Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of genera or species; figures in italics indicate that the reference relates to systematic position; figures in thick type refer to an illustration; f. = and in following page or pages; n. = note.

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Antibrachium, see fore-arm

Antilocapra, 46;

horns, 417

Antilocapridae, 46

Antitrochanter, duck, 325

Antlers, 8, 358;

Cervidae, 469

Antorbital process, 18

Anura, 36;

general characters, 136;

hyoid apparatus, 180;

pelvis, 187;

posterior limb, 188;

skull, 179;

sternum, 182;

vertebrae, 172

Apatornis, 40;

vertebrae, 332

Apteria, 328

Apteryges, 40

Apteryx, 40, 299;

aftershaft, 329;

anterior nares, 333;

claws, 330;

foot, 342;

manus, 338;

pectineal process, 341;

pectoral girdle, 338;

pneumaticity of skeleton, 331;

A. oweni, pelvic girdle and sacrum, 340

Aqueductus vestibuli, dogfish, 74

Arcade:

infratemporal—, crocodile, 255;

Sphenodon, 283;

inner —, duck, 318;

outer —, duck, 318;

supratemporal —, crocodile, 257;

reptiles, 281

Archaeoceti, 44;

general characters, 356;

skull, 461;

teeth, 426

Archaeopteryx, 40, 297;

claws, 330;

fibula, 341;

mandible, 335;

metatarsals, 342;

pelvis, 341;

ribs, 336;

sacrum, 333;

skull, 333;

tail, 333;

teeth, 330;

wing, 338

Archaeornithes, 40;

characters, 297

Archegosaurus, 35, 161;

turtle, 231

Basi-occipital, 19;

crocodile, 246;

cod, 97;

dog, 386;

duck, 315;

salmon, 89;

turtle, 224

Basipterygium, cod, 103;

dogfish, 82

Basisphenoid, 19;

crocodile, 247;

dog, 386;

salmon, 91;

turtle, 225

Bastard wing, duck, 304

Bathyerginae, palate, 366

Bathyergus, 47;

auditory ossicles, 488;

manus, 511

Batoidei, 32, 64

Batrachoseps, 35;

teeth, 169

Bats, claws, 418;

Horseshoe bats, 49;

see Chiroptera

Bdellostoma, 31, 55;

teeth, 57

Beak, 3;

birds, 329;

duck, 302;

Siren, 168;

tadpoles of Anura, 168;

turtle, 215

Bears, 48, 369;

manus, 511;

pes, 526;

sacral vertebrae, 452;

skull, 479;

Isabelline — mandible, 438

Beaver, 47;

fibula, 520;

humerus, 502;

pes, 526;

sacrum, 452;

tail, 454

Belodon, 39, 211;

frontals, 277;

palate, 281;

vertebrae, 275

Bichir, 33;

see Polypterus

Bicipital groove, dog, 405

Bilophodont, defined, 345;

teeth of Tapiridae, 429

Bipes, 38;

limbs, 289

Birds, anterior limb, 39;

characters, 209;

premaxillae, 284

Ceratopsidae, 39

Ceratosaurus, 38, 208;

supratemporal fossae, 283;

C. nasicornis, skeleton, 206

Cercopithecidae, 49, 373

Cervical ribs, crocodile, 260;

reptiles, 285

Cervical vertebrae, crocodile, 239;

dog, 380;

duck, 307;

general characters, 15;

mammals, 442;

turtle, 219

Cervidae, 46;

skull, 469

Cervulus, 46;

pes, 523

Cervus, 46;

C. megaceros, antlers, 469

Cestracion, 32;

calcification of vertebrae, 114;

external branchial arches, 121;

pectoral fin, 130;

skull, 118;

suspensorium, 119;

teeth, 109;

vertebral column, 114

Cestraciontidae 32

Cetacea 44, 522;

arm bones, 501;

auditory ossicles, 487;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

cervical vertebrae, 444;

characters, 353;

exoskeleton, 416 f.;

hind limb, 518;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pelvis, 514;

position of limbs, 28;

ribs, 491;

skull, 461 f.;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 426;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Cetiosauridae, 38

Chalcides, 38;

limbs, 289

Chalicotheriidae, 46;

femur, 519;

manus, 509

Chalicotherium, 46;

femur, 360;

pes, 508, 83 f.

