, the, i, 254 Kharvakas, the, i, 51, 53 Kidd, B., ii, 404 Kidder, ii, 98 Kjellgren, ii, 360 Kielmeyer, ii, 464 n. Kierkegaard, ii, 457 Kindi, Al, i, 267 Kindy, Al, i, 258 King and Hall, cited, i, 74–75 King, Archbishop, ii, 150, 154 Kings, deification of, i, 185, 208, 209 Kingsley, Miss, on fetishism, i, 25 —— Charles, ii, 489 Kipling, ii, 453 Kirke, Edward, cited, ii, 2 Kirkup, cited, ii, 395 n. Kleist, ii, 454 Klitomachos, i, 187 Knaggs, ii, 98 Knight, ii, 185 Knutzen, Matthias, ii, 296 sq., 297 n. —— Martin, ii, 307 Koerbagh, ii, 36 Koheleth, i, 109, 114 sq. Koran, the, i, 248 n., 249 sq. Korn, ii, 432 Kortholt, i, 324; ii, 297 Krake, Rolf, i, 40 Kratinos, i, 157 Kraus, ii, 347 Krause, E., cited, ii, 207 Kriezanitch, ii, 364 Krishna myth, i, 56 Kritias, i, 160, 171 Krochmal, ii, 490 Kronos, i, 125 Kropf, cited, i, 39 n. Krug, ii, 424 Ktesilochos, i, 167 n. Kuenen, i, 106, 250, 254 n., 431, 433 Kumarila, i, 53 Kurz, cited, ii, 329 n. Kuyper, ii, 136 La Barre, ii, 230 Labitte, cited, i, 483 n. Labouderie, i, 478 Labour churches, ii, 414 La BruyÈre, ii, 142, 143 sq.; Lachares, i, 186 Lacordaire, ii, 482 Lactantius, i, 215, 225, 235, 241 Lafitau, cited, i, 30 La Fontaine, ii, 142 Lafuente, ii, 39 Laing, cited, ii, 410 Lalande, i, 11; ii, 254 Lamartine, ii, 442 Lamb, C., ii, 445 sq. Lambert, FranÇois, i, 437 Lamennais, ii, 480 sq. La Mettrie, ii, 194, 239, 260 sq., 313 La Mothe le Vayer, i, 483; ii, 117, 118 sq. Landau, cited, i, 350 n. Lane, cited, i, 22, 275 —— M. A., i, 277 n. Laney, Bishop, ii, 90 Lang, A., criticized, i, 44 n., 90, 93, 94, 98, 99; Lange, i, 10, 178, 180; ii, 64, 148 n., 175, 261 sq., 268, 297 n., 311, 460 n. Langland, i, 348 Languedoc, civilization in, i, 299 sq. Lanjuinais, ii, 290 Lanson, cited, i, 354; ii, 124, 144, 217 n., 230 n. Lao-Tsze, i, 82, 84 sq. La PeyrÈre, ii, 196 sq. Laplace, i, 184; ii, 177, 254, 274, 458 La Placette, ii, 120 La Primaudaye, ii, 6 La Rochette, ii, 229 Larroque, ii, 440 Lassen, ii, 298 Lasson, Dr., cited, i, 363 Latimer, ii, 1 Latini, Brunetto, i, 326 Latitudinarians, i, 469; ii, 115 Lau, ii, 305 Laukhard, ii, 311 Lavater, ii, 334 Lavergne, LÉonce de, cited, ii, 276 Law, William, ii, 110, 168, 173 n., 179 Lawrence, W., ii, 445 n., 461 sq. Lea, H. C., cited, i, 298, 305 n., 306, 357 Le Breton, ii, 270 n. Lechler, i, 13; ii, 28 Lecky, i, 13–14; ii, 402; Le Clerc, i, 464; ii, 75, 97, 116 n., 137, 150 Leconte de Lisle, ii, 443, 453 Lecount, ii, 395 Le Dantec, cited, ii, 125 n. Lee, Dr., ii, 466 n. —— Sir Sidney, ii, 71 n. Leechman, ii, 185 Leenhof, ii, 352 LefÈvre, i, 380, 428, 429 Legge, Dr., cited, i, 82, 83, 85 Leibnitz, i, 390 n.; ii, 29, 150, 174, 175, 264, 298 sq., 309, 337 Leicester, Lollardry in, i, 349 LemaÎtre, ii, 443 Le Monnier, ii, 178 Lenglet du Fresnoy, ii, 262, 290 Lenient, C., cited, i, 299, 332 n., 353 Lennstrand, ii, 418 Lenormant, cited, i, 68 n. Leo the Armenian, i, 280 —— the Isaurian, i, 255, 277–78 —— X, Pope, i, 377 Leonardo da Vinci, i, 370; ii, 463 Leopold II of Tuscany, ii, 371 Leslie, C., ii, 97, 154 n., 269 —— Prof., ii, 458 sq. Lessing, i, 328, 471; ii, 229, 309 n., 315, 323 sq., 338, 344, 351, 425 Le Tellier, ii, 142 Letourneau, ii, 469 Le Trosne, ii, 291 Leufstedt, ii, 418 Leukippos, i, 136, 157 Leukothea, i, 143 Levallois, cited, ii, 443 n. Levellers, the, ii, 77 LÉvesque. See Burigny and Pouilly Levi ben Gershom, i, 317 —— David, ii, 49 n. Levites, origin of, i, 45, 111 LÉvy, A., cited, ii, 476 LÉvy-Bruhl, ii, 483 n. Lewes, G. H., ii, 336, 408, 450 —— John, ii, 5 L’HÔpital, i, 391 Libanius, i, 245; Libertin, use of word, i, 2 Libertini, or “libertines,” use of word, i, 2, 445, 458, 459, 482; Libraries, public, i, 208 n. Lichtenstein, cited, i, 35 Lidgould, ii, 98 Liebknecht, ii, 411 Lieh-Tsze, i, 86 Lightfoot, Bishop, cited, i, 148, 223 Lilienfeld, ii, 469 Lilja, ii, 418 Lillie, cited, i, 55 n. Lilly, i, 472; ii, 2 sq., 11, 16 Lincoln, President, ii, 419 Lipsius, i, 393 LittrÉ, cited, i, 355, 356 Livy, i, 196, 198, 200, 209 Llorente, i, 342 n. Lobeck, i, 165 Localization of Gods, i, 46 sq. Locke, ii, 98, 106, 107 sq., 129, 130, 138, 147, 150 n., 174, 300; Lodge, ii, 16 Loescher, ii, 298 Logos, the, i, 84, 130, 174; ii, 137 LokÂyata, i, 53 Lollards, i, 348, 394 sq., 406 Long, G., ii, 469; Longrais, ii, 244 Lope de Vega, ii, 39 Lord’s Prayer, the, i, 222–23 Lorenzo dei Medici, i, 373 Louis, Saint, i, 317, 427; ii, 314 —— Philippe, ii, 404 n. —— XI, i, 427, 428 —— XII, i, 427, 428 —— XV, ii, 287 Lounsbury, Prof., cited, i, 346–47 Lowndes, Miss, cited, i, 476 Lubbock. See Avebury Lucian, i, 183, 188 n., 189, 190, 211, 212, 238 Lucilius, i, 203 n. Lucretius, i, 182–83, 201 sq., 205; Ludovicus Vives, i, 470; ii, 64 Lully, ii, 47 Luthardt, Prof., ii, 466 Luther, i, 366, 405–406, 417, 424, 427, 429, 435, 436, 439 sq., 449, 450, 454, 455; ii, 64 Lutheranism, morals of, ii, 294 LÜtzelberger, ii, 433 Lyall, Edna, ii, 452 Lydgate, cited, i, 