The following classification includes only the forms mentioned in the succeeding pages. The relative value of some of the terms employed in classification is not identical throughout the book. This remark applies specially to the term group, which is a convenient one, owing to its not having such a hard and fast zoological meaning as has the term family, for instance. The term group is applied in this book to divisions of the animal kingdom of very different classificatory importance.

PHYLUM CHORDATA.

SUBPHYLUM A. HEMICHORDATA.

• Balanoglossus.
• Cephalodiscus.
• Rhabdopleura.
• ? Phoronis.
• (? Actinotrocha—larval Phoronis).

SUBPHYLUM B. UROCHORDATA (TUNICATA).

• Group Larvacea and others.

SUBPHYLUM C. CEPHALOCHORDATA.

• Amphioxus—lancelet.

Note. In this chapter all the generic names printed in italics are those of extinct animals.

SUBPHYLUM D. VERTEBRATA.

DIVISION (I). CYCLOSTOMATA.

• Order 1. Marsipobranchii.
• Family Myxinoidei. Myxine—hag-fish.
• Bdellostoma.
• Family Petromyzontidae. Petromyzon—lamprey.
• (Ammocoetes—larval lamprey.)
• Family Palaeospondylidae. Palaeospondylus.
• Order 2. Ostracodermi.
• Suborder 1. Heterostraci.
• Family Pteraspidae. Pteraspis.
• Suborder 2. Osteostraci.
• Family Cephalaspidae. Cephalaspis.
• Suborder 3. Antiarcha.
• Family Asterolepidae. Pterichthys.
• Asterolepis.

DIVISION (II). GNATHOSTOMATA.

A. ICHTHYOPSIDA.

CLASS I. PISCES.

• Order 1. Elasmobranchii.
• Suborder (1). Ichthyotomi.
• Family Pleuracanthidae. Xenacanthus.
• Suborder (2). Pleuropterygii.
• Cladoselache.
• Suborder (3). Selachii.
• Group Squalidae.
• Family Notidanidae. Heptanchus.
• Hexanchus.
• Chlamydoselache—frill-gilled shark.
• Family Cochliodontidae. Cochliodus.

• Family Cestraciontidae. Cestracion—Port Jackson shark.
• Acrodus.
• Family Scylliidae. Scyllium—spotted dogfish.
• Family Lamnidae. Odontaspis.
• Family Carcharidae. Galeus—tope.
• Family Spinacidae. Acanthias—spiny dogfish.
• Scymnus.
• Family Squatinidae. Squatina (Rhina)—angel fish.
• Group Batoidei.
• Family Pristidae. Pristis—saw-fish.
• Family Raiidae. Raia—skate.
• Family Myliobatidae. Myliobatis—eagle ray.
• Family Trygonidae. Trygon—sting ray.
• Family Torpedinidae. Torpedo—electric ray.
• Suborder (4). Acanthodii.
• Family Acanthodidae. Acanthodes.
• Family Diplacanthidae. Diplacanthus.
• Order 2. Holocephali.
• Family Chimaeridae. Chimaera—rabbit fish.
• Harriotta.
• Callorhynchus.
• Ischyodus.
• Order 3. Ganoidei.
• Suborder (1). Chondrostei.
• Family Palaeoniscidae. Palaeoniscus.
• Trissolepis.
• Family Acipenseridae. Acipenser—sturgeon.
• Scaphirhynchus.
• Family Polyodontidae. Polyodon (Spatularia)—spoon-beaked sturgeon.
• Psephurus—slender-beaked sturgeon.

