J. M. Robertson

Abailard, 195, 200, 227

Aboubekr, 239

Abraham, 21, 22, 26, 38

Absolution, 191, 193

Abyssinia, Christianity in, 165, 208, 313

Acolythes, 53

Acts, Book of, 6, 8, 16, 27, 29, 31, 78, 81, 167

Adalbert, St., 217

Adams, 301

Adelhard, 234

Adonis, cult of, 21, 25, 37, 38, 51, sq. 95

Advent, mystery-play of, 188

Æons, Gnostic, 94

AËrius, 147

Æsculapius, 37, 158

AgapÆ, 22, 25, 68, 84, 190

Agni, 56

Agnosticism, 299

Agobard, 187, 194

Alaric, 142–43

Albert, Archbishop, 249

Albigensian crusades, 181, 193, 201 sq., 211, 227

Alcuin, 169, 232

Alexander, 60, 109

—— Bishop, 121

—— III (Pope), 228

—— JannÆus, 7

Alexandria, 42, 79, 81, 94, 119, 126, 153, 155, 175

Algebra, 234

Allegory, use of, 77, 96, 210

Alphonso of Castile, 234

Alva, 254

Amalrich of Bena, 196, 227

Ambrose, 88, 135, 137, 146, 155, 156, 157, 192

America, Jesuits in, 292, 294

Amulets, Gnostic, 96, 97

Amun, 24, 152, 183

Anabaptist movement, 258–59, 266, 268, 311

Ananias and Sapphira, 18, 27

Anastasius, 131

Anatomy, 274

Andronicus, 243

Angels, worship of, 94, 97

Angli, conversion of, 168

Anglicanism, 295

Animal-worship, 76, 150

Anna, St., 188

Annates, 255

Anselm, 195

Anthropomorphites, 183

Anti-Christs, 19, 31, 169

Antinomianism, 62, 68, 84, 91, 95

Antioch, church of, 81, 104, 126, 129, 175; siege of, 219

—— Council of, 104

Antipodes, doctrine of, 196

Anti-Semitism, 19, 48, 74, 75, 93, 123, 318

Antonines, the, 108, 158, 164. See Marcus Aurelius

AphroditÊ, 53, 54, 55

Apocalypse, 16, 23, 27, 29, 53, 74, 76, 78, 91, 107

Apocrypha, the Christian, 11, 38

Apollinaris, heresy of, 148 sq.

Apollo, 7, 10, 33, 37, 56, 60, 102

Apollonius of Tyana, 30, 73, 156

Apollos, 77

Apostles, myth of twelve, 2, 16–19, 28, 30, 48; the real, 17, 70, 82

—— Jewish, 16–17, 70

—— Creed, 178

Apostolical Constitutions, 178

Apostolici, 200, 201

Apotheosis, 60, 109

Aquinas, Thomas, 188, 196, 217

Arab myths, 38

Arabia, Christianity in, 82, 146

Arabic science, 233 sq.

Arbogastes, 139

Arcadius, 142

Archipresbyters, 166

Architecture, Christian, 162, 236, 237

Ardeshir, 133

Aries, constellation of, 51

Aristotle, on slavery, 61

—— study of, 196, 227, 233, 235

Arithmetic, introduction of, 233

Arius and Arianism, 118, 120–23, 126, 135, 136, 142 sq., 145, 174

Armenia, conversion of, 127; reconquest of, 239

—— Nestorians in, 47, 147; heresy in, 198–99

Arminianism, 268

Arnobius, 86

Arnold of Brescia, 200

—— of Cliteaux, 202

—— Matthew, 290, 300

Arrius Antoninus, 110

Art and religion, 33, 59, 75, 96, 101, 162, 187, 209, 236 sq., 308

Ascetic ideals, 23, 38, 46, 50, 54, 56, 61, 63, 68, 84, 89–90, 93, 99, 100, 123, 129, 138, 156, 184 sq., 200, 206, 209, 309, 311

Ashtaroth and Mary, 146

Asses, the two mythic, 37

Assyrian religion, 53, 69

Astrology, 234, 279

Astronomical myths, 23, 37, 58, 59; science, 196, 233

Astruc, 289

Athanasius and Athanasianism, 121–22, 126, 134, 135, 143, 145, 151

Atheism, 107, 275

Athenagoras, 34

Athens, ancient religion in, 44, 45, 53, 106, 156; modern, 307

Attis, 7, 21, 25, 32, 37, 38, 51 sq., 175

AudÆans, 185

Augsburg, Confession of, 259, 266; Peace of, 259

Augurs, 137

Augustine, St., 96, 136, 140, 146, 147, 154, 156, 157, 167, 186, 187, 189, 192

—— the lesser, 164, 165, 168, 176

Augustus, 60, 109, 215

Aurelian, 104, 114

Austria, religion in, 260, 262, 296, 303

Autocrator, the, 93

AverroËs and Averroism, 196, 203, 230, 234

Avignon, 272

Aztecs, 89

Babe-God, 37, 55, 57

Babylonian religion, 16, 37, 38, 59, 69

Bacchanalia, Christian, 156

Bacchus, 22, 32, 37, 55, 56, 138. See Dionysos

Bacon, Roger, 229, 234

—— Francis, 273, 275, 279, 280, 281

Bale, 267

Balfour, 286, 291

Balkan War, 313

Bangor, massacre at, 168

Banquets, religious, 20–26, 43. See Eucharist

Baptism, 3, 26, 36, 49, 63, 101, 106, 120, 168, 198, 225

Barabbas, 38

Barbarism, Christianity and, 161, 165, 169 sq.

Bardesanes, 93, 98

Barnabas, epistle of, 3

Barneveldt, 268

Bartholomew, Massacre of St., 257, 311

Basil, 156, 161, 175

—— the monk, 243

Basilides, 93, 94

Baths, pagan and Christian, 163

Bavaria, religion in, 262

Beaton, Cardinal, 253

Beghards and Beguins, 203, 212, 226, 246

Belgium, religion in, 295

Belisarius, 143, 144

Benedict, St., 167

—— II (Pope), 176

Benedictines, 207, 208

Berengar, 195

Berkeley, 284, 286

Berlin, 299

Bernard, St., 220, 227

Berne, 298

Bethlehem birth-myth, 9, 38, 80

Beziers, sack of, 202

Bible, use of in early Church, 30, 72, 75, 132; translations of, 284; influence of, 266, 268–69, 270, 273, 274

—— the “Rainbow,” 300

Biblical criticism, 286 sq.