397 Lydia, civilization in, i, 136 Lyell, ii, 449 Lyons, ii, 156 n. Lysimachos, i, 183 n. Lyttelton, ii, 173 Ma’avi, i, 261 Mabad al Jhoni, i, 254 Macaulay, ii, 395, 449, 469; McClellan, i, 233 McCosh, cited, ii, 184 n. McCrie, i, 408 n., 412 n., 413 Macdonald, D. B., i, 248 n., 256 n., 257 —— Rev. J., cited, i, 36 n. Machiavelli, i, 332, 373 sq.; ii, 6–7 McIntyre, Prof., ii, 43 n. Mackay, R. W., i, 12; ii, 402, 439; Mackenzie, George, ii, 85, 181 Maclaurin, ii, 178 Macolano, ii, 61 n. Macrobius, i, 240 MÂdhavÂchÂra, i, 54 Madison, ii, 385 Magi, i, 66, 67, 148 Magian religion, i, 66 sq. Magic, Savage, i, 35; Magna Graecia, culture of, i, 151 Magyars, the, i, 280 n. MahÂbhÂrata, the, i, 59 Mahaffy, quoted, i, 126, 129, 132, 164, 172 Mahdi, Khalif, i, 257 Mahmoud, Sultan, i, 261, 262 Maillet, ii, 206 Maimonides, i, 302, 315–16, 490 Maine de Biran, ii, 479 Maistre, J. de, ii, 479 Maitland, i, 349 n. Major, John, ii, 283 Makrisi, i, 268 Malachi, i, 115 Malebranche, ii, 128 sq. Malesherbes, ii, 235–36, 259, 289 Malherbe, ii, 122 Malik, i, 262 Mallet du Pan, ii, 279 sq., 284 sq. Malte Brun, ii, 362 Mamoun, i, 257–58 Mandard, ii, 7 Mandeville, ii, 157, 194, 200, 265, 380, 468 Manfred, i, 325 ManichÆism, i, 228, 229, 280, 293 Mansel, ii, 485 sq. Mansour, Khalif, i, 256 Marcion and Marcionites, i, 227 Marcus Aurelius, i, 211, 215, 217 Mardouk-nadinakhe, i, 47 MarÉchal, Sylvain, i, 11; ii, 244, 289 Margat, ii, 290 Margherita de Trank, i, 337 Marguerite of Navarre, i, 2, 380, 386, 389, 428, 429 —— ——, the Second, i, 480 Mariner, cited, i, 38 Marini, ii, 61 Mariolatry, i, 336 Marius, i, 206 Marmontel, ii, 259 sq.; Marot, i, 380, 388 Marri, El, i, 261 Marriage, ancient, i, 243–44 Mars, i, 197 Marsiglio of Padua, i, 359; ii, 283 Marsilio Ficino, i, 308, 370 n., 371, 372 Marten, ii, 78 Martha, Prof., i, 187 Martin Marprelate, ii, 7 Martin, Mrs. Emma, ii, 394 —— Henri, ii, 286 n. —— St., i, 233 n. Martineau, J., ii, 415; Martyrs, i, 243 n. Mary of Hungary, i, 420 —— Queen of England, ii, 1 n. Mary and Jesus, myth of, i, 102 Mascagni, ii, 387 Masillon, ii, 142 Maspero, cited, i, 74 Mass, the, i, 287 Massey, cited, ii, 200 Massinger, ii, 17 Masson, Prof., ii, 105 Mastricht, ii, 133 Masuccio, i, 287 n., 368 Materialism, in India, i, 53, 54; Mathematics, rise of, i, 149; Mathew, John, cited, i, 33 Matter, doctrines concerning, i, 146 n., 150, 316 Matthew Paris, i, 305 n., 315 n. Matthias of Janow, i, 415 —— Corvinus, i, 419 Maultrot, ii, 221 Maupassant, ii, 442 Maupeou, ii, 140 Maurice, i, 314; ii, 486, 488; Maury, L.-F. A., cited, ii, 241 n. Maximillian II, ii, 32 Maximus Tyrius, i, 215 Maxwell, ii, 104 Mayer, ii, 178 Mazdeism, i, 65 sq. Medes, the, i, 66 Medicine, Renaissance, i, 378, 382 Meister, ii, 242, 244, 246, 248, 266 n., 269 n., 286 n. Melanchthon, i, 401, 408 n., 436, 437, 441, 447, 449, 450, 454; ii, 32 Melissos, i, 146 Menander, i, 186 Mencius, i, 86 Mendelssohn, Moses, ii, 315, 323, 328 n., 489 Mendicant Friars, i, 333 Menippus, i, 189 Menzel, cited, i, 362 n., 438, 455 Menzies, Dr., cited, i, 82, 84, 98 Mercier de la RiviÈre, ii, 244 Meredith, George, ii, 451 —— E. P., ii, 439 MÉrimÉe, ii, 442 Merivale, criticized, i, 207 Merodach, i, 64 Merry, Dr. W. W., i, 167 n. Mersenne, i, 4, 73 n., 324, 484 Meslier, ii, 219 sq., 225, 273, 285 Mesopotamia, cults of, i, 47; Messianism, i, 117 Metempsychosis, i, 158 Metrodoros, i, 161 —— (the second), i, 182 Meung, Jean de, i, 351 Mexico, religions of, i, 88 sq. Mey, ii, 290 Meyer, E., cited, i, 64–5, 66–7, 68, 125 n., 126, 131, 155 n.; —— Louis, ii, 133 Mezentius, i, 40 MÉziÈres, i, 329 Mezzanotte, i, 370 n. Michael, Emperor, i, 278–79 —— Scotus, i, 324 Michaelis, ii, 320 Michelet, ii, 277, 442, 469; “Middle Ages,” the, i, 277 n. Middleton, i, 288, 472; ii, 157, 158, 190 sq. Mikado-worship, ii, 494 sq. Miletos, i, 124, 136, 137, 147 Militarism and thought, i, 203; ii, 146 Militz, i, 415 Mill, James, ii, 484; —— J. S., ii, 266, 395, 403, 408 n., 447, 450, 485, 486, 489 Millar, J., ii, 186 Milman, ii, 438, 470; Minnesingers, i, 361 Minoan civilization, i, 120, 121 Mino Celso, i, 392 Minucius Felix, i, 245 Mirabaud, ii, 206, 242, 243, 246, 263 Mirabeau, the elder, ii, 244 —— the younger, ii, 254, 273 n. Miracles, i, 204, 241 n.; ii, 95, 180, 191, 338, 444, 472 Miriam, i, 102 Mirza Ali, i, 273–74 Mithra, i, 67, 68, 228 Mithraism, i, 67, 68, 229, 240 Mitra, cult of, i, 48 Moabite Stone, i, 105 n. Moffat, cited, i, 34, 35 Mohammed, i, 27, 248 sq. Mohammedanism, freethought under, 248 sq. Moktader, i, 260 Molech, i, 103 Moleschott, ii, 479 n. Molesworth, ii, 189 MoliÈre, i, 2, 475; ii, 122–23 Molina, i, 456; ii, 125 Molinos, ii, 146 Mollio, i, 411 Mommsen, i, 194 n., 195, 197, 198 Monaldeschi, ii, 358 n. Monarchism and religion, i, 47, 125 Monasteries, dissolution of, in England, i, 458 Monboddo, Lord, ii, 207 Mongault, ii, 258 Monk, ii, 167 Monolatry, i, 57, 98, 249 Monotheism, in