• Suborder (2). Crossopterygii.
• Family Holoptychiidae. Holoptychius.
• Family Rhizodontidae. Rhizodus.
• Family Osteolepidae. Osteolepis.
• Family Polypteridae. Polypterus—bichir.
• Calamoichthys—reed-fish.
• Suborder (3). Holostei.
• Family Lepidosteidae. Lepidosteus—gar pike.
• Family Semionotidae. Lepidotus.
• Family Amiidae. Amia—bow-fin.
• Order 4. Teleostei.
• Suborder (1). Plectognathi.
• Family Balistidae. Balistes—file-fish.
• Family Gymnodontidae. Diodon—globe-fish.
• Family Ostracionidae. Ostracion—coffer-fish.
• Suborder (2). Physostomi.
• Family Siluridae.—cat-fishes.
• Family Cyprinidae. Cyprinus—carp.
• Family Esocidae. Esox—pike.
• Family Salmonidae. Salmo—salmon.
• Family Clupeidae. Clupeus—herring.
• Exocaetus—'flying fish'.
• Family Muraenidae. Anguilla—eel.
• Suborder (3). Anacanthini.
• Family Gadidae. Gadus—cod, haddock, whiting.
• Family Pleuronectidae. Solea—sole.
• Suborder (4). Pharyngognathi.
• Family Labridae. Labrus—wrasse.
• Scarus—parrot fish.

• Suborder (5). Acanthopterygii.
• Family Cataphracti. Dactylopterus—flying gurnard.
• Family Percidae. Perca—perch.
• Order 5. Dipnoi.
• Suborder (1). Sirenoidei.
• Family Dipteridae. Dipterus.
• Family Monopneumona. Ceratodus—barramunda.
• Family Dipneumona. Protopterus—African mud-fish.
• Lepidosiren.
• Suborder (2). Arthrodira.
• Family Coccosteidae. Coccosteus.
• Dinichthys.

Note. Palaeontological research has disclosed the existence of a great number of forms which seem to connect with one another almost all the orders of fishes as usually recognised. Forms connecting the living Ganoids with the Teleosteans have been especially numerous, so that these terms Ganoid and Teleostean can hardly be any longer used in a precise and scientific sense. This has rendered the subject of the classification of fishes a very difficult one. Though unsuitable for adoption in a work like the present, by far the most natural classification hitherto proposed seems to be that of Smith Woodward[15]. He considers that the course of development of fishes has followed two distinct lines, the autostylic and hyostylic (see p. 119), and groups the various forms as follows:

Hyostylic.	Autostylic.
Subclass 1. Elasmobranchii.	Subclass 3. Holocephali.
1. Ichthyotomi.	1. (unknown).
2. Selachii.	2. Chimaeroidei.
3. Acanthodii.	3. (unknown).
Subclass 2. Teleostomi.	Subclass 4. Dipnoi.
1. Crossopterygii (Palaeozoic	1. Sirenoidei.
and Mesozoic).
2. Crossopterygii (Cainozoic).	2. (unknown).
3. Actinopterygii.	3. Arthrodira.

The primitive forms in each of these four subclasses have the fins archipterygia (see p. 127).

CLASS II. AMPHIBIA.

• Order 1. Urodela.
• Suborder (1). Ichthyoidea.
• Group A. ,Perennibranchiata.
• Family Menobranchidae. Menobranchus.
• Family Proteidae. Proteus—olm.
• Family Sirenidae. Siren.
• Group B. Derotremata.
• Family Amphiumidae. Megalobatrachus.
• Cryptobranchus (Menopoma).
• Amphiuma.
• Suborder (2). Salamandrina.
• Family Salamandridae. Salamandra—salamander.
• Molge—newt.
• Onychodactylus.
• Amblystoma.
• (Siredon—axolotl, larval Amblystoma).
• Batrachoseps.
• Spelerpes (Gyrinophilus).
• Order 2. Labyrinthodontia.
• Group Lepospondyli. Branchiosaurus.
• Group Temnospondyli. Archegosaurus.
• Nyrania.
• Euchirosaurus.
• Group Stereospondyli. Capitosaurus.
• Mastodonsaurus.
• Order 3.Gymnophiona.
• Family Caeciliidae. Siphonops.
• Epicrium.

• Order 4. Anura.
• Suborder (1). Aglossa.
• Family Xenopidae. Xenopus.
• Family Pipidae. Pipa—Surinam toad.
• Suborder (2). Phaneroglossa.
• Group Arcifera.
• Family Discoglossidae. Discoglossus—painted frog.
• Bombinator—fire-bellied frog.
• Alytes—midwife frog.
• Family Pelobatidae. Pelobates—toad frog.
• Family Hylidae. Hyla—green tree-frog.
• Family Bufonidae. Bufo—toad.
• Docidophryne.
• Family Cystignathidae. Ceratophrys—horned frog.
• Group Firmisternia.
• Family Ranidae. Rana—common and edible frogs.
• Family Engystomatidae. Brachycephalus.