Coelogenys, 48;

zygomatic arch, 477

Coenolestes, 43, 424

Coffer-fish, 33;

see, Ostracion

Colobus, 49;

pollex, 512

Colubridae, 38

Columbae, 42

Columbidae, 42

Columella, crocodile, 251;

duck, 320;

frog, 157;

turtle, 228

Columella cranii, 200 n;

see epipterygoid

Colymbi, 40

Colymbiformes, 40

Compsognathidae, 38

Compsognathus, 38, 208

Condylar ridge, duck, 326

Condyle of humerus, dog, 406;

of mandible, dog, 398

Condylarthra, 47;

femur, 519;

general characters, 361;

manus, 509;

skull, 472;

teeth, 432

Contour feather, duck, 303

Copula, 23

Coracias, 42;

see Roller

Coraciae, 42

Coraciiformes, 42

Coracoid, 25;

cod, 103;

crocodile, 263;

duck, 322;

frog, 163;

Monotremata, 493;

newt, 147;

reptiles, 288;

turtle, 232

Coracoid groove, duck, 321

Cormorant, 41;

foot, 342;

skull, 335

Cornu, see hyoid

Cornua trabeculae, 18

Coryphodon, 47;

femur, 519;

manus, 510;

pes, 525;

skull, 473;

teeth, 433;

C. hamatus, manus, 510

Coryphodontidae, 47

Costal plate, turtle, 215;

— process, duck, 321;

— shield, turtle, 214

Coty ost@g@html@files@43431@43431-h@43431-h-4.htm.html#Page_111" class="pginternal">111

Dipodidae, 47

Diprotodont, 423

Diprotodontia, 43;

characters, 350

Dipteridae, 34, 70;

cranium, 124;

tail, 117;

teeth, 111

Dipus, 47;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

pes, 526

Discoglossidae, 36

Discoglossus, 36;

ribs, 182;

vertebrae, 172

Distal, defined, 23 n.

Divers, 40;

thoracic vertebrae, 332

Docidophryne, 36;

shoulder girdle and sternum, 183

Dodo, 42;

wing, 338

Dog, 48;

arm bones, 407;

anterior limb, 405;

atlas and axis, 379;

cranium, 384, 389, 396;

dentition, 375;

innominate bone, 410;

leg bones, 411;

manus, 408, 413, 511;

pectoral girdle, 404;

pelvic girdle, 409;

pes, 413, 414;

posterior limb, 412;

ribs, 402;

second lumbar vertebra, 382;

second thoracic vertebra, 382;

skull, 383, 387;

sternum, 403, 404;

vertebral column, 378

Dogfish, 64;

cranium, 73;

exoskeleton, 71;

median fins, 79;

pectoral girdle and fin, 79;

pelvic girdle, 81;

pelvic fin, 81;

ribs, 73;

skull, 73, 75;

vertebral column, 72 iles@43431@43431-h@43431-h-9.htm.html#Page_250" class="pginternal">250;

Labyrinthodontia, 177;

reptiles, 278;

salmon, 89;

turtle, 227

Epiphysis, 11

Epiplastron, turtle, 217

Epiprecoracoid, Amphibia, 184;

turtle, 232

Epipterygoid, Lacertilia, 200;

reptiles, 278

Epipubis, crocodile, 267;

newt, 149;

turtle, 235

Episternum, 217;

frog, 163

Equidae, 46;

mane, 416;

scapula, 496;

skull, 471

Equus, 46;

see Horse

Erinaceidae, 49

Erinaceus, 49;

dental formula, 440;

pelvic symphysis, 515;

presternum, 490;

see Hedgehog

Esocidae, 33

Esox, 33;

attachment of teeth, 107

Ethmoid, 394;

see median ethmoid

Ethmoidal plane, 390;

— region, 21

Ethmo-palatine ligament, dogfish, 77

Ethmo-turbinal, dog, 395

Euchirosaurus, 35;

vertebrae, 171

Eustachian canal, see Canal

Eusuchia, 39;

general characters, 212

Eutheria, 43;

general characters, 351

Exocaetus, 33;

pectoral fins, 131

Exoccipital, 19;

cod, 97;

crocodile, 246;

dog, 386;

duck, 314;

frog, 154;

newt, 141;

salmon, 89;

turtle, 224

Exoskeleton, 2;

Amphibia, 168;

birds, 328;

crocodile, 237;

dog, 374;

dogfish, 71;

duck, 302;

fish, 104;

ganoids, 1-h@43431-h-2.htm.html#Page_46" class="pginternal">46;

skull, 468

Geckonidae, 37;

see Gecko

Gecko, 37;

epipubis, 293;

parietals, 277;

supratemporal fossa, 283;

vertebrae, 275

Gibbon, 49;

ribs, 493;

skull, 482

Gill-rays, dogfish, 78;

salmon, 95

Giraffa, 46

Giraffe, 46, 359;

cervical vertebrae, 445;

manus, 507;

pes, 523;

ulna, 501

Giraffidae, 46; skull, 469

Girdle bone, frog, 156

Glenoid cavity, 25;

crocodile, 263;

dog, 405;

duck, 322;

frog, 162;

newt, 146;

turtle, 232;