Mesopotamia, i, 61 sq.; Monroe, ii, 385 Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, ii, 164 Montaigne, i, 2, 393, 465, 474, 475 sq.; ii, 18, 67, 95, 100, 139 n., 268, 480, 481; Montalembert, ii, 482; Montesquieu, ii, 217 sq., 245, 257, 351, 366, 368, 468 Monti, Pompeo de, i, 412 Moore, G., ii, 451 Moors. See Arabs Morabethin, ii, 269 n. More, Sir T., i, 177, 396, 460–61; ii, 1 —— Henry, ii, 65, 81, 88, 102, 104 —— Hannah, ii, 451 Morehead, ii, 450 n. Morellet, ii, 254 Morelly, ii, 239 Morgan, Professor de, cited, ii, 13 Morgan, T., ii, 169 —— Sir T. C., ii, 462 Morin, i, 324 Morley, Lord, i, 452; ii, 256, 401, 408; Mornay, de, i, 2, 473; ii, 18 Moroccan Letters, ii, 331 Morris, Rev. J., ii, 109 —— Gouverneur, ii, 382 n. Morus, ii, 320 Moschus, i, 80 Moses, i, 102 Mosheim, cited, i, 211, 226, 229 n., 451; ii, 74, 303 Motadhed, i, 259 Motamid, i, 259 Motasim, i, 258 Motawakkel, i, 258 Motazilites, the, i, 254 sq., 272, 316, 328 n. MotecallemÎn, the, i, 267, 270, 328 n. Moxon, ii, 395 Mozdar, i, 257 Muggleton, ii, 78 Muir, Dr., cited, i, 50 MÜller, J., ii, 298 —— K. O., i, 121 n., 123, 131, 133 —— Max, cited, i, 51, 58, 145; Munter, ii, 361 Muratori, ii, 368 Murchison, ii, 467 Murimuth, i, 335 Murray, Prof. G., cited, i, 122, 135 n., 164–65, 166, 171 n. Musaeus, ii, 297 Musgrave, i, 165 Musset, de, ii, 442 Mutianus, i, 434 sq. Mycenean civilization, i, 120 Mysteries, Eleusinian, i, 183 n.; Mystery-plays, Christian, i, 302 Mysticism, i, 229 n.; Mythology, ii, 246, 319, 424 sq., 470 sq. Nabonidos, i, 64 Nadaillac, cited, i, 88 n. Naigeon, ii, 224, 242, 267, 272 sq. Nanak, ii, 497 Nantes, revocation of Edict of, ii, 141–42 Napier, ii, 182 Naples, freethought in, i, 366–67; ii, 365; Napoleon, ii, 292 sq., 387 sq., 458 —— III, ii, 406 Narrien, i, 150 Natalius, i, 230 Natura naturans, i, 318, 472; ii, 3, 207 “Naturalist,” use of word, i, 1–2 NaudÉ, Gabriel, i, 391 n.; ii, 117 sq. Naylor, James, ii, 83 Neander, cited, i, 287, 288, 446; ii, 431 Nebo, i, 47 “Negative criticism,” i, 16–17; ii, 197 Neo-Platonism, i, 76, 189, 191, 226 Nero, i, 213 Nestorians, the, i, 241 Netherlands, i, 398 sq., 414, 461 sq.; ii, 33 sq., 132 sq., 352 sq., 407 Netzahualpilli, i, 90 Netzahuatlcoyotl, i, 41, 89 Nevill, ii, 78 “New Christians,” the, i, 342 Newman, J. H., ii, 127 n., 170, 437, 470, 487 —— C. R., ii, 439 n. New Testament, criticism of, ii, 148, 211, 219, 230, 245, 308, 318, 321, 327 sq., 423 sq. Newton, ii, 61, 106, 110–11, 112 sq., 150, 174, 178, 202–203, 457 sq. New Zealand, freethought in, ii, 500; Nichirenites, ii, 492 Nicholas I, Pope, i, 285 —— IV, Pope, i, 344 —— V, Pope, i, 367 —— the painter, i, 297 n. —— of Amiens, i, 311 Nichols, Dr., ii, 98 —— James, ii, 22 n. Nicholson, or Lambert, ii, 1 —— E. B., i, 220 n. —— R. A., cited, i, 250, 251 n., 252 —— W., ii, 201 Nicolai, ii, 315 sq. Nicolaus of Autricuria, i, 361, 368 —— of Cusa, i, 367, 368, 398; ii, 42, 47 n. Nicoletto, Vernias, i, 369 Niebuhr, ii, 368 Nietzsche, ii, 474 Nifo, i, 369 Niketas. See Iketas Nikias, i, 174 Nikon, ii, 363 Nilus, St., i, 392 Ninon de l’Enclos, ii, 223 n. Niphus. See Nifo Nirvana, doctrine of, i, 56 Nizolio, i, 469 Nominalism, i, 283, 307 sq., 358, 360 Nonconformity in England, ii, 160 sq. Norris, John, ii, 104 Norway, freethought in, ii, 412, 457 Nourisson, ii, 255 Nous, doctrine of, i, 154 Noyes, ii, 453 Numa, i, 374 Numbers, doctrine of, i, 149, 228 NystrÖm, ii, 418 Obscenity and religion, i, 357 sq. Occam. See William Ochino, i, 409, 453, 468; ii, 488 Ogilvie, cited, ii, 207 Oglethorpe, ii, 267 n. Okeanos, i, 125 O’Keefe, ii, 201 OlavidÈs, ii, 373 Oldcastle, i, 349 Oldfield, ii, 98 Old Testament, criticism of, i, 316; ii, 97, 131, 132, 134, 156, 167, 211, 256, 307, 318, 321, 359, 431 sq. Olivetan, i, 379 Omar, the Khalif, i, 251 Omar KhayyÂm, i, 262 sq. Omens, belief in, i, 174, 198, 199, 206 Oracles, i, 136, 157 sq., 174, 186 Orano, cited, i, 411 n. Origen, i, 226, 236 sq.; ii, 488 OrlÉans, Duchesse d’, cited, ii, 145 Ormazd. See Ahura Mazda Ormsby, cited, ii, 40 Orpheus, i, 125 n. Orphicism, i, 148 n., 149 Ortlieb, i, 333 Orvieto, heresy at, i, 295, 299 Orzechowski, i, 425 Osborn, Major, cited, i, 255 n. —— Francis, cited, ii, 11 Ostrorog, i, 423 Overton, ii, 79 Ovid, i, 209; ii, 463 Owen, Rev. John, i, 11; —— Robert, ii, 395 sq., 399, 405 —— Sir Richard, ii, 465 Oxford in 16th century, ii, 64; Ozanam, cited, i, 230 n. Pachacamac, i, 90 Padua, school of, i, 330, 379 Paganism, suppression of, i, 234; late, and Christianity, i, 217 Pagitt, ii, 79 Paine, ii, 210 sq., 382 sq., 392, 393, 398, 418, 458 Painting, Italian, i, 365, 370 Palaiphatos, i, 185 Paleario, i, 412 Palestrina, i, 469 Paley, ii, 210, 252; Palissot, ii, 258 Palmaer, ii, 418 Palmer, Herbert, ii, 27 —— Prof., i, 248 n., 249 n., 250 —— Elihu, ii, 385 Panini, i, 53 Pankosmism, i, 144 Pannonicus, i, 419 Pantheism, medieval, i, 2, 285; Paolo Giovio, i, 374 