B. SAUROPSIDA.

CLASS I. REPTILIA[16].

• Order 1. Theromorpha.
• Group Anomodontia. Dicynodon.
• Udenodon.
• Group Placodontia. Placodus.
• Group Pariasauria. Pariasaurus.
• Elginia.
• Group Theriodontia. Dimetrodon.
• Galesaurus.
• Cynognathus.

• Order 2. Sauropterygia.
• Family Mesosauridae. Mesosaurus.
• Family Nothosauridae. Nothosaurus.
• Family Plesiosauridae. Plesiosaurus.
• Pliosaurus.
• Order 3. Chelonia.
• Suborder (1). Trionychia.
• Family Trionychidae. Trionyx—snapping turtle.
• Suborder (2). Cryptodira.
• Family Dermochelydidae. Dermochelys (Sphargis)—leathery
• turtle.
• Family Chelonidae. Chelone—green turtle.
• Family Chelydridae. Chelydra—terrapin.
• Family Chersidae. Testudo—tortoise.
• Suborder (3). Pleurodira.
• Family Chelydae. Chelys.
• Order 4. Ichthyosauria.
• Family Ichthyosauridae. Ichthyosaurus.
• Order 5. Rhynchocephalia.
• Suborder (1). Rhynchocephalia vera.
• Family Sphenodontidae. Sphenodon (Hatteria).
• Family Rhynchosauridae. Hyperodapedon.
• Suborder (2). Proganosauria.
• Family Proterosauridae. Proterosaurus.
• Order 6. Squamata.
• Suborder (1). Lacertilia.
• Group Lacertilia vera.
• Family Geckonidae. Gecko.
• Family Pygopodidae. Lialis—scale-foot.

• Family Agamidae. Draco—flying lizard.
• Agama.
• Family Iguanidae. Iguana.
• Family Anguidae. Ophisaurus (Bipes, Pseudopus).
• Anguis—blindworm.
• Family Varanidae. Varanus—monitor.
• Family Amphisbaenidae. Chirotes.
• Amphisbaena.
• Family Scincidae. Tiliqua (Cyclodus).
• Scincus—skink.
• Chalcides (Seps).
• Group Rhiptoglossa.
• Family Chamaeleonidae. Chamaeleon.
• Suborder (2). Ophidia.
• Family Typhlopidae. Typhlops—blind snake.
• Family Boidae. Python.
• Family Colubridae. Tropidonotus—ringed snake.
• Family Hydrophidae—sea snakes.
• Family Crotalidae. Crotalus—rattlesnake.
• Suborder (3). Pythonomorpha.
• Family Mosasauridae. Mosasaurus.
• Order 7. Dinosauria.
• Suborder (1). Sauropoda.
• Family Atlantosauridae. Brontosaurus.
• Family Cetiosauridae. Morosaurus.
• Suborder (2). Theropoda.
• Family Megalosauridae. Megalosaurus (Ceratosaurus).
• Family Compsognathidae. Compsognathus.

• Suborder (3). Orthopoda.
• Section (a). Stegosauria.
• Family Scelidosauridae. Polacanthus.
• Family Stegosauridae. Stegosaurus.
• Section (b). Ceratopsia.
• Family Ceratopsidae. Polyonax (Ceratops).
• Section (c). Ornithopoda.
• Family Camptosauridae. Hypsilophodon.
• Family Iguanodontidae. Iguanodon.
• Family Hadrosauridae. Hadrosaurus.
• Order 8. Crocodilia.
• Suborder (1). Parasuchia.
• Family Phytosauridae. Phytosaurus (Belodon).
• Suborder (2). Eusuchia.
• Family Teleosauridae. Teleosaurus.
• Metriorhynchus.
• Family Goniopholidae. Goniopholis.
• Family Alligatoridae. Alligator.
• Caiman.
• Jacare.
• Family Crocodilidae. Crocodilus.
• Family Garialidae. Garialis (Gavialis).
• Order 9. Pterosauria.
• Family Pterodactylidae. Pterodactylus.
• Family Rhamphorhynchidae. Rhamphorhynchus.
• Family Pteranodontidae. Pteranodon.