—fossa, dog, 394

Globe-fish, 33

Globicephalus, 45;

cervical vertebrae, 354;

manus, 506;

skull, 463

Gluteal surface of ilium, dog, 410

Glyptodon, 44;

carapace, 419;

cervical vertebrae, 443;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

manus, 505;

pelvis, 513;

pes, 522;

teeth, 425;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Glyptodontidae, 44, 352;

skull, 459;

see also Glyptodon

Gnathostomata, 31, 59

Golden mole, 49;

see Chrysochloris

Goniopholidae, 39

Goniopholis, 39;

vertebrae, 275

Goose, 334;

beak, 329;

Spur-winged—41

Gorilla, 49;

carpus, 512;

ribs, 493;

scapula 31@43431-h@43431-h-1.htm.html#Page_42" class="pginternal">42, 331;

bony crest, 334;

interorbital septum, 333

Horns, 3, 417

Horny plates on palate, 418;

— teeth, Lampreys, 4;

Myxinoids, 57;

Ornithorhynchus, 4

Horse, 46, 360;

fibula, 519;

malleus, 487;

manus, 507;

pes, 524;

skull, 471;

teeth, 345, 430;

ulna, 501

Howling monkey, 49;

see Mycetes

Humerals, duck, 303 f.

Humeral shield, turtle, 215

Humerus, 26;

crocodile, 263;

dog, 405;

duck, 323;

frog, 164;

newt, 147;

turtle, 232;

wombat, 500

Humming-birds, 42, 335

Humpbacked whale, 44, 357

Hyaena, 48, 369;

hallux, 526;

pollex, 511;

sacral vertebrae, 452;

teeth, 437

Hyaenidae, 48;

humerus, 502

Hyaenodon, 48, 368

Hyaenodontidae, 48

Hyaline cartilage, 10

Hydrochaerus, 48;

teeth, 437;

see Capybara

Hydromys, 47;

dental formula, 436

Hydrophidae, 38;

scales, 270

Hydropotes, 46;

canines, 429

Hyla, 36;

fronto-parietal fontanelle, 179;

sternum, 184

Hylidae, 36

Hylobates, 49;

ribs, 493;

skull, dog, 393

Lepidosiren, 34, 70;

branchial arches, 125;

fins, 130

Lepidosteidae, 33

Lepidosteus, 33;

attachment of teeth, 108;

distribution, 66;

pectoral fins, 131;

scales, 67, 104;

skull, 123;

tail, 117;

vertebrae, 68

Lepidotus, 33;

teeth, 110

Leporidae, 48

Lepospondyli, 35

Lepus, 48;

see Hare

Leptoptilus, 41;

see Adjutant

Lialis, 37, 289

Limbs, general account, 26;

modifications in position of, 28;

reptiles, 289

Llama, 45, 359;

cervical vertebrae, 445;

skeleton, 496;

teeth, 428

Limicolae, 42

Lingual apparatus, lampreys, 58;

myxinoids, 57

Lion, 48

Loemanctus longipes, shoulder girdle and sternum, 287

Loggerhead turtle, carapace, 216

Lophiodon, 46;

teeth, 345, 429

Lophiodontidae, 46

Lophiomyidae, 47

Lophiomys, 47;

pes, 526;

skull, 476

Lophius, attachment of teeth, 107

Lower jaw, see Mandible

Lumbar vertebrae, 16;

crocodile, 242;

dog, 378 f.;

duck, 311

Lunar, 27;

dog, 408

Macacus, 49;

cervical vertebrae, 446

Machaerodus, 48;

upper canines, 437

Macrauchenia, 46, 358;

calcaneum, 360;

cervical vertebrae, 445 tem">carpus, 186;

skull, 175

Megalosauridae, 38

Megalosaurus, 38, 208

Megapodius, spur, 330

Megaptera, 44, 357

Megatheriidae, 44, 352;

humerus, 501;

leg bones, 517;

pelvis, 513;

sacrum, 452;

teeth, 424;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Megatherium, 44;

femur, 517;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pes, 522;

skull, 458

Megistanes, 40, 299

Membranous cranium, 17

Menobranchidae, 35

Menobranchus, 35, 135;