n. Papacy, growth of, i, 294 sq.; Pare, Gian, ii, 1 Parini, ii, 371 Paris, university of, i, 329, 354, 355, 361 Parker, Archdeacon, ii, 91 —— Prof., cited, ii, 494, 496 n. Parkes, Prof., cited, ii, 426 Parlement of Paris, ii, 287 Parmenides, i, 136, 146 Parr, ii, 488 Parsees, the, i, 111, 272 Parsons, ii, 9 Parthians, the, i, 68 Parvish, ii, 167 Pascal, i, 478; ii, 85, 121, 124 sq., 251 Paschasius Radbert, i, 286 Pasiphae, i, 185 Passerano, ii, 353 Pastoret, ii, 244 Pastoris, i, 424 Patericke, i, 384–85 Paterini, i, 296, 322, 406 Patin, Gui, i, 389; ii, 57 n., 66, 117 sq., 132 n. —— Professor, i, 131 Patot, Tyssot de, ii, 214, 227 Pattison, Mark, i, 442, 452, 468 n.; ii, 126 n., 127, 179 Paul, i, 219, 224, 244 —— of Samosata, i, 230 —— II, of Russia, ii, 365 —— II, Pope, i, 370 —— III, Pope, i, 382, 411; ii, 41 —— IV, Pope, i, 412 —— V, Pope, ii, 57 —— Herbert, ii, 166 n. Pauli, i, 397 —— Gregorius, i, 425 Paulicians, the, i, 2, 279 sq., 291 sq., 309, 406 Pauthier, cited, i, 83 Pavlovsky, cited, ii, 456 n. Pazmany, i, 422 Pearson, Bishop, ii, 9 Peasant wars, i, 406 n., 417, 419, 436 Pecock, i, 394 sq.; ii, 14 Pedro II, i, 338 —— de Osma, i, 340 Peel, Speaker, ii, 402 Peele, ii, 16 Peirce, ii, 161 Pelagianism, i, 231 sq., 277, 314 Pelagius, i, 229 Pelham, Prof., i, 200 n. Pelletier, ii, 122 n. Pellicier, i, 389 Pelling, E., ii, 98 Penn, ii, 114 Pentateuch, criticism of, i, 316; ii, 131, 132, 137, 167, 197, 256, 423 sq., 431 sq. Pereira, i, 470 Pericles, i, 153 sq. Perier, Madame, ii, 134 Perkins, W., ii, 74 Perrault, cited, ii, 120 Perrens, i, 13; cited, i, 2 n., 368 n., 381; ii, 120 n., 123 n. Perrin, i, 443 Persecution, primitive, i, 36 n.; Persia, religions of, i, 65 sq.; Peru, ancient freethought in, i, 41, 90; Perugino, i, 370 Pessimism, i, 130 Pestalozzi, ii, 346 n. Peter the Hermit, i, 295 —— the Great, ii, 364 —— of Alliaco, i, 345 —— de Brueys, i, 295 —— Martyr, i, 409 —— von Mastricht, ii, 133 —— of St. Cloud, i, 353 —— of Vaux, i, 298 Petit, Claude, ii, 122 Petrarch, i, 328 n., 329 sq. Petrie, W. M. F., cited, i, 72, 75, 76 n., 109 Petrobrussians, the, i, 295 Petronius, i, 211 Peucer, i, 457 Peyrat, ii, 440 PeyrÈre, ii, 132 sq. Pfaff, ii, 298 Pfander, i, 166 Pfeiff, ii, 418 Pfeiffer, i, 457 Pheidias, i, 156 Pherekydes, i, 148 Philanthropic Institute, ii, 316, 321 Philip II, i, 341, 414, 472 Philips, A., i, 7 Philiskos, i, 200 Phillips, Stephen, quoted, ii, 53 Philo, i, 117, 118 n.; Philolaos, i, 149, 150 Phoenicia, religious evolution in, i, 78 sq., 100; Photinus, i, 231, 242 Photius, i, 278 Phrenology, ii, 398 Physiology, ii, 459 sq. Pico della Mirandola, i, 371, 372–73, 440 Pierre Aureol, i, 359 —— d’Ailly, i, 327 n., 360–61 Piers Ploughman, Vision of, i, 348 Pietro of Abano, i, 326, 376 Pighius, i, 439 Pilkington, Bishop, cited, ii, 13 Pindar, i, 128–29 Pinkerton, cited, i, 284 Pirnensis, i, 423 Pitt, the elder, ii, 169 Pius II, i, 367, 415 —— IV, i, 412 —— V, i, 412, 469 Place, Francis, ii, 395 Platner, ii, 346 Plato, i, 146, 147, 167, 168 sq., 174 sq., 179, 226, 307; Platonism, i, 226 sq., 371 sq. Pliny, i, 188, 210, 212 Plotinus, i, 76, 226 Plutarch, i, 153, 155, 172 n., 191–92, 227 n. Poe, ii, 453 Poetry, Greek, i, 126; Poets, freethinking of, 499 Poland, culture-history of, i, 422 sq.; ii, 37 sq., 362 sq. Pole, Cardinal, i, 374 n. Pollard, A. F., cited, i, 437 Pollock, Sir F., ii, 213 n. Polybius, i, 191, 374 n. Polynesians, the, i, 23, 34 Polytheism, i, 44 sq., 65, 70, 225; Pomare, i, 38 Pombal, ii, 377 Pompadour, Madame de, ii, 235 Pompeius, i, 206 n. Pompignan, Lefranc de, ii, 258 Pomponazzi, i, 376 sq., 378 Pomponius LÆtus, i, 378 Poole, R. L., cited, i, 309, 359, 360 n. Pope, ii, 149 n., 164–65, 190, 198, 232–33, 259 Popham, ii, 10 Porphyry, i, 226, 238–39 Porteous, Bishop, cited, ii, 210 Portugal, heresy in, i, 339; Porzios, i, 409 n. Posidonius, i, 240 Positivism, ii, 483 sq. Postell, i, 389, 473 Potapenko, ii, 457 Pott, Dr., ii, 312 Pougens, ii, 226 Pouilly, LÉvesque de, ii, 257 Poushkine, ii, 398 Powell, E. E., cited, ii, 135 n.; —— Prof. Baden, ii, 463 sq. Pragmatic Sanction, the, i, 427 Prat, Chancellier du, i, 428 Praxeas, i, 230 Prayer, popular view of, i, 36; Preaching, early, i, 217 n. Predestination, i, 231–32, 254, 277, 285, 288, 446–47, 455–56, 462 Presbyterians, the, ii, 160 Press Licensing Act, ii, 84, 99 Prideaux, ii, 98 Priestcraft, ancient, i, 26, 62, 65, 67, 70, 101, 196 Priesthoods, evolution of, i, 60, 62, 68, 70, 72, 76, 89, 134 Priestley, i, 193; ii, 179, 202, 209–10, 385, 413, 484 Pringle-Pattison, Prof. A. S., ii, 473, 475 n. Printing, rise of, i, 386, 439 Proclus, i, 241 Prodigies, ancient belief in, i, 198, 204, 209 Prodikos, i, 168 Progress, i, 144; ii, 68 Prophecy, i, 106, 107 Prophets, Hebrew, i, 104 sq., 215 Prostitution, religious, i, 62 Protagoras, i, 136, 157, 159 Protestantism in Italy, i, 408 sq.; Proudhon, ii, 277 Provence, civilization of, i, 299 