Bibliolatry, 270

Biology, 282

Bishops, 45, 70, 71, 87, 88, 90, 117, 120, 155, 167, 178, 181, 182, 192–93, 206, 210; and papacy, 178–79, 182; and feudal powers, 178

BjÖrnson, 299

Black Death, the, 222, 229

Black Madonnas, 185

Blood covenant, 20

Bloodshed, Christian, 173

Bodin, 270, 279, 281

Boers, 313

Boethius, 158, 232

Bogomilians, 199, 201, 243

Bohemia, conversion of, 171; slavery in, 217; heresy in, 246; Protestantism in, 257, 260; reversion of, 257, 261–62

Bohemond, 219

Boleslavs, the two, 171

Bonaventura, St., 187

Bonaventure des Periers, 274

Boniface, 168, 169, 196

—— III(Pope), 176

Books, destruction of, 231

Bossuet, 292

Bougre, the name, 199

Boyle, 281

Bradlaugh, 301

Bradley, 283

Brahmanism, 132

“Branch, the,” 7–8

Brazil, religion in, 296

Bread and wine, rite of, 22, 25

Brethren of the Lord, 18

——of the Common Lot, 203, 247, 248

——of the Free Spirit, 204, 245

Britain, ancient, Christianity in, 82, 112, 165, 168, 176

Bruno, Giordano, 275, 278, 283

——St., 208

BÜchner, 285

Buddha and Buddhism, 2, 7, 15, 50, 132

Bulgaria, Turkish conquest of, 173; heresy in, 199, 313

Bull-symbol, 59

Butler, 284

Byblos, 53

Byzantium, 150, 159, 160, 163, 208, 216, 218, 220, 232, 235, 236 sq., 238 sq., 318

Calendar, the ecclesiastical, 138

Calvin and Calvinism, 213, 249, 251, 253, 256, 257, 260, 262, 265 sq., 268, 270

Campanus, 234

Cannibalism, religious, 25, 189

Canon, formation of, 98

Canons, regular, 167

Canute. See Knut

Capital and labour, 321

Capricorn, 37 Caputiati, 200

Cardinals, powers of, 179

Carlstadt, 258

Carpocrates, 95

Carthage, church of, 84, 90, 116, 123, 126, 154

Cassiodorus, 232

Caste, in Byzantium, 160

Catechumens, 96, 102 Cathari, 199

Cathedrals, 166, 167

Catholicism, latter-day, 265–66, 268, 274, 283, 285, 292 sq., 311, 318

Cave-birth-myth, 37

Celibacy, doctrine of, 63, 89–90, 122, 155, 166, 180, 206, 209

Celsus, 11, 85

Cephas, 18. See Peter

Cerdo, 93, 98

Ceres, 22, 55. See DÊmÊtÊr

Cetewayo, 173

Chalcedon, Council of, 149, 175

“Chapters,” powers of, 179, 181

Charlemagne, 127, 169 sq., 176, 177, 232

Charles Martel, 176

——the Bald, 194

——the Fat, 177

——V, 251, 252, 255, 256

Charron, 283

Chartreuse, monks of, 208

Chateaubriand, 288

Chaucer, 204

Chazari, 199

Chemistry, rise of, 233

Child-eating, charge of, 25–26

Child-God, the, 28, 37, 55, 57

Children’s crusades, 221

China, ethics in, 61; life of, 160; Christianity in, 292 sq. Chorepiscopi, 134, 166 Chrestos, the name, 31, 33–35

Christ, the name, 92; the myth, 28 sq., 34, 36 sq., 78, 96; the doctrine, 39, 78, 91, 98, 102, 120, 148 sq., 152, 266

Christian III of Denmark, 253

——IV of Denmark, 261

——of Anhalt, 260

Christians, the first, 2–10, 22, 28 sq., 48, 63, 67 sq., 72 sq., 81 sq.

Christmas, 37, 55

Chrysostom, 155, 161

Church, origin of Christian, 45, 48, 75 sq., 81 sq.; State establishment of, 114 sq., 133 sq.; early endowments of, 70, 116, 117, 135, 169; organization of, 166, 170, 172, 174 sq.; expansion of, 165 sq.; slave-holding by, 216

Churches, early use of, 101

Cicero, 286, 291

Circumcelliones, 135

Circumcision, 23, 26, 49

Circus, at Constantinople, 159

Civilization, Christianity and, 208. See Decadence

Claudian, 157

Claudius, Bishop, 187, 194

Clement of Alexandria, 77, 85, 96

——of Rome, 54, 73, 74

——III (antipope), 180

——VII (Pope), 251, 252 Clementines, the, 29

Clergy, early Christian, 83, 85, 116 sq., 119, 126, 166 sq.; celibacy of, 89–90, 180, 204, 205 sq.; secular and regular, 167; ignorance of, 205 sq.; influence of, 205, 209; misconduct of, 205 sq.; modern Greek, 304 sq.; Russian, 308

Clifford, 299

Clovis, 144

Coelestius, 147

Colenso, 289, 291

Coleridge, 103, 284

Collins, Anthony, 287

Collyridians, 146

Columbus, 277

Communism, Christian, 27, 167, 212

Comte, 295

Concord, ideal of, 63 sq.

Concubinage, priestly, 90, 205–206

Condorcet, 282

Confession, sacerdotal, 71, 166, 191, 209

Constance, Council of, 246

Constans, 121, 124, 125

——II, 151

Constantine, 113 sq., 127, 151, 214, 215

——II, 124, 151

——VI, 176

——Copronymus, 198

——the Paulician, 198

Constantinople, ancient church of, 116, 118, 126, 175; Council of, 149; life of, 159, 238 sq.; patriarch of, 120, 174, 175; fall of, 220, 235, 243

Constantius, 115, 124–26, 128

——Chlorus, 112–14, 128

Conversion of barbarians, 168 sq.

Copernicus, 265, 277, 278 Corinthians, Epistles to, 4, 16, 20, 32, 49, 68

Corybantic mysteries, 56

Cosmas Indicopleustes, 158

Cossacks, creed of, 263

Councils, church, 70, 90, 91, 104, 118, 120–21, 126, 182

Counsellor Gods, the Babylonian, 16

Cow, the sacred, 37

Creeds, use of, 75, 101, 151

Crete, Moslem conquest of, 244; reconquest of, 244

Crime, Christianity and, 312

Crimean War, 309

Crispus, 117

Cromwell, 287

Cross-symbol, 27–28, 32, 35, 57, 58, 79, 101–102

Crucifix, the, 27, 185

Crucifixion, mystic, 27, 32 sq., 57

——mythic, 15, 57

Cruelty, Christian and pagan, 64, 108, 154, 155, 156, 161, 171, 172, 173, 181–82, 198, 209, 210, 218, 219, 231, 239, 256, 311