carpus, 185;

pes, 188;

skull, 174;

teeth, 169

Menopoma, 35;

see Cryptobranchus

Mento-meckelian, 22;

frog, 161;

reptiles, 284

Merganser, 41;

beak, 329

Mergus, 41

Merrythought, duck, 322

Mesethmoid, 20;

dog, 390;

duck, 317

Mesoplodon, 44;

teeth, 427

Mesopterygium, 79

Mesosauridae, 37

Mesosaurus, 37

Mesosternum, dog, 404

Metacarpal quill, duck, 303

Metacarpo-digital, duck, 303

Metacarpus, 26;

see Manus

Metacromion, hares and rabbits, 497

Meta-pterygium, 79

Metatarsus, 26;

see Pes

Metatheria, 43;

general characters, 349

Metriorhynchus, 39, 278

Microchiroptera, 49;

general characters, 49;

carpus, 512;

ribs, 25;

Amphibia, 187;

birds, 339;

crocodile, 266;

dog, 409;

dogfish, 81;

duck, 324;

fish, 127;

frog, 165;

mammals, 512;

newt, 149;

Ratitae, 340;

Reptilia, 291;

turtle, 235

Penguin, 40;

distribution of feathers, 328;

fibula, 341;

foot, 342;

manus, 338;

metatarsus, 342;

pneumaticity of skeleton, 331;

skull, 333;

sternum, 336;

thoracic vertebrae, 332;

wing, 329, 339

Penna, duck, 303

Pentedactylate, defined, 26

Perameles, 43;

atlas, 443;

pectoral girdle, 494

Peramelidae, 43, 350;

auditory ossicles, 486;

pes, 522

Perca, 34

Perch, 34;

pelvic fin, 132;

urostyle, 117

Percidae, 34

Perennibranchiata, 35;

characters, 135

Perichondrium, 10

Perichordal sheath, 16

Periosteal ossification, 10

Periosteum, 10

Periotic, dog, 390;

— capsule, see Auditory capsule

Perissodactyla, 46;

cervical vertebrae, 445;

general characters, 359;

manus, 507;

pes, 523;

ribs, 491;

scapula, 496;

skull, 470;

teeth, 429;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Persistent pulps, 5

Pes, 26;

crocodile, 268;

s="subitem">ribs, 493;

sacrum, 452;

shoulder girdle, 499;

skull, 482 f.;

sternum, 490;

tail, 454;

teeth, 441;

thigh and shin, 520;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Priodon, 44;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

manus, 505;

stapes, 487;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 424

Pristidae, 32

Pristis, 32;

snout or rostrum, 109, 119

Proboscidea, 47;

arm bones, 502;

cervical vertebrae, 445;

general characters, 364;

femur, 519;

manus, 511;

pelvis, 514;

pes, 526;

scapula, 497;

skull, 473;

teeth, 433;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 449

Procavia, 47, 363;

auditory ossicles, 487;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

dental formula, 432;

humerus, 502;

manus, 510;

pelvis, 514;

pes, 525;

ribs, 491;

scapula, 497;

skull, 433, 472;

tarsus, 27;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 449

Process, alinasal —, frog, 158;

basi-pterygoid —, birds, 334;

coracoid —, dog, 405;

coronoid — (of mandible), dog, 398;

duck, 319;

coronoid — (of ulna), dog, 408;

pectineal —, duck, 326;

postfrontal —, duck, 316;

postglenoid —, dog, 394;

postorbital — (of frontal), dog, 388;

postorbital — (of jugal), dog, 398;

posterior articular —, duck, 303, 329

Reed-fish, 33

Reindeer, antlers, 469

Remicle, duck, 304

Remiges, 303, 329

Reptiles, anterior limb, 290;

exoskeleton, 270;

fossae in skull, 281;

pectoral girdle, 288;

pelvic girdle, 291;

posterior limb, 293;

ribs, 285;

skull, 276;

sternum, 287;

teeth, 272;

vertebral column, 275

Reptilia, 36;

general characters, 190;

see Reptiles

Rhabdopleura, 30, 50

Rhamphastos, 42;

see Toucan

Rhamphorhynchidae, 39

Rhamphorhynchus, 39, 213, 274

Rhea, 40;

aftershaft, 329;

claws, 330;

ischia, 341;

manus, 338;

R. macrorhyncha, pelvic girdle and sacrum, 340

Rheornithes, 40

Rhina, 32;

see Squatina

Rhinal process, frog, 158

Rhinoceros, 46, 360, 419;

femur, 518;

fibula, 519;

malleus, 487;

manus, 508;

nasal horns, 3, 417;

pes, 525;

skull, 421, 470;

teeth, 430;

ulna, 501;