sq. Providence, popular view of, i, 36 Psalms, the, i, 106 Psammetichus, i, 129 Psychology, ii, 459 sq. Ptolemy, i, 188, 225 n. Pulci, i, 368 Punjaub, ancient, freethought in, i, 55, 57 Purgatory, doctrine of, i, 287 Pusey, cited, ii, 175, 301, 304, 318 n., 319, 322 Puy, Bishop of, ii, 226 Pyrrho, i, 181 Pyrrhonism, i, 190 Pythagoras, i, 136, 141 n., 144, 148 sq.; ii, 463 Pythagoreanism, i, 148 sq. Quatraines du DÉiste, i, 484 Quesnay, ii, 244 Quetzalcoatl, i, 88 Quietism, ii, 146 Quinet, i, 132; ii, 371, 442, 479 Rabanus, i, 283, 287 n., 288 Rabelais, i, 381 sq., 388, 391, 456; ii, 118 Rabia, i, 265 Race-character, theories of, i, 65, 81, 121–23, 179, 194 sq., 248, 341, 362 n., 363, 409, 413, 431 Racine, ii, 142 Rae, E., cited, i, 33 Raleigh, ii, 7 sq. Ramessu III, i, 72 Ramsay, Chevalier de, ii, 213, 252 —— of Ochtertyre, cited, ii, 183 n. —— W. M., cited, i, 125 n. Ramus, i, 383; ii, 64 Ranchon, AbbÉ, ii, 225 Randall, ii, 23 n. Ranke, ii, 469; Raoul de Houdan, i, 300 Rapin, i, 482 n. Rappolt, ii, 297 Rashdall, Dr., cited, i, 313, 379 Rastus, i, 24 Rational Catechism, The, ii, 106–107 Rationalism and Rationalist, use of terms, i, 5, 8; ii, 79, 116, 330 Ratramnus, i, 286 Raumer, K. von, ii, 409 n. Rawley, ii, 12 Rawlinson, Canon, cited, i, 68 Ray, John, ii, 98 Raymond Berenger, i, 301 —— of Sebonde, i, 399, 476 —— Archbishop, of Toledo, i, 338 Raynal, ii, 243, 254, 286 n., 287, 288 Reade, Winwood, ii, 402 sq. Realism, philosophic, i, 147, 307 sq., 358, 359, 360 Reason, deification of, i, 215; ii, 274 sq., 278; Reboulet, ii, 291 Recared, i, 338 Rechenberg, ii, 298 Reeve, John, ii, 78 Reformation, the, politically considered, i, 403 sq.; Reformers, anti-pagan, i, 234 RÉgis, ii, 128 Regnard, ii, 143 Reid, W. H., ii, 210 Reimmann, i, 11, 483 n. Reinach, i, 120 n. Reinhard, ii, 410 Reinhold, i, 457 Reiser, ii, 298 Religion and conquest, i, 44–46, 205, 251; Remigius, i, 286 RÉmusat, i, 321 n. Renaissance in Italy, freethought in, i, 365 sq.; Renan, ii, 418, 429, 439, 440, 476; Renaud, cited, ii, 405 RenÉe, Princess, i, 411 Renouvier, i, 121 n. Reuchlin, i, 403, 406 Reuss, ii, 423 Reuter, H., cited, i, 13, 283 n. Revelation of the Monk of Evesham, i, 397 RÉville, Dr. A., i, 89 n., 98 Revolution, French, ii, 255, 274 sq., 386 sq.; Rewandites, the, i, 256 Reynard the Fox, i, 301, 353, 361 Rheticus, i, 457 Richardson, cited, ii, 190 Richelieu, i, 426, 431; ii, 118, 119, 123 Richter, J. A. L., ii, 432 Riddle, i, 14, 15 Riem, ii, 315 Rihoriho, i, 38 Rings, The Three, i, 328 Ripley, G., ii, 480 n. Ritchie, cited, ii, 187 Ritual and ritualism, i, 29 Rivadeau, i, 393 Rivarol, ii, 275, 280 sq., 287; Roalfe, Matilda, ii, 394 —— Prof. Croom, cited, ii, 65 n. Robins, S., cited, i, 285, 318 Rocquain, ii, 227 n. Rodwell, i, 249 n. Rohde, cited, i, 99–100 Rolf Krake, i, 40 Romano, ii, 367 Roman religion, i, 194 sq., 207 sq.; Rome, papal, i, 294, 331 Ronsard, i, 390 Roos, i, 468 Roscelin, i, 289, 307 sq. Rosenkranz, cited, ii, 149 n., 267–68 Rose, Roman de la, i, 351 Rossi, M. A. de, i, 379 Rousseau, J. B., ii, 222 —— J. J., ii, 227, 229 n., 245, 254 sq., 278, 285, 287, 288, 311, 338, 396, 481 Roustan, ii, 256 Royal Society, i, 4; ii, 79, 155 RÜdiger, ii, 312 Rudrauf, ii, 298 Rum Bahadur, i, 24 Rupp, ii, 410 Ruskin, ii, 450 Russia, culture history of, ii, 363 sq., 412 sq., 456 sq. Rust, ii, 97 Ruteboeuf, i, 300 Ruth, Book of, i, 117 Rutherford, ii, 182 Rydberg, ii, 418 Ryssen, ii, 36 n. Ryswyck, i, 399, 404 Sabatier, i, 344 n. Sabbath, origin of, i, 110–11 Sabellius, i, 231 Sach, ii, 422 Sack, ii, 308 n. Sacraments, Mexican, i, 88, 89 Sacred books, i, 42, 54, 92, 135, 193, 216, 250; ii, 176. Sacrifices, causation of, i, 51, 94 sq.; Sadducees, i, 116 Sadi, i, 266 Saga, i, 468 Sahagun, i, 91 St. Bartholomew, massacre of, i, 391, 475 Sainte-Beuve, ii, 406, 443, 479; St. Cyres, Viscount, cited, ii, 117–18 St. Evremond, ii, 84, 143, 225 St. Glain, ii, 141 n. St. Hilaire, B., cited, i, 58 —— Geoffroy, ii, 464 St. Simon, ii, 405 Saintsbury, cited, i, 352; ii, 281 n. Saisset, i, 12; Saladin, i, 328 Salas, ii, 376 Salaville, ii, 278 Salazar, ii, 376 Sale, i, 249 n. Sales, Deslisle de, ii, 242 Sallier, ii, 257 Sallustius Philosophus, i, 119 Salvemini de Castillon, ii, 243 Salverte, ii, 468 Salvian, i, 236, 244, 245 Samaniego, ii, 374 Samaritans, i, 110 n. Samoans, religion of, i, 37 Samoyedes, the, i, 33 Samson, i, 80, 102 Sanchez, i, 470, 474 sq. Sanchoniathon, i, 79 Sand, George, ii, 442 Sanderson, Bishop, ii, 74 Sandys, J. E., i, 164, 165 Sankara, i, 53 Sankhya philosophy, i, 51 Saracen culture, i, 253 sq.; Satan, i, 111, 113 Satire, medieval, i, 332, 353 Satow, Sir E., cited, ii, 495 n. Saturnalia, the, i, 45 Saturninus, i, 227 Satyre MenippÉe, i, 481 Saul, i, 102 Saunderson, ii, 151 Savages, freethought among, i, 26, 33 sq.; Savile, ii, 111 Saviour-Gods, i, 88 Savonarola, i, 370, 375, 407 sq. Sayce, cited, i, 62, 64, 81 Sayous, i, 13 