Crusades, 182, 193, 199, 200, 218 sq., 311

Culture-conditions, GrÆco-Roman, 41 sq.; medieval, 197 sq., 205 sq., 225, 235

Cumberland, 283

CybelÊ, 52, 53, 76

Cyprian, 86, 90, 91, 109, 174

Cyril, 155

D’Alembert, 282

Damasus, Pope, 134–35, 174

Dancers, sect of, 226

Daniel, myth of, 38

Dante, 235

Darwinism, 282, 299

David, 38

—— of Dinant, 196

Deacons, 70, 83

Death-rate, medieval, 225

Decadence, ancient, promoted by Christianity, 85, 86, 110, 119, 126, 128, 134, 136–37, 140, 142, 146, 150, 152, 154, 159, 160 sq., 173, 208; medieval, 228, 238; modern, 262

Decius, 108

Decretals, the forged, 178, 179, 180–82

Deism, 195, 275, 277, 282, 286 sq., 301

Delambre, 282

DÊmÊtÊr, 7, 55, 56, 76 Demiourgos, the, 98

Democracy, fanatical, 276, 277

Denmark, conversion of, 170

Deogratius, 154

Descartes, 280, 281, 283

Devil, belief in, 187, 224, 225

D’Holbach, 282 Diabolos, 19

Diderot, 282

Diocletian, 108, 111–14

Dionysius the Areopagite, 241

Dionysos, cult of, 14, 15, 21, 22, 26, 32, 37, 38, 44, 51, 55 sq., 102, 106, 138

Disciples. See Apostles

Divination, 117, 134

Docetists, 123, 198

Dogma, formation of, 120 sq., 144, 146 sq., 154

Dolcino, Fra, 200

Dominicans, 188, 228, 229, 246

Domitian, 108, 109

Donatists, 118, 123, 134, 143

Doomsday, doctrine of, 26, 39, 63, 72, 78, 107, 111, 179

Dositheus, 36

Dostoyevsky, 308

Dove-symbol, 29

Drama, Greek, 13, 33, 42

——in Jewry, 74

Dreyfus case, 318

Druids, 25, 183

Drummond, H., 291

Dukhobortsi, 309

Dunbar, 274 Dynamis, 94

Earthquakes and religion, 161

Easter, 24 sq., 59, 90

Ebionites, 5–9, 29 Ecclesia, the, 45

Ecclesiasticus, Book of, 22

Eckhart, 212

Economic causation, 28, 47, 69 sq., 78, 80, 86, 88, 117, 126, 132, 134, 135, 139, 140, 168, 189, 197, 216, 217, 220, 222, 249 sq., 265, 271, 296

Education, pagan and Christian, 158, 183; in fifteenth century, 248; Jesuit methods of, 276; modern Catholic, 296

Egypt, ancient cults of, 18, 27, 62, 69, 77, 79, 92, 94, 152 (see Isis and Osiris); Christianity in, 81, 108, 138, 150, 161, 165; art in, 237; Gnosticism in, 93 sq.; Moslem conquest of, 150 Ektroma, 4

El, 21, 22, 29, 38

Elcesaites, 36, 91

Elders. See Presbyters

Eleusinian mysteries, 26, 45, 55, 134, 143

Elijah and Elisha, 38

Elizabeth of England, 253, 273

Elvira, Council of, 186

Elymas, 29

Emerson, 301

Emperors, worship of, 60, 109

EncyclopÆdia Biblica, 289

End of world, doctrine of. See Doomsday

England, Christianity in, 168; heresy in medieval, 203, 229; slave-trading in, 216; Protestantism in, 252 sq., 264 sq., 268, 273, 295; Catholicism in, 295; rationalism in, 281, 282, 283 sq., 286 sq., 299 sq. Ennoia, 94

Ephesus, Council of, 148, 149

Epictetus, 85, 86, 130, 211

Epicureanism, 45, 128, 280

Epiphanius, 186, 187

Erasmus, 248, 271

Erigena. See John the Scot

Essenes, 8, 49–51

Establishment, Church, 112, 114 sq., 127 Eternal Gospel, The, 203

Ethics, Christian and pagan, 41 sq., 60 sq., 68, 71, 84, 89, 155, 156, 193, 204, 218 sq., 228, 239, 257, 284, 310 sq.

Eucharist, 2, 12, 20–26, 36, 44, 101, 102, 190; doctrine of, 189 sq., 194, 225, 266

Euclid, 234

Eudo of Stello, 200

Eugenius, 136

Eusebius, 83, 108, 111, 113, 117

Eustathius, 241

Eutyches, heresy of, 149 sq.

Evangelists, 70

Evil spirits, belief in, 83, 84, 101, 102, 184

Exarchs, 120

Exorcism, Christian, 72, 83, 101, 102, 158 Ezekiel, Book of, 27

Fanaticism, 54, 55, 63, 69, 83, 84, 98, 104, 107, 110, 126, 135, 139, 155, 160, 211, 213, 221, 229, 257, 265, 277

Faraday, 316

Fausta, 118

FÉnelon, 292

Ferdinand and Isabella, 230

Ferdinand I, 260, 272

Ferrer, 295

Feudalism, Christianity and, 213 sq., 250

Feuerbach, 210, 284

Fichte, 284 Filioque clause, 152–53

Finance, early Christian, 27, 70 sq., 87, 104, 116, 126, 140; modern, 317, 321. See Papacy

Finlay, cited, 242, 244, 303, 304 sq.

Finns, conversion of, 172

Fish, the divine, 59

Flagellants, 226

Florence, religion at, 195, 212–13

Food-doles, ancient, 71, 126, 179

Forgery, Christian, 5, 51, 73, 77, 78, 88, 117 sq.

Fourth Gospel, the, 11, 29, 31, 39, 78, 79–80, 91

Fox, George, 277

France, heresy in, 194–95, 229; Reformation in, 255 sq.; decline of Protestantism in, 255, 263, 302; rationalism in, 271, 277, 278, 282, 287, 294, 295, 302. See Gaul

Francis I, 255, 256

—— St., of Assisi, 203, 207, 211

—— St., of Sales, 211

Franciscans, 188, 203, 246, 276

Franklin, 301

Franks, religion of the, 144, 194 Fraticelli, 203, 246

Frauds, early Christian, 5, 73, 78, 88; medieval, 177–78, 315

Frederick Barbarossa, 200

—— II, 234

—— of Saxony, 251, 258

—— Elector Palatine, 260

Freemasonry, 237

French Revolution, reaction against, 282, 288, 297; effect of in Greece, 306; bloodshed in, 311

Friars, preaching and begging, 181, 203, 207

“Friends of God,” 212

Future state, doctrine of, 27 Galatians, Epistle to the, 18, 32

Galerius, 111–15

“Galileans,” 9

Galileo, 276, 277, 279, 280, 317 Galli, 53

Gallus, 124, 126

Gardens of Adonis, 53

Gassendi, 280, 281, 282

Gaul, Christianity in, 82, 112, 144, 155–56, 176

Geneva, religion in, 213, 249, 266, 297

Geniuses, worship of, 76, 109

Gentile Christism, 28 sq., 65

Geology, 282

Gerbert, 218, 233

Gerhard of Cambrai, 201

Germany, conversion of, 169; and the papacy, 180; heresy in, 248; Protestantism in, 248 sq., 274; philosophy in, 248 sq.; rationalism in, 282–84, 288, 291, 298, 299

Gerson, 188

Gibbon, 109, 287

Gilbert, 280

Gladiatorial games, 156

Glanvil, 281 Glossolalia, 54, 87

Gnosticism, 30, 40, 48, 54, 64, 76, 77, 78, 79, 84, 91 sq., 98

Goat-God, the, 37

Goch, John of, 247

Godfrey of Bouillon, 219

Goethe, 271

Goliards, 201

Gorky, 308

Gospels, date of, 3, 10; composition of, 39, 65, 73 sq., 78, 79, 96, 98, 99; criticism of, 289

Goths, religion of, 142 sq.

