1 Houzeau, “Histoire du Sol de l’Europe.”—Carl Ritter, “Europa.”—Kohl, “Die Geographische Lage der Haupstadte Europa’s.” 2 Modern Sea of Azof and River Don. 3 Latham, Benfey, Cuno, Spiegel, and others. 4 Population of Europe, about 305,000,000:— | Greco-Latin. | | Greeks | 2,600,000 | | Albanians | 1,250,000 | | Italians | 27,700,000 | | French | 39,700,000 | | Spaniards and Portuguese | 20,210,000 | | Rumanians | 8,400,000 | | RhÆtians (“Romans”) | 42,000 | | 99,902,000 | | Germanic. | | Germans | 53,400,000 | | Dutch and Flemish | 6,720,000 | | Scandinavians | 5,640,000 | | Anglo-Saxons | 30,600,000 | | 96,360,000 | | Slavonic. | | Russians | 59,000,000 | | Poles | 11,800,000 | | Chechians, &c. | 6,750,000 | | Servians | 5,750,000 | | Slovenes | 1,200,000 | | Bulgarians | 3,100,000 | | 87,600,000 | | other | | Finns | 4,700,000 | | Osmanli | 1,300,000 | | Magyars | 5,770,000 | | Tartars | 2,500,000 | | Calmucks | 