Sbinko, i, 416 ScÆvola, i, 203 n. Scaliger, cited, i, 468, 469 n. Scandinavia, freethought in ancient, i, 39–40; Scaurus, i, 209 Sceptic. See Skeptic Schade, ii, 315 SchÄffle, ii, 469 Schechter, cited, i, 379 Schelling, ii, 349, 350, 454, 471 Scherer, E., i, 108; ii, 254, 443 Schiller, ii, 336 Schism, the Great Papal, i, 331 Scioppius, ii, 49 sq. Scipio Aemilianus, i, 201 Schlegel, A., ii, 349; Schleiermacher, ii, 349, 350, 387, 409, 420 sq., 425 Schmidt, W. A., i, 12; —— J. L., ii, 306 —— Julian, cited, ii, 324 n. Scholastics, the, i, 283 sq., 307 sq. Schoner, ii, 38 Schoone, i, 165 Schopp, ii, 49 sq. Schrader, i, 125 Schuckburgh, cited, i, 199 Schulz, ii, 330 sq. SchÜrer, i, 149 Schwartz, ii, 298 Schwegler, i, 194 n., 197; ii, 426 Schweinfurth, i, 31 Schweizer, cited, i, 40 n. Science in ancient India, i, 57; —— philosophy in, ii, 484 Scot, Reginald, i, 3; ii, 4, 138 —— W., ii, 98 Scotland, Reformation in, i, 405, 433; Scott, Temple, ii, 156 n. ScudÉry, Mademoiselle de, ii, 142 Scylla, i, 185 Sedgwick, ii, 465 Sedillot, cited, i, 251 n. Segarelli, i, 336 sq. Segidi, the chief, i, 39 Seguier de Saint-Brisson, ii, 242 Self-interest and religion, i, 113–14 Sellar, cited, i, 202, 209 n. Sembat, i, 280 n. SemelÊ, i, 125 Semites, religions of i, 44, 45, 97 sq.; Semitic influence on Greeks, i, 120 sq. Semler, ii, 318 sq., 321, 330, 424 Seneca, i, 209, 215, 245, 476 Sergius, i, 280 Sermon on the Mount, the, i, 221 Serra, ii, 368 n. Serre, De la, ii, 225 Servetus, i, 231, 408, 442, 447 sq., 467 Seton-Merriman, ii, 451 Seume, ii, 388 n. SevignÉ, Madame de, i, 2 n.; ii, 128, 142, 250 n. Sextus Empiricus, i, 26 n., 159 n., 189–90, 391, 476; ii, 9, 39 Shaftesbury, ii, 99, 143, 149, 152, 154, 164, 184, 189, 194, 225, 268, 309; Shakespeare, i, 20, 475; ii, 15 sq. Sharpe, i, 112; ii, 415 Shelley, i, 201; ii, 48, 395, 400, 443 sq., 445 Sherlock, W., i, 4; ii, 91–92, 113 ShÎites, the, i, 254 sq. ShintÔism, ii, 491 sq. Shirazi, J. V. M., cited, i, 263, 273 n. Sibylline books, i, 206 n. Sichel, W., cited and discussed, ii, 164 n., 197 n., 198 Sicily, culture of, i, 301, 318 Sidgwick, H., cited, ii, 74 n. Sidney, A., ii, 78 —— Sir P., ii, 45 Sifatites, the, i, 255 Sigismund III, i, 426 Sikhs, ii, 497 Simeon Duran, Rabbi, i, 328 —— son of Gamaliel, i, 116 Simon de Montfort, i, 304, 305, 325 —— of Tournay, i, 311, 315 Simonides, i, 152 Simpson, cited, ii, 210 Sinclar, G., ii, 168 Sismondi, quoted, i, 303, 304, 305 n., 312 n. Sixtus VI, i, 376 Skarzinski, criticized, ii, 188 n. Skeat, Prof., cited, i, 347 Skeats, cited, ii, 160 n. Skelton, cited, ii, 192 Skeptic, meaning of word, i, 5, 11 Skepticism, academic, i, 187 sq.; Skytte, ii, 297 Slave Coast, priests of, i, 35 Slavery, Christianity and, i, 224; Slavonic States, culture history of, ii, 362 sq. Sloane, Prof., cited, ii, 273 n., 278 n. Smalbroke, ii, 173 Smith, Adam, ii, 178, 185, 186, 187 sq., 196, 244 —— Bosworth, i, 253 n. —— Elisha, cited, ii, 159 —— Henry, ii, 5 —— John, ii, 81 —— Joseph, ii, 156 —— S., i, 6 —— Sydney, ii, 386 sq. —— W. Robertson, i, 51, 103; ii, 433 Smyrna, ancient, i, 124 Social causation, i, 91 sq., 113, 246, 269, 354–55, 365 sq.; ii, 146, 151, 170 sq., 178, 200, 386 sq., 391 sq. Socialism, ii, 411 sq. Socinianism, i, 392; ii, 35, 37, 106 sq., 138, 151, 488. Sociology, i, 375; ii, 468 sq. Sokrates, i, 153, 160, 168 sq.; ii, 288 Solano, ii, 373 Solomon, i, 101, 242 —— ben Gebirol, i, 316 Somers, ii, 112 Somerset, Duke of, ii, 403 Sophia, Princess, ii, 363 Sophists, the, i, 168 Sophocles, i, 127 n., 148, 162 n. Sorbonne, the, i, 384, 429; ii, 125, 260, 264 Sorcery, belief in, i, 22 Sorel, cited, ii, 351 Soury, cited, ii, 267 South Africa, freethought in, ii, 417 South America, freethought in, ii, 407 South Place Institute, ii, 413 sq. Sozzini, the, i, 392, 421, 467, 468; ii, 37 sq. Spain, culture history of, i, 268 sq., 337 sq., 470 sq.; ii, 38 sq., 372 sq., 387 sq.; Speirs, Rev. E., ii, 470 n. Spencer and Gillen, i, 32, 93 Speusippos, i, 184 Spiegel, cited, i, 68 n. Spina, Alfonso, i, 370 n., 376 Spinoza, i, 4, 16, 316, 464; ii, 29, 97, 107, 127, 129, 133 sq.; Spinozism, ii, 129, 131, 135, 138, 168, 297, 347–48, 349 n., 352, 400 “Spirit of Liberty,” the sect, i, 337 Spirituales, the sect, i, 2, 445 Sprat, i, 4 Sprenger, cited, i, 249 n., 250 n. Squier, cited, ii, 407 Stafford, W., ii, 368 n. StÄhelin, i, 392 n. Stahl, ii, 460 Stancari, i, 425 Stanhope, Dr., ii, 98 —— Lady Hester, ii, 206 Stationers’ Company, ii, 99 Statius, i, 211 StÄudlin, i, 12; ii, 345 Stebbing, ii, 173 Steele, ii, 151 Steinbart, ii, 317 Steinbuhler, ii, 330 Steno, ii, 463 n. Stephen Battory, King, i, 426 —— Sir J., cited, i, 356 n.; ii, 179, 251 —— Sir Leslie, i, 13; ii, 403, 408; Sterling, i, 478 n. Stesichoros, i, 128 Stevenson, R. L., cited, i, 46 Stewart, H. F., cited, i, 246–47 —— Sir J., ii, 181 n. Stillingfleet, i, 4; ii, 83, 87, 91, 109, 168 Stilpo, i, 183 Stirling, Dr. H., ii, 