——and Vandals, 162

Gottschalk the Wend, 171

——the monk, 194, 197

Gratian, 135–36, 139, 215

——the monk, 180

Greece, priesthoods of pagan, 69; life of Christian, 238 sq., 303 sq., 318

Greek influence on Christianity, 31, 51, 61, 64, 70

——life and culture (ancient), 41 sq., 48, 51 sq., 69, 70, 163, 313; medieval, 283 sq.; modern, 303 sq.

——and Latin schism, 153, 240, 244, 309

Gregory Thaumaturgus, 89

——of Nazianzun, 127, 129

——the Great (Pope), 158, 159, 161, 163, 164, 165, 175, 185, 186, 190, 192, 225, 232

Gregory II (Pope), 176

——IV (Pope), 177

——VII (Pope), 179–80

——IX (Pope), 203, 228

——XI (Pope), 182

Grisons, the, 264

Grotius, 268

Guelphs and Ghibelines, 217

Guizot, 288

Gustavus Adolphus, 261

——Vasa, 254

Hades, descent into, 56; idea of, see Hell

Hadrian, 35, 93, 108, 163 Hagioi, 9

Halley, 281

Haroun Alraschid, 177

Harpocrates, 57

Harrison, Miss, 55 n., 56 n.

Harvey, 280

Heaven, doctrine of, 27

Hebrews, early beliefs of, 20 sq., 26, 27, 32, 37, 40, 58

Hegel, 283, 284

Helena, 184

Hell, doctrine of, 63, 98, 154, 210, 225

Hellenistic religion, 31

Henri IV, 257

Henry III (emperor), 179

——IV (emperor), 179–80

——the monk, 200

——V of England, 204

——VIII of England, 252, 258, 269

Heraclius, 150, 151, 155, 163, 168, 242

Herbert of Cherbury, 286–87

Hercules (Herakles), 2, 21, 22, 56, 102

Heresy, ancient, 91 sq., 102 sq., 118, 119, 120 sq., 145, 146 sq.; medieval, 197 sq.; rationalistic, 194 sq., 275; anti-clerical, 197 sq., 201 sq., 245

Hermas, the Pastor of, 35

Hermes, 33, 37, 38, 56, 79

Herod, 28

Heroes, worship of, Greek, 33, 76, 137

Hierapolis, Goddess of, 54 Hilaria, the, 53

Hildebrand, 179–80, 181, 195

Hillel, 47

Hincmar, 194

Hindus, 42

Hobbes, 283, 287

Holland, religion in, 203; art in, 189, 236; Protestantism in, 254, 268, 274; rationalism in, 277, 298, 299

Holy Ghost, doctrine of, 35, 37, 99, 123, 152

——Roman Empire, 176, 183

Holy Spirit, Gospel of the, 203

Holy water, 185

Homoousian dispute, 120 sq.

Honorius, 142, 143, 156

Hooker, 267, 273

Horus, 37, 38, 56 sq., 94, 185

Host, the, 190

Huet, 286

Huguenots, the, 256, 263

Hume, 284, 287, 297

Hungary, conversion of, 171

Huss, 246 sq., 251

Huxley, 283, 299

Hypatia, 155, 161

Iacchos, 55

Ibsen, 13, 299

Iconoclasts, the, 176, 186 sq., 239 sq.

Icons, 163, 186, 236, 308

Idolatry, early Christian aversion to, 75, 84, 107, 125, 185; later Christian practice of, 75, 101, 125, 163, 177, 184 sq., 241

Ignatius, Epistles of, 3, 4, 5; character of, 83 Imitatio Christi, the, 86, 211, 212

Immaculate Conception, 188

Immortality, doctrine of, 27, 35, 49, 57, 58, 59, 62, 196

Imperialism, Roman, 41, 86, 110, 119, 127, 139, 140, 160, 183; modern, 204, 242 Impostors, The Three, 234

Incarnation, 38

"Incorruptibilist" controversy, 153 Index Expurgatorius, 275

India, religions of, 42, 56, 61; Christianity in, 292 sq.

Indulgences, doctrine of, 182, 192; traffic in, 193, 249 sq.

Infant damnation, doctrine of, 63, 146

Infallibility, Papal, 183, 296

Ingersoll, 301

Innocent III (Pope), 181, 193, 202, 220, 228

Innocents, massacre of, 38, 60

Inquisition, the, 210, 227 sq., 256, 269, 275, 294, 311

Inspiration, 40, 64, 73, 79, 85, 96, 289

Ion, 37

Ireland, Christianization of, 165, 168, 232; slavery in, 216; decivilization of, 262, 264, 295; Catholicism in, 264, 294, 304

Irene, 176

Irrationalism, 285–86

Isaac, 21, 23, 26

Isidorean decretals, the, 178–82

—— EncyclopÆdia, 232

Isis, cult of, 33, 37, 56, 57, 76, 106, 185

Islam. See Mohammedanism

Italy under Christianity, 160, 165, 177, 186, 229, 235 sq., 248, 251, 270, 294; rationalism in, 189, 268, 275, 295

Jacob, 21

Jacobites, sect of, 149 James, Epistle of, 18

James, W., 285

James V of Scotland, 253

—— I of England, 260, 261, 270, 271

—— II of England, 264

Jansenists, 280

Janus, myth of, 18

Japan, Christianity in, 292 sq.; progress of, 320

Jasion, 56

Jefferson, 300

Jehovah, 22, 54, 77, 123

Jerome, 140, 146, 154, 155, 160

—— of Prague, 247

Jerusalem, Jesuist life in, 27; patriarchate of, 175, 177; capture of by the Crusaders, 218 sq.; Christians at, 300, 309

Jeschu, 23

Jesseans, 8

Jesuits, in Poland, 263, 276; success of, 276, 292 sq.; decline of, 293–94

Jesus, mythic personality of, 3, 5–15, 17, 20, 21, 28, 33 sq., 36 sq., 40, 59, 76, 77, 92, 93, 94, 100–10, 122, 145, 148, 290

—— and Jesuism, 5, 6–15, 17, 102 sq., 151 sq. See Christ

—— the high-priest, 7

—— Ben Pandira, 7, 11

Jews, variant beliefs of, 5, 47, 49 sq.; poverty of, 7; after fall of Temple, 14; mysteries of, 14, 20–24; and Christians, 28 sq., 38, 39, 46 sq., 62, 65, 68, 69, 79, 107, 218, 219, 227, 230, 310; persecutions of by Christians, 155, 161, 168, 173; as slave-dealers, 216; as usurers, 227; in Turkey, 305

Joachim of Flora, 203

John, the disciple, 63 John, Gospel of, 11, 29, 31, 39, 78, 79–80

—— Epistles of, 19, 92 n.