CLASS II. AVES[17].

• Subclass (I). Archaeornithes.
• Archaeopteryx.
• Subclass (II). Neornithes.
• Order 1. Ratitae.
• Group Æpyornithes. Æpyornis.
• Group Apteryges. Apteryx—kiwi.
• Group Dinornithes. Moas.
• Group Megistanes. Casuarius—cassowary.
• Dromaeus—emeu.
• Group Rheornithes. Rhea—American ostrich.
• Group Struthiornithes. Struthio—ostrich.
• Order 2. Odontolcae.
• Hesperornis.
• Order 3. Carinatae.
• Group Ichthyornithiformes.
• Ichthyornis.
• Apatornis.
• Odontopteryx.
• Group Colymbiformes.
• Subgroup Colymbi—divers.
• Group Sphenisciformes.
• Subgroup Sphenisci—penguins.

• Group Ciconiiformes.
• Subgroup Steganopodes. Sula—gannet.
• Pelicanus—pelican.
• PhaËthon—frigate bird.
• Phalacrocorax—cormorant.
• Subgroup Ardeae. Ardea—heron
• Subgroup Ciconiae. Leptoptilus—adjutant.
• Ciconia—white stork.
• Group Anseriformes.
• Subgroup Palamedeae. Palamedea }
• } screamers.
• Chauna }
• Subgroup Anseres. Anas—wild duck.
• Anser—goose.
• Plectropterus—spur-winged goose.
• Cygnus—swan.
• Mergus—merganser.
• Group Falconiformes.
• Subgroup Cathartae. Cathartes—American vulture.
• Subgroup Accipitres. Falco—falcon.
• Vultur—vulture.
• Harpagus.
• Gypogeranus—secretary bird.
• Group Tinamiformes.
• Subgroup Tinami. Tinamus.
• Group Galliformes.
• Subgroup Galli. Gallus—fowl.
• Pavo—peacock.
• Subgroup Opisthocomi. Opisthocomus—hoatzin.
• Group Gruiformes.
• Gruidae—cranes.
• Group Stereornithes. Phororhacos.

• Group Charadriiformes.
• Subgroup Limicolae. Charadriidae—plovers.
• Parra—jacana.
• Subgroup Lari. Laridae—gulls.
• Alcidae—auks.
• Subgroup Pteroclidae. Pterocles—sandgrouse.
• Subgroup Columbidae. Columbae—pigeons.
• Didus—dodo.
• Pezophaps—solitaire.
• Group Cuculiformes.
• Subgroup Cuculi. Scythrops.
• Subgroup Psittaci. Stringops—owl-parrot.
• Group Coraciiformes.
• Subgroup Coraciae. Coracias—roller.
• Buceros—hornbill.
• Upupa—hoopoe.
• Subgroup Striges. Owls.
• Subgroup Cypseli. Cypselidae—swifts.
• Trochilidae—humming-birds.
• Subgroup Trogonidae. Trogons.
• Subgroup Pici. Rhamphastos—toucan.
• Picus—woodpecker.
• Group Passeriformes. Crows, finches, larks, warblers,
• and many others.

C. MAMMALIA[18].

Class MAMMALIA.

• Subclass (I). Ornithodelphia or Prototheria.
• Order. Monotremata.

• Family Ornithorhynchidae. Ornithorhynchus—duck-bill.
• Family Echidnidae. Echidna—spiny ant-eater.
• Group Multituberculata. Tritylodon.
• Subclass (II). Didelphia or Metatheria.
• Order. Marsupialia.
• Suborder (1). Polyprotodontia.
• Family Amphitheriidae. Phascolotherium.
• Family Didelphyidae. Didelphys—opossum.
• Family Dasyuridae. Thylacinus—Tasmanian wolf.
• Sarcophilus—Tasmanian devil.
• Dasyurus.
• Family Peramelidae. Perameles—bandicoot.
• Choeropus.
• Family Notoryctidae. Notoryctes—marsupial mole.
• Suborder (2). Diprotodontia.
• Family Phascolomyidae. Phascolomys—wombat.
• Family Phalangeridae. Tarsipes.
• Phalanger—cuscus.
• Phascolarctus—koala.
• Thylacoleo.
• Family Diprotodontidae. Diprotodon.
• Family Nototheriidae. Nototherium.
• Family Macropodidae. Macropus—kangaroo.
• Family Epanorthidae. Coenolestes.
• Subclass (III). Monodelphia or Eutheria.
• Order 1. Edentata.
• Family Bradypodidae. Bradypus }
• }—sloths.
• Choloepus }