R. antiquitatis, 470

Rhinocerotidae, 46

Rhinolophidae, 49

Rhiptoglossa, 38

Rhizodontidae, 33

Rhizodus, 33;

teeth, 110

Rhynchocephalia, 37;

general characters, 197;

humerus, 290;

teeth, 16 f.;

Amphibia, 173 f.;

Anura, 179 f.;

birds, 333 f.;

cod, 96 f.;

crocodile, 243 f.;

diagram of Mammalian, 385;

Dipnoi, 124;

dog, 383 f.;

dogfish, 73 f.;

donkey, 431;

duck, 312 f.;

fish, 117;

frog, 154 f., 159;

Globicephalus, 463;

Gymnophiona, 177;

Indian elephant, 474;

Mammalia, 455;

Marsipobranchii, 57;

pig, 466;

Procavia, 433;

reptiles, 276 f.;

Rhinoceros, 421;

Rhytina, 460;

sloth, 458;

Tasmanian wolf, 456;

Teleostei, 124;

turtle, 222 f.;

wombat, 456

Sloth, 43, 352;

auditory ossicles, 487;

arm bones, 500;

claws, 418;

leg bones, 517;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pelvis, 513;

pes, 522;

ribs, 491;

sacrum, 452;

skull, 457;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 424;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Snake, 38;

see Ophidia

Sole, 33

Solea, 33

Solenodon, 49;

teeth, 440

Solenodontidae, 49

Solitaire, 42, 330;

wing, 338;

wrist, 330

Sorex, 49;

pelvis, 515;

see Shrew

Soricidae, 49;

skull, 281

Surinam toad, 36;

see Pipa

Sus, 45;

dental formula, 428;

see Pig

Suspensorium, Amphibia, 173;

dogfish, 78;

duck, 319;

frog, 160;

newt, 144;

Pisces, 61

Sutures, 12

Swan, 41;

cervical and thoracic vertebrae, 332

Swift, 42, 335;

foot, 342

Symplectic, cod, 100;

salmon, 94

Tails, fish, 60

Talpa, 49;

pelvis, 515;

see Mole

Talpidae, 49

Tapir, 46, 360;

malleus, 487;

pes, 524, 525;

teeth, 345;

see Tapirus

Tapiridae, 46;

dental formula, 429

Tapirus, 46;

fibula, 519;

manus, 508;

skull, 471;

see Tapir

Tarsier, 49

Tarsiidae, 49

Tarsipes, 43, 349;

mandible, 457

Tarsius, 49, 372;

pes, 527

Tarso-metatarsus, duck, 327

Tarsus, 26 f.;

crocodile, 268;

dog, 414;

frog, 166;

newt, 150;

turtle, 236

Tasmanian devil, 43;

see Sarcophilus;

— wolf, 43;

see Thylacinus

Tatusia, 44;

stapes, 487;

teeth, 424

Tectospondyli, 114

Tectrices, duck, 306

Teeth, 6;

Amphibia, 169;

birds, 330;

cod, 83;

crocodile, 452;

skull, 464 f.;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 427 f.;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Ungulata vera, 45;

arm bones, 501;

general characters, 358;

manus, 506;

pelvis, 514;

thigh and shin, 519

Upper arm, 26;

crocodile, 263;

dog, 405;

duck, 323;

frog, 164;

newt, 147;

turtle, 232

Upupa, 42;

see Hoopoe

Urochordata, 30, 51

Urodela, 35;

general characters, 134;

pelvis, 187;

ribs, 182;

skull, 174

Urohyal, cod, 101;

duck, 320

Urostyle, Anura, 172;

cod, 85;

frog, 153;

Teleostei, 117

Ursidae, 48;

humerus, 502

Ursus, 48;

dental formula, 439;

see Bears

Vacuities, anterior palatine —, crocodile, 252, 258;

— in reptilian skull, 281;

posterior palatine —, crocodile, 254, 257;

pre-orbital —, reptiles, 283 f.

Vampire, 49;

teeth, 441

Vane, of feather, 303

Varanidae, 38

Varanus, 38;

shoulder girdle, 202;

skull, 201

Vasodentine, 108, 272

Vertebral column, 14;

Amphibia, 170;

birds, 332;

cod, 83;

crocodile, 239;

dog, 378;

duck, 307;

Elasmobranchs, 113;

frog, 152;

mammals, Cambridge: Printed by J. and C.F. Clay, at the University Press.

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