John the Baptist, 26, 28, 48

—— VIII (Pope), 177

—— the Scot, 194–95, 196, 210, 232, 241

—— of Parma, 203

Joseph, Jewish myth of, 19, 38

—— father of Jesus, cult of, 188

Joshua, 6, 7–8, 12, 20

Joule, 316

Jovian, 133

Jovinian, 146

Judaism, 5–10, 16, 20 sq., 28, 46 sq., 49 sq., 79

Judas, 19, 25, 28

——the Galilean, 50 Jude, Epistle of, 8

Judge of the Dead, the, 57 Judges, Book of, 2

Julian, 124–26, 127 sq.

——Bishop, 176

Julius CÆsar, 109, 127, 164

Jumpers, sect of, 309

Jupiter, 37

Justinian, 143, 150, 158, 159, 163, 205, 215, 216; code of, 215, 232

——II, 239

Justin Martyr, 3, 74, 81, 85, 93, 102

Juvenal, 62, 185

Kant, 282, 283, 284

Kelvin, 316

Kepler, 277, 282

Keys of heaven and hell, 58

Khlysti, 309

Khonsu, 152, 183

Kid, sacrament of, 44

Kidd, B., 286, 291

“Kingdom of God,” 28, 39

Knights Templars, 207, 221, 222–23

——Teutonic order of, 172

Knox, John, 253

Knut, 170

Koran, 79, 122

Korybas, 56 Kriobolium, 59

Krishna, 2, 15, 22

Kronos, 21 Labarum, the, 115

Lagrange, 282

Lalande, 282

Lamb, symbol and sacrament of, 22 sq., 26, 59, 76, 147

La Mettrie, 282

Languedoc, heresy in, 181, 193, 201 sq., 228

Laplace, 282 Lares and Penates, 43–44

Las Casas, 173

Laski, John, 266–67

Last Supper. See Eucharist

Laud, 268

Laurentius Valla, 248

Law, Christian and pagan, 150, 156, 160, 169, 214, 232

Lecky, 300

Leibnitz, 282

Leo I (Pope), 154, 175, 190, 191

——IX (Pope), 178

——X (Pope), 249, 251, 271

——the Isaurian, 186–87, 198, 239

Leo the Armenian, 198, 240

Lepers, 263

Lessevich, W., 19 n.

Liber and Libera, 55, 56

Licinius, 114–18

Lithuania, paganism of, 172

Liturgies, early, 57

Lituus, the, 137

Livonia, Christianity in, 172

Livy, 106

Locke, 284 Logos, doctrine of, 34, 38, 79, 94, 102, 104

Lollardism, 203–204, 246

Lombards, the, 144, 176

Lord’s Day, the, 58, 68

——Prayer, the, 62

Louis, son of Charlemagne, 177, 241

——St., 212, 220

——XII, 256

——XIV, 263

Love feasts. See AgapÆ

LÜbeck, paganism of, 172

Lucian, 86

Lucretius, 127 Luke, Gospel of, 31, 62, 74

Luther and Lutheranism, 212, 247, 249, 250, 253, 257 sq., 265 sq., 270, 271, 326–28, 330, 335–37, 342

Lycurgus, 65

Lyndsay, 274

Macarius, 194

Macedonius, 126, 151

Macrobius, 130, 157

Magic, early Christian, 50, 85, 101, 184, 189

Magnentius, 124

Maia, 38

Manger-basket, the, 37, 55

ManichÆism, 1, 55, 75, 97, 101, 123 sq., 136, 143, 144, 145, 156, 191, 192, 197, 201, 209, 228. See Paulicians

Mansfeld, 261

Manuel Comnenus, 243

Marcian, 131

Marcion and Marcionism, 97 sq., 144

Marcus Aurelius, 86, 108, 127, 211 Mark, Gospel of, 4

Mamas, 21

Marsyas, 37

Martianus Capella, 232

Martin of Tours, 137

Martyrs, 31, 83, 110; spurious, 76, 89, 137; heretical, 126

Mary, myth and cult of, 12, 37, 76, 146, 148, 152, 185, 187, 209, 225

——Queen of England, 252

——Queen of Scotland, 253

——Regent of Scotland, 253

Mass, the, 25, 44, 190, 192

Massacres, Christian, 126, 134, 153, 154, 168, 169, 172, 173, 180, 198, 201–202, 218, 219, 227, 256, 257, 269, 311

Materialism, 285

Maternus, 124

Mathematics, Arab, 233–34 Matthew, Gospel of, 4, 5

Matthew of Cracow, 246

Matthias, 260

Maurice, the Emperor, 150

Maxentius, 113–15

Maximian, 111–15

Maximilian, 260

Maximilla and Priscilla, 99

Maximin, 113–15

Maximinus, 108

Maximus, 136

Mazarin, 263

Mazdeism, 38, 50, 58, 94, 123, 132, 191, 198

Mediator, the, 38, 77

Medicine, ancient and modern, 102, 158

Melanchthon, 266, 267, 279

Melchizedek, 22 Memra, 79

Menander, 34

Mendicants, religious, 7, 70, 207

Meredith, 300

Messiah, doctrine of, 2, 8, 9, 12, 21, 31, 37, 47, 48, 60

Mexicans, religion of early, 25, 61, 89; slaughter of, 173, 311

Michael the Drunkard, 240

—— the Stammerer, 241

Middleton, 287

Midnight worship, 68, 107, 112, 125

Mill, J. S., 310

Millennium, doctrine of, 97, 179

Milman, cited, 164

Miracles, 11, 30, 36, 73, 88, 184, 186, 187, 190, 199, 224, 225, 287, 290

Miriam, 12

Missionaries, Catholic, 292 sq.; Protestant, 302

Mithra and Mithraism, 7, 18, 21, 22, 23, 36, 37, 38, 51, 57 sq., 69, 79, 82, 107, 123, 133, 138, 175

Mitres, 137

Moawyah, Caliph, 239

Mohammedanism, rise of, 1, 150, 161, 162, 165; influence of, 161, 162, 216, 239; Christian converts to, 244, 303, 305

Moleschott, 285

Molokani, 309

Monarchy, Christianity and, 146, 168 sq., 213, 217

Monasticism, 51, 122, 160–61, 167, 206 sq.