• Family Megatheriidae. Megatherium—ground sloth.
• Family Myrmecophagidae. Myrmecophaga—great ant-eater.
• Cycloturus—two-toed ant-eater.
• Family Dasypodidae. Chlamydophorus }
• Dasypus }—armadillos.
• Priodon }
• Tatusia }
• Family Glyptodontidae. Glyptodon.
• Family Manidae. Manis—pangolin.
• Family Orycteropodidae. Orycteropus—aard vark.
• Order 2. Sirenia.
• Family Manatidae. Manatus—manatee.
• Family Rhytinidae. Rhytina—Steller's sea-cow.
• Family Halicoridae. Halicore—dugong.
• Family Halitheriidae. Halitherium.
• Order 3. Cetacea.
• Suborder (1). Archaeoceti.
• Family Zeuglodontidae. Zeuglodon.
• Suborder (2). Mystacoceti or Balaenoidea.
• Family Balaenidae. Balaena—right whale.
• Megaptera—humpbacked whale.
• Balaenoptera—rorqual.
• Suborder (3). Odontoceti.
• Family Physeteridae. Physeter—sperm whale.
• HyperoÖdon—bottlenose.
• Ziphius.
• Mesoplodon.
• Family Physodontidae. Physodon.

• Family Squalodontidae. Squalodon.
• Family Platanistidae. Platanista—Gangetic dolphin.
• Inia.
• Pontoporia.
• Family Delphinidae. Monodon—narwhal.
• Phocaena—porpoise.
• Orca—killer.
• Globicephalus—Ca'ing whale.
• Grampus.
• Lagenorhynchus.
• Delphinus—dolphin.
• Tursiops.
• Prodelphinus.
• Order 4. Ungulata.
• Division A. Ungulata vera.
• Suborder (1). Artiodactyla.
• Section (a). Suina.
• Family Hippopotamidae. Hippopotamus.
• Family Suidae. Sus—pig.
• Babirussa.
• Phacochaerus—wart hog.
• Hyotherium.
• Family Cotylopidae. Cotylops (Oreodon).
• Cyclopidius.
• Family Agriochoeridae. Agriochoerus.
• Family Anoplotheriidae. Anoplotherium.
• Section (b). Tylopoda.
• Family Camelidae. Camelus—camel.
• Auchenia—llama.
• Section (c). Tragulina.
• Family Tragulidae. Dorcatherium (Hyomoschus)—chevrotain.

Section (d). Ruminantia or Pecora.

• Family Cervidae. Moschus—musk deer.
• Cervus—deer.
• Cervulus—muntjac.
• Hydropotes—Chinese water deer.
• Family Giraffidae. Giraffa—giraffe.
• Sivatherium.
• Family Antilocapridae. Antilocapra—prongbuck.
• Family Bovidae. Tetraceros—four-horned antelope.
• Gazella—gazelle.
• Bos—ox.
• Bison.
• Bubalus—buffalo.
• Suborder (2). Perissodactyla.
• Family Tapiridae. Tapirus—tapir.
• Family Lophiodontidae. Lophiodon.
• Hyracotherium.
• Family Palaeotheriidae. Palaeotherium.
• Family Equidae. Hipparion.
• Equus—horse.
• Family Rhinocerotidae. Rhinoceros.
• Elasmotherium.
• Family Titanotheriidae. Titanotherium (Brontops).
• Palaeosyops.
• Family Chalicotheriidae. Chalicotherium.
• Family Macraucheniidae. Macrauchenia.
• Division B. Subungulata.
• Suborder (1). Toxodontia.
• Family Astrapotheriidae. Astrapotherium.
• Family Nesodontidae. Nesodon.
• Family Toxodontidae. Toxodon.
• Family Typotheriidae. Typotherium.