474 “Stirner, Max,” ii, 478 Stoicism, i, 180, 203, 209, 215, 352, 392 Stosch, ii, 297 Stout, Sir R., ii, 501 Strabo, i, 173 n., 180 n., 191 Strannik, cited, ii, 413 n. Strasburg Cathedral, i, 361 n. Strato, i, 184 Strauss, ii, 415, 423 sq., 425 sq., 428 sq., 432, 439, 447, 474, 476 Strigolniks, the, ii, 363 Strindberg, ii, 418 Stromer, ii, 418 Strowsky, cited, i, 393 n., 480 n., 481, 483 n.; ii, 117 n. Struensee, ii, 361 sq. Stuart, Dean, ii, 81 Stubbs, Bishop, cited, i, 341, 433, 439 n. Stuckenberg, cited, ii, 339, 341, 343 Studemund, cited, ii, 411, 412 Suarez, i, 363; ii, 282 Suckling, Sir J., ii, 31 Sudan, magic and religion in, i, 46 Suetonius, i, 212, 213 SufÎism, i, 265, 273 Sulla, i, 206 n. Sully, Prof., cited, i, 42 Sun-Gods, worship of, i, 69, 73, 78, 89, 102, 124, 153 Sunnites, the, i, 254 Svedberg, ii, 359 Sweden, culture history of, ii, 354 sq., 417 sq. Swedenborg, ii, 358 sq. Swift, i, 167; ii, 151 sq.; Switzerland, reformation in, i, 2, 410, 438 sq.; Sykes, A. A., ii, 173; Sylvanus, i, 280 Sylvester II, i, 301 n. —— Bernard, i, 312 Symonds, J. A., cited, i, 365 n., 410 Tabari, cited, i, 257 n. Taborites, the, i, 418 Tacitus, i, 212, 213 TailhÉ, ii, 221 Taillandier, cited, i, 284 Talbot, A. H., i, 264 n. Talfourd, ii, 395 Talmud, thought in, i, 116, 221; Tamerlane, i, 260 Tammuz, i, 101 Tanquelin, i, 295 Taouism, i, 87 Tasmanians, religion of, i, 100 Tatian, i, 227 Tau, i, 84, 87 Tauler, i, 362 Tayler, ii, 415 —— Robert, ii, 394 TegnÉr, ii, 417 Telesio, ii, 64 Tell-el-Amarna, i, 73 Teller, ii, 318 Templars, the Knights, i, 340, 356–58 Ten Brink, cited, ii, 34 Ten, theories of, i, 150 Tenison, ii, 98 Tenneman, cited, ii, 108 Teodori, i, 411 Tercier, ii, 236 Terrasson, ii, 221 Tertullian, i, 150 n., 229, 232, 235, 244 Tetens, ii, 346 Tetzel, i, 406 Teuffel, i, 194–95, 197 Texte, cited, ii, 165 Thacker, Elias, ii, 5 Thackeray, ii, 451 Thales, i, 135 sq. Thallos, i, 80 Thamamians, the, i, 266 n. Theagenes, i, 152 Theal, cited, i, 22; ii, 417 Theil, M. du, ii, 255 Theodora, i, 245 Theodore of Mopsuestia, i, 242 Theodoric, i, 246, 247 Theodoros, i, 183 Theodosius II, i, 239 Theodotos, i, 229 Theophilanthropy, ii, 382 Theophrastos, i, 186 Thierrys, the two, ii, 442 Thirlwall, ii, 469; Thirty-nine Articles, the, i, 460 Thirty Years’ War, ii, 75, 295, 300 Tholuck, i, 12; ii, 423; Thomas Aquinas, i, 318 sq., 359, 360; ii, 282 Thomas À Kempis, i, 363 Thomas, Dr. R. H., ii, 384 n. Thomasius, Jenkin, i, 11; ii, 298; —— Christian, ii, 302 sq. Thompson, F., ii, 453 Thomson, B., cited, i, 36 n., 41 n. —— J., ii, 452 Thonga, the, i, 25, 34 Thonrakians, i, 280 n. Thoreau, ii, 453 Thoth, i, 110 Thotmes III, i, 75 Thrakians, the, i, 121 n., 157 Thukydides, i, 156 n., 173 Thunder-Gods, i, 97 Tiberius, i, 213 Ticknor, cited, i, 341 Tiele, cited, i, 66, 69–70, 71; Tielenus, ii, 70 Tii, Queen, i, 74, 75 Tilley, A. A., cited, i, 428 Tindal, ii, 152, 158, 174, 175, 306 Tocco, i, 13 Tocqueville, de, cited, ii, 126 n., 254 Toland, i, 6; ii, 98–99, 132, 147 sq., 174, 175 Toleration, beginnings of, in England, ii, 24, 77; TÖllner, ii, 319 Tolstoy, i, 419; ii, 457 Toltecs, the, i, 88 Tomkyns, Martin, ii, 201 Tonga Islands, freethought in, i, 38 Torild, ii, 360 Torquemada, i, 342 Torricelli, ii, 365 Torture, ecclesiastical, i, 321–22 Totemism and Greek philosophy, i, 139–40 Toulmin, G. H., ii, 201 —— Joshua, ii, 202 TourguÉnief, ii, 456 sq. Tourneur, ii, 20 Towers, ii, 82 Toy, ii, 420 Tractarianism, ii, 437 sq. Tracy, cited, ii, 492 Transubstantiation, i, 286, 428 Transvaal, freethought in, ii, 416 Trapezuntios, i, 372 Trapp, ii, 198 Travers, ii, 14 Trebonian, i, 245 Tregelles, ii, 438 Trenchard, ii, 152 Triads, i, 69 Tribbechov, i, 11; ii, 298 Trie, i, 449 Trinity, dogma of, i, 77, 226, 231, 242, 286, 307, 312, 421, 425, 447; ii, 339, 444, 487 sq. Trinius, i, 11 TrouvÈres and Troubadours, i, 300 sq., 326, 361 Trumpp, cited, ii, 497 Turgot, ii, 221, 244, 254, 260, 276 n., 288 Turkey, civilization of, ii, 497 sq.; Turlupins, i, 333 Turner, ii, 201 Turpin, ii, 291 Turrettini, the, i, 458; ii, 225, 378 sq. Twelve, sacred number, i, 97, 124 n. Twofold truth, doctrine of, i, 271, 321, 346, 360, 361, 377, 478; ii, 28, 108, 134 Tylor, Sir E., ii, 470 sq.; Tyndale, cited, i, 3 Tyrannos, i, 125 n. Tyrrell, i, 166 Tyrwhitt, i, 165 Ubaldini, i, 325 n. Ubicini, cited, ii, 497 n. Ueberweg, quoted, i, 176–77, 284, 309 Uhlich, ii, 410 Uitenbogaert, i, 463 Uladislaus II, i, 419 Ullmann, i, 249 n. Ulrich von Hutten, i, 403, 404 n., 406, 438 Undereyck, ii, 298 Underhill, E. B., ii, 77 n. Unitarianism, early, i, 242, 328, 404, 447 sq.; United States, freethought in, ii, 381 sq., 411, 419; Universalism, ancient, i, 50, 63, 77, 79 Universities, low ebb of culture in, ii, 195; Upanishads, philosophy of, i, 52 sq. Urban VIII, ii, 59 Urstitius, ii, 42 Urwick, ii, 82 n. Usury and the Church, i, 295, 342 n. Utilitarianism, i, 215; ii, 194 “Utilitarian Associations,” ii, 418 Vair, Guillaume du, i, 393 Valentinus, i, 228 —— Gentilis, i, 451, 453 Valerius Maximus, i, 175 Valla, Lorenzo, i, 366–67, 377 VallÉe, i, 391 VambÉry, cited, i, 273; ii, 498 n. Van den Ende, ii, 134 Vandeul, Mme. de, ii, 271 Vanini, i, 21, 475; ii, 51 sq. Van Manen, ii, 424 Van Mildert, i, 14, 15 Van Vloten, i, 254 n. Varro, i, 195, 203 n. Varuna, i, 49 sq. Vasari, cited, i, 370 n. Vassor, ii, 145 Vater, ii, 423 Vatke, ii, 474 Vaudois, the, i, 298, 388 Vaughan, cited, ii, 79 Vauvenargues, ii, 246 Vedanta, i, 55 Vedas, i, 29, 48; Vejento, i, 213 Velasquez, ii, 40 Venus Cloacina, i, 82 Verbalism, Greek, i, 146–47 Vergilius, St., i, 282, 368 Verlaine, ii, 443 Vernes, Maurice, i, 108 Vernet, Jacob, ii, 225 Veron, John, i, 459 Verrall, i, 162–63; ii, 94 Viau, ii, 122 Vickers, K. H., cited, i, 397 Vico, i, 26 n., 375; ii, 365 sq., 468 Vigilantius, i, 239, 298 n. Villani, G., i, 322 Villanueva, Dr. J., ii, 372 Villari, cited, i, 372, 408 Villemain, ii, 217 Villeneuve, Marquis de, ii, 278 n. Vincent, J. M., cited, i, 438 Vinci, Leonardo da, i, 370; ii, 463 Virchow, ii, 436 Viret, i, 466 Virgil, i, 204, 209 Virgin-Mother-Goddess, i, 88, 225 Vives, i, 470 Voelkel, ii, 35 Vogt, ii, 479 n. Volney, ii, 244, 274, 401, 468 Volta, ii, 371 Voltaire, i, 21, 133, 277, 323, 329; ii, 113, 143 n., 147 n., 157, 159, 164 n., 165, 196, 197, 198, 199, 213 n., 220, Vorstius, ii, 22 VoultÉ, i, 388 Voyage de Robertson, ii, 241 Voysey, ii, 413 Wadia, Prof., ii, 288 n. Wagner, Richard, ii, 456 —— Tobias, ii, 298 Wahabi sect, i, 275 Waitz, ii, 470 Waldenses, i, 298, 338, 411, 415 Waldus, i, 298 Walid, i, 256 Wallace, A. R., ii, 465 —— Dr. Robert, ii, 185 —— Prof. W., cited, i, 182 n., 183 n. Wallis, Dr., ii, 114 Walpole, ii, 171 Walsh, Rev. W., ii, 413 Walter von der Vogelweide, i, 362 Walther, cited, ii, 295 Walwyn, ii, 79 War in South Africa, effect of, ii, 417 —— religious, i, 338, 392 —— and English deism, ii, 170–71 —— and German, 501 Warburton, ii, 156, 166, 173, 339 n., 353 n. Ward, Mrs. Humphry, ii, 451 —— Lester, ii, 469 —— Rev. R., ii, 89 n. Warren, Albertus, ii, 90 Warton, cited, ii, 166 Warville, ii, 244 Washington, ii, 382 sq. Wasil Ibn AttÂ, i, 254 Waterland, ii, 116 n., 158, 173 Wathek, Khalif, i, 258 Watkinson, Archdeacon, cited, ii, 203 n. Watson, Bishop, ii, 210, 253, 384, 392 —— W., ii, 453 Watts, C., i, 11 —— H. E., cited, ii, 40 Wazon, Bishop, i, 294 Weber, A., cited, i, 45, 52 n., 54, 55 n., 56 —— Em., ii, 298 Wedderburn, ii, 393 Wegscheider, ii, 423, 424, 432 Weigall, A. E. P., cited, i, 74 Weisse, ii, 427 WeizsÄcker, ii, 435 Wellhausen, ii, 433, 436; Wen, Emperor, i, 86 Wenderborn, cited, ii, 205 n. Werner, ii, 462 Wesley, ii, 195; Wesleyanism, ii, 195 Westphalia, Peace of, ii, 295 Wheeler, J. M., i, 11 Whewell, ii, 465; Whinfield, i, 264 n., 265 Whiston, ii, 151, 153–54, 161, 176 White, A. D., i, 14, 42, 457 n.; ii, 467 —— Thomas, ii, 102 Whitehead, ii, 167 Whitfield, ii, 195 Whitman, ii, 453 Whittaker, T., i, 108, 187; ii, 43 n., 45 n., 49 n. Wiclif, i, 334, 349 sq., 394, 416; ii, 280 Wieland, ii, 329 Wielmacker, ii, 2 Wilamowitz, i, 125 n. Wilberforce, ii, 393, 451; —— Bishop, ii, 465 Wilcke, ii, 427 Wildman, ii, 78 Wilkes, ii, 200 “Will to believe,” i, 16, 176, 360 William of Auvergne, i, 319 n. —— of Conches, i, 312 —— of Occam, i, 354, 358–59; ii, 283 —— of St. Amour, i, 334 Williams, David, ii, 203 —— Rowland, cited, i, 114 n. —— Speaker, cited, i, 467 —— T., cited, i, 24 Willich, cited, ii, 311 Wilson, H. H., cited, i, 58 Winchell, ii, 420 Winckler, ii, 434 Wireker, i, 361 n. Wisdom of Solomon, i, 116 Wislicenus, ii, 410 Witchcraft, belief in, i, 376, 390, 402, 449; ii, 19, 33, 81, 101, 102, 372 n.; Witt, John de, ii, 134 Witty, John, ii, 115 Wolf, F. A., ii, 368 Wolff and Wolffianism, ii, 305 sq., 312, 337 —— Elizabeth, ii, 352 Wolfius, ii, 298 Wollstonecraft, Mary, ii, 101 n., 207–208, 275 n. Wolseley, Sir C., ii, 87, 90, 98 Wolsey, Cardinal, i, 432, 458 Women, freethought among, i, 374 n., 389; ii, 124 n., 207–208, 223 n., 253, 499–500; Wood, Anthony À, cited, ii, 12, 96 n. Woodrow, ii, 420 Woort, ii, 2 Wordsworth, ii, 444 —— Bishop, cited, ii, 404 Wright, Frances, ii, 499 —— Susanna, ii, 394 n. Wriothesley, cited, i, 389 Writing, antiquity of, i, 105 n., 194 Xenophanes, i, 136, 141–42, 144 Xenophon, i, 199 Yahweh, i, 97, 101, 103, 104 sq., 114 YÂska, i, 52 Yazur Veda, i, 54 Yeats, ii, 453 Yezid III, i, 256 Young, ii, 172 Yuncas, the, i, 90 Yvon, AbbÉ, i, 235 Zaid, i, 248, 249 Zanchi, i, 467 Zapoyla, i, 420 Zarathustra, i, 67, 68 Zebrzydowski, i, 424 Zeller, ii, 416, 426, 434; Zephaniah, i, 114 Zendavesta, i, 67 Zendekism (Arab atheism), i, 249 sq., 256 Zeno (the elder), i, 136, 146 —— (the Stoic), i, 180 sq., 186 Zeus, i, 124, 130 sq. Ziska, i, 417 sq. Zollikofer, ii, 318 Zoroastrianism, i, 68 Zosimus, i, 245 Zulus, freethought among, i, 38 Zwingli, i, 408, 420, 440 |
|