Mongols, tolerance of, 173

Monophysite heresy, 144, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 165

Monotheism, pagan, 128, 137; and science, 315

Monothelite heresy, 151, 152

Montaigne, 271, 275, 283

Montanus and Montanism, 67, 97 sq., 112, 123, 144

Moors, persecution of, 173, 193, 229, 230

More, 267

Morone, 272

Moses, 2, 8, 38

Mosheim, 137, 210

Mother-Goddesses, 37, 52 sq., 57, 59, 76, 148, 152, 185

MÜller of KÖnigsberg, 234

MÜnzer, 258

Myrrha, 52

MystÆ, 33, 52, 53

Mysteries, Jewish, 20, 21

—— pagan, 20, 21, 23, 26, 33, 55 sq., 188

—— Christian, 12–14, 19, 28, 32, 67, 72

Mystery-play, the primary, 12–14, 19, 28, 73, 87–88

Myth in history and religion, 1–2, 15, 40

—— and ritual, 24

Nantes, Edict of, 257; revoked, 264

Naples, Catholicism in, 294

Narses, 144, 153

Nativity, mystery-play of, 76

Nazara or Nazareth, 6–10

Nazarites and Nazarenes, 6–10, 47, 148

Neo-Platonism, 111, 130, 291

Nero, 31, 107, 109

Nestorians, 47, 132, 144, 148, 150, 151, 165

Nestorius, 148 sq., 162

Netherlands, 254–55. See Holland Netzer, 6, 7

New Jerusalem, the, 27

Newman, Cardinal, 188, 295

New Testament, criticism of, 289, 290

Newton, 281

NicÆa, Council of, 120–21, 149

Nicene Creed, 97

Nicephorus I, 198, 239

Nicholas I (Pope), 178

—— II (Pope), 179

—— IV (Pope), 221 Nicodemus, Gospel of, 14

Nicolaus of Autricuria, 196

—— of Cusa, 196

Nicolitaines, 91

Nocturnal assemblies, 68, 107, 112, 125

NoËtus, 103

Nominalism, 195, 246

Nous, 94

Novatian and Novatians, 90, 148

Nuremberg, torture at, 210

Oblations, 71

Occam, 229

Old Testament, analysis of, 2; early Christian use of, 30, 46, 48, 65, 72, 75

Olympius, 143

“Only-begotten Son,” 21, 23, 38, 152

Onuphrius, St., 138

Origen, 11, 63, 85, 96, 150, 152, 154, 156, 161, 192

Orpheus and Orphic cults, 33, 56

Osiris and Osirianism, 2, 10, 14, 19, 27, 32, 35, 37, 56 sq., 95

Otho, St., 172

Oxford movement, 367 Pagani, 82

Paganism, ethics of, 15, 60 sq.; sacraments and mysteries of, 20 sq., 27, 51 sq.; theology of, 21, 27, 62, 77, 137; relation of to Christianity, 25, 33, 36 sq., 51 sq., 60 sq., 67 sq., 75 sq., 78 sq., 85, 89, 107, 140; disestablishment of, 117, 125, 136, 139, 140; persecution of, 124, 136, 137, 139, 169, 170; persistence of, 120, 138, 141, 143, 165, 170

Paine, 288, 301

Palestine, medieval, 218 sq.

Paley, 284

Pan, 37

Paneas, statue at, 184

Pantheism, 210, 354

Pantocrator, the, 93

“Papa,” 52, 175

Papacy, growth of, 81, 90, 138, 168, 174 sq., 177,182; disorders of, 178 sq., 180; hostility to, 177, 180, 181, 182, 189; strength of, 181, 182; revenues of, 181, 182, 220, 229, 255; attitude of to Protestantism, 250, 252; incapable of economic reform, 271–72; present position of, 366

Papias, 83

Paraclete, the, 99, 123

Paraguay, Jesuits in, 294

“Parasites,” 44

Paris, university of, 196; freethought in, 295

——Council of, 177

——Parliament of, 256 Pasagini, 200

Pascal, 286, 292

Paschal controversy, 24 sq.

Paschasius Radbert, 194

Passion-play. See Mystery-play

Passover, the, 7, 22, 23, 24

Pasteur, 316 Pastor, the, of Hermas, 35

Pastors, early Christian, 70 Paterini, 201

Patriarchates, the five, 120, 174, 175 Patripassians, 103

Paul, 2, 3, 4, 28, 29, 61, 64, 70, 81, 92; and Jesus, 4, 11, 24, 32, 92, 102

——of Samosata, 104, 114, 120, 147

——III (Pope), 265

——IV (Pope), 256

Paulicians, the, 181, 198, 199, 201, 203, 239, 242

Pauline epistles, 2–5, 10, 11, 16, 20, 27, 31, 32, 34, 49, 61, 62, 73, 78, 82, 95, 211, 214

——theology, 62, 63

Paulinus, 157, 160

Peasants’ War, 258, 267

Pecock, 267

Pelagius and Pelagianism, 146–47

Pentateuch, 3; influence of, 269; criticism of, 289

Pepin, 176

Persecutions of Christians, 31, 83, 106 sq., 173, 293; of pagans, 24 sq., 135–37, 138, 139, 168–73; of heretics, 119, 121, 135, 144, 146 sq., 194 sq., 197 sq., 202, 204, 226, 246, 256, 263, 269; by Protestants, 269

PersephonÊ, 55, 56

Persia, religion of, 19, 75, 79; Christianity in, 82, 132, 148, 162

"Persons" of Trinity, 103

Peru, religion of, 110; conquest of, 173, 311

Peter, myth of, 18, 28, 29, 30, 58, 138, 174

——Waldus, 201

——the Hermit, 218, 220 Peter, Gospel of, 19

——Epistles of, 18

Petra, 18

Petrarch, 248

Petrobrussians, 200

Pharisees, 6, 47

Philip II, 232, 254

——the Fair, 223

——of Hesse, 258

Philo, 39, 61, 78, 96

Philosophy, cosmic, 77, 78 sq.; Greek, 60 sq., 78 sq., 85, 158; modern, 195, 282, 283 sq.

Phocas, 155, 176

Phoenician religion, 21, 22, 25, 38, 69

Photinus, 135

Photius, 240–41 Phronesis, 94

Phrygia, cults of, 51–53, 56, 99

Pierce, C. S., 285

Pietism, 298

Pilate, 28

Plato and Platonism, 39, 79, 95, 96, 291

Pliny junior, 108

Plotinus, 85, 291

Plutarch, 85

Poland, conversion of, 171; Reformation in, 257, 268; recaptured by Rome, 262 sq.