• Suborder (2). Condylarthra.
• Family Phenacodontidae. Phenacodus.
• Suborder (3). Hyracoidea.
• Family Hyracidae. Procavia (Hyrax).
• Suborder (4). Amblypoda.
• Family Coryphodontidae. Coryphodon.
• Family Uintatheriidae. Uintatherium (Dinoceras).
• Suborder (5). Proboscidea.
• Family Dinotheriidae. Dinotherium.
• Family Elephantidae. Mastodon.
• Elephas—elephant.
• Group Tillodontia.
• Order 5. Rodentia.
• Suborder (1). Simplicidentata.
• Section Sciuromorpha.
• Family Castoridae. Castor—beaver.
• Section Myomorpha.
• Family Lophiomyidae. Lophiomys.
• Family Muridae. Hydromys.
• Acanthomys—spiny mouse.
• Mus—mouse.
• Family Spalacidae. Bathyergus.
• Family Dipodidae. Dipus—jerboa.
• Pedetes—Cape jumping-hare.
• Section Hystricomorpha.
• Family Hystricidae. Hystrix—porcupine.
• Family Chinchillidae. Chinchilla.
• Lagostomus—viscacha.

• Family Dasyproctidae. Coelogenys—paca.
• Dasyprocta—agouti.
• Family Caviidae. Cavia—guinea-pig.
• Hydrochaerus—capybara.
• Suborder (2). Duplicidentata.
• Family Leporidae. Lepus—hare and rabbit.
• Order 6. Carnivora.
• Suborder (1). Creodonta.
• Family Hyaenodontidae. Hyaenodon.
• Suborder (2). Carnivora vera or Fissipedia.
• Section Æluroidea.
• Family Felidae. Felis—cat, lion, tiger.
• Machaerodus—sabre-toothed lion.
• Family Viverridae. Viverra—civet.
• Paradoxurus—palm civet.
• Family Protelidae. Proteles—aard wolf.
• Family Hyaenidae. Hyaena.
• Section Cynoidea.
• Family Canidae. Canis—dog, wolf, fox.
• Section Arctoidea.
• Family Ursidae. Ursus—bear.
• Family Mustelidae. Latax—sea otter.
• Suborder (3). Pinnipedia.
• Family Otariidae. Otaria—sea lion.
• Family Trichechidae. Trichechus—walrus.
• Family Phocidae. Ogmorhinus—sea leopard.
• Order 7. Insectivora.
• Suborder (1). Dermoptera.
• Family Galeopithecidae. Galeopithecus—'flying lemur'.

• Suborder (2). Insectivora vera.
• Family Macroscelidae. Macroscelides—jumping shrew.
• Family Erinaceidae. Erinaceus—hedgehog.
• Gymnura.
• Family Soricidae. Sorex—shrew.
• Family Talpidae. Talpa—mole.
• Family Potamogalidae. Potamogale.
• Family Solenodontidae. Solenodon.
• Family Centetidae. Microgale.
• Centetes—tenrec.
• Family Chrysochloridae. Chrysochloris—golden mole.
• Order 8. Chiroptera.
• Suborder (1). Megachiroptera.
• Family Pteropidae. Pteropus—flying fox.
• Suborder (2). Microchiroptera.
• Family Rhinolophidae. Horseshoe bats.
• Family Phyllostomatidae. Desmodus—vampire.
• Order 9. Primates.
• Suborder (1). Lemuroidea.
• Family Tarsiidae. Tarsius—tarsier.
• Family Chiromyidae. Chiromys—aye aye.
• Suborder (2). Anthropoidea.
• Family Hapalidae. Hapale—marmoset.
• Family Cebidae. Mycetes—howling monkey.
• Ateles—spider monkey.
• Family Cercopithecidae. Cynocephalus—baboon.
• Macacus.
• Colobus.
• Family Simiidae. Hylobates—gibbon.
• Simia—orang.
• Gorilla.
• Anthropopithecus—chimpanzee.
• Family Hominidae. Homo—man.

---