Political causation, 41, 63

Polycarp, epistles of, 3; character of, 83

Polygamy, 162

Polytheism, Christian, 138, 141, 151, 162, 185, 187

Pomeranians, conversion of, 172

Pompey, 57 Pontifex Maximus, Christian emperors as, 116, 118, 125, 135

Poor, religious movements of, 5–7, 38, 43, 45; in Christian Church, 71, 83

Pope, the name, 175

Porphyry, 85

Portugal, rationalism in, 295

Poseidon, 37

Positivism, 295

Poverty, ancient and modern, 71–72, 312 —— Christianity and, 162, 207, 312

Praetextatus, 135

Pragmatism, 285

Praxeas, 103, 147

Prayer, ethic of, 62

Prayers for the dead, 72, 147

Preaching, rise of, 70, 87

Predestinarianism, 146, 197, 257

Presbyterianism, 264, 268, 272, 296–97

Presbyters, 16, 45, 70, 71, 83, 87, 90, 120

—— the twenty-four, 16

Priesthood, Christian, morals of, 85, 89; growth of, 87 sq.; avarice of, 116, 126, 134, 155, 167, 181

Priesthoods, ancient wealth of, 69

Priestley, 287

Priscillian, 136, 145

Progress, Christianity and, 159, 238, 320. See Decadence

Propaganda, Catholic College of, 292, 296

Prophets, Christian, 70, 76, 87

Proselytes, Jewish, 20, 34

Proserpine, 55, 56

Protestantism, effects of, on civilization, 265 sq.; later position of, 296 sq.

Protestants, name, 259; movement, 245 sq.; sects of, 266, 277; missions of, 302

Provence, heresy in, 201–202

Prudentius, 157

Prussia, 299

Psalms, the, 290

Psyche, myth of, 33

“Publicans and sinners,” 38, 45, 65

Pulci, 196

Purgatory, 124, 192, 197, 225

Puritanism, 269

Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism, 27, 50

Quadrivium, 232

Quakers, 99, 277, 313

Queen of Heaven, the, 57, 76

Rabelais, 274

Race, theory of, 254

Ram-symbol, 59

Ranke, 271

Rationalism, pagan, 130; modern, rise and growth of, 194 sq., 275 sq., 279 sq.

Ratramnus, 194–95, 225

Raymond of Toulouse, 201 sq.

Readers, 83

Realism, 246

Reformation, the, 193, 245 sq.; political results of, 257 sq.; intellectual results of, 265 sq.

Regiomontanus, 234

Relics, adoration of, 88–89, 164, 185, 186, 192, 225

Religion, conditions of evolution of, 40, 42 sq., 49, 67, 69, 100

Remi, St., 233

Renaissance, the, 182, 196, 224, 234

Renan, 289

Resurrection, myth and doctrine of, 36, 38, 52, 53, 93, 97

Reuchlin, 248 Revelation, Book of, 16, 23, 27, 31

Rhadagast, 142

Rhea-CybelÊ, 76

Rhetoric, pagan and Christian, 156

Richard I, 222

Richelieu, 261, 263

Rimini, Council of, 126

Ritual, growth of, 84, 87, 101 sq., 137, 163, 184 sq.

Robert Guiscard, 180

Rock, the Mithraic, 58

—— tomb, the, 36, 58, 60

Roman Empire, 41 sq., 46, 51, 60, 69, 106, 113–14, 166; spread of Christianity in, 81

Rome, pagan cults of, 43, 52, 55–56, 57; pagan priesthoods of, 43, 69; early church of, 81, 83, 174; life of, under Christianity, 164, 178; sack of, 251; aspects of, under Papacy, 271 sq.

—— Church of, 81, 90

Romuald, St., 226

Roscellinus, 195

Royal Society, 281 Ruach, the Hebrew, 152

Russia, conversion of, 171; influence of in Greece, 306 sq.; religion in, 307 sq.

Sabazios, cult of, 56

Sabellius and Sabellianism, 103, 120, 147

SacÆa, the, 38

Sacerdotalism, Christian, 166, 189

Sacraments, pagan, 20 sq., 25, 32, 44, 55; the four Christian, 192; rejection of, 199, 200

Sacrifices, 20 sq., 47, 52, 53

Sadducees, 6, 49

Sagarelli, 200

Saint-Simon, 295

Saints successors of Gods, 138

—— worship of, 185–86, 187, 234

Saladin, 222

Salvation Army, 300

Salvian, 155

Samaritan religion, 6, 8, 27, 29, 92

—— elements in Christianity, 6, 8, 29, 37, 39, 92, 95, 152

Samothracian Gods, 33

Samson, 12, 29

Saracens, science of, 159; arts of, 162; influence of on Europe, 186–87, 196, 199, 201, 221, 229, 232, 233, 315. See Moors and Mohammedanism

Sarpi, 292

Sassanides, the, 133

Satan, 92, 98

Saturn, 21

Saturninus, 92, 93

Saviour-Gods, 10, 12, 29, 31, 51 sq., 57, 60, 77, 102

Savonarola, 212

Saxons, conversion of, 169 sq.

Scandinavia, conversion of, 170 sq.; Protestantism in, 253 sq., 274; rationalism in, 298, 299

Scepticism, ancient, 106

Schiller, Mr., 285

Scholarship, promoted by Church in Renaissance, 235; later revival of, 248 sq.

Schools, pagan and Christian, 158, 183, 248

Science, Greek, 41, 42, 118, 158, 232; revival of, 196–97, 233 sq., 276, 278; and religion, 183, 279, 282, 315 sq.

Scot, Reginald, 270

Scotland, Reformation in, 253, 264, 268, 270, 274, 296

Scribes and Pharisees, 49, 88

“Seal of God,” 27

Sectarianism, Christian, 76, 100, 104, 111, 118, 122, 141, 144, 150, 153, 161, 260, 264, 266, 277, 309

Secular clergy, rise of, 167

Selenus, Bishop, 186

SemelÊ, 55

Semitic religion, 11–12, 15, 16, 54, 61, 152

Semo, 29

Senate, the Roman, 41

Seneca, 61, 214

Septuagint, 48, 72

Sepulchre, the Holy, 219, 306, 309

Serapis, 35, 57, 106

Sergius, 198

Sermon on the Mount, 7, 15, 65

Servetus, 103, 268, 274

Servia, conversion of, 171

Seven, banquet of, 36

—— angels, 92

—— liberal arts, 232

Seventy-two apostles, myth of, 17

Severus, 107

Shaftesbury, 283, 284

Shakespeare, 13, 275

Shepherd, the Good, 33

Shew-bread, 22

Siam, Jesuits in, 292–93

Sibylline books, 88

Sicily, heresy in, 197; Moslem conquest of, 244

Sigismund III, 262–63

Silenus, 37

Simon, a God-name, 18, 29

Simon de Montfort, 202

—— Magus, 29, 36, 92

—— Richard, 287

Simony, 167, 181

Simplicius, 156

Sixtus V (Pope), 271

Skoptsi, 309

Slavery, 50, 61, 117, 156, 162, 163, 214 sq., 218, 221, 222, 239, 308

Slaves, in early cults, 44, 45, 68; in Christian Church, 68, 83, 117, 214 sq., 218, 221

Slavs, conversion of, 171, 173; invasion of Byzantium by, 241

Smith, Adam, 284, 297

Socialism, 229, 321

Socinus and Socinianism, 268

Sociology, 317

“Son of God,” 21, 35, 36

Sons, sacrifices of, 21, 23, 38 Sophia, 39, 94

Sophists, 70

Sorbonne, the, 256

Sorcery, 225, 227

South African War, 313

Spain, religion in, 144, 145, 146, 161, 173, 176, 187, 294; inquisition in, 229 sq.; ruin of, 230; rationalism in, 295, 319

Spencer, 284, 299

Spinoza, 194, 283, 284, 287

Spires, Diets of, 259

Spirit, the Holy, 35, 37, 99, 123, 152

Stable-birth myth, 37

Stephen, the boy crusader, 221

—— of Hungary, 172

Stercoranism, 225

Stilicho, 142–43

Stoicism, 61, 64, 70, 129, 131, 212, 215

Storch, 258

Strauss, 289, 298

Stundists, 309

Suetonius, 31

Suidas, 241

Sulpicius Severus, 31

Sun-day, 58, 120

Sun-myth, 12, 23, 56

Sun-worship, 50

Superstition, Christian, 84, 101–102, 161, 224 sq., 269 sq.

Supper, Holy. See Eucharist

Sweden, Reformation in, 254

Switzerland, Reformation in, 252, 262, 264, 266, 274, 296–98

Sword, Order of the, 172

Sylvanus, 198

Sylvester II (Pope), 218, 233

Symbols, sacrificial, 23 sq., 190

Synods, 70, 91

Synoptic Gospels, 11

Syria, cults of, 53, 54; Gnostics in, 92

Tabitha and Talitha, 30

Tacitus, 31

Tammuz, 53. See Adonis

Tanquelin, 200

Tatian, 93 Tau, the Hebrew, 27

Tauler, 212 Taurobolium, 59

Tax-gatherers, 65 Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, 17, 19, 48, 65, 66

Templars, the Knights, 207, 221–23

Temple, destruction of, 5

Teresa, St., 188

Tertullian, 64, 68, 81, 84, 85, 99, 100, 107, 110

Tetrads, Gnostic, 94

Tetzel, 249 sq.

Teutonic Knights, 172 Theandrios, 22

Themistius, 133

Theodora, 153

—— (mother of Michael), 240

Theodoric, 144, 174

Theodorus of Mopsuestia, 147

Theodosius the Great, 135 sq., 138, 139, 142, 144, 145, 154, 155, 175, 185

Theodosius II, 158

Theodotus, 103, 104

Theologians, hatred of, 267 Theologos, the, 87

Theophilus of Antioch, 34

Theosophies, ancient, 30

Thirty Years’ War, 260 sq., 298

Thomas Aquinas, 188, 196, 217

—— À Kempis, 211

Thoth, 38, 79

Thrace, heresy in, 198

Thucydides, 159

Tiberius, 109

Tilly, 260, 262

Tiridates, 127

Titans, the, 55

Tithes, 169, 177, 192

Toledo, Council of, 152

Toleration, ideal of, 106, 124, 133, 143, 154, 173, 239

Tolstoy, 308

Tombs, sacred, 76

Torquemada, 230

Torture, use of, 64, 108, 126, 210, 231

TourguÉnief, 308 Traditores, 112

Trajan, 108, 164

Transubstantiation, 189, 194, 224, 266

Transylvania, Prince of, 261

Trent, Council of, 272

Triads, Egyptian, 122

Tribonian, 150

Trinity, doctrine of, 17, 97, 102 sq., 122 sq., 135, 181, 188, 195, 284

Trivium, 232

Truce of God, 193

Turks, the, 173, 217, 259, 303 sq., 313

Twelve apostles, myth of, 2, 16–19, 28

Typhon, 19, 56

Ulphilas, 142

Uncleanliness, pious, 206

Underworld, Gods of, 33, 56, 57

Unitarianism, 54, 102, 104, 195, 268, 275, 277, 281, 287, 290, 301, 313. See Arianism

United States, religion in, 264, 295, 300–301, 317

Universities, rise of, 248

Urania, 54

Urban II (Pope), 217

Usury, papal, 181; Jewish, 227

Utilitarianism, Christian, 310, 317

Utopia, 322

Valens, 134, 135, 154, 185

Valentinian, 133–34, 139, 154

—— II, 136, 139

Valentinus, 94

Valerian, 108, 109

Valla, 248

Vandals, the, 143

Van Manen, 5, n.

Vaudois, the, 201, 256

Vedas, 79, 122

Vegetation, symbol of, 7–8; Gods of, 52 sq., 56

Venice, 220

Vergilius, the priest, 196

Verona, Council of, 228

Vesalius, 274

Vespasian, 110

Vico, 292

Victor of Rome, 90

Victory, Goddess of, 115, 135, 139

Vienne and Lyons, churches of, 108

Vigilantius, 146

Vikings, 170

Virgil, 60, 235

Virgin-mother myth, 37, 52, 76, 225, 290

Visigoths, religion of, 143, 161

Vladimir, 171

Voltaire, 282, 287, 320

Vulgate, the, 10

Wafer, the consecrated, 25, 190, 191

Waldenses, 201, 256

Wallenstein, 261, 262

War, Christianity and, 118–27, 204, 258 sq., 267, 309, 313. See Crusades

Washington, 300

Water in sacrament, 23

Wazon of LiÈge, 201

Wells, sacred, 16

Wends, conversion of, 171

Wesel, John of, 246, 249

Wessel, John, 246, 249

Westphalia, Peace of, 261–62

Whittaker, T., 5 n.

Wiclif, 203, 204, 248

Widow’s son, myth of, 38

Widows in early Church, 71

Wier, John, 270

William of Occam, 229

Wisdom, personification of, 39, 79, 94

Witchcraft mania, 224–47, 269 sq., 311

Women and Christianity, 45, 71, 76, 83, 206, 209, 212, 269, 296

Word, the, 79. See Logos

Xavier, 293

Yahweh, 54, 77, 123

Yeschu, 23

Yischak, 23

York, early Christians at, 82

Zacharias, Pope, 176

Zara, capture of, 220 Zechariah, Book of, 7

Zeller, 298

Zendavesta, 58

Zeno, the emperor, 149

Zenobia, 104

Zeus, 37, 56, 102, 187

Zoa, the four, 76

Zoroaster, 2

Zulus, conquest of, 173

Zurich, 251, 264, 298

Zwingli, 251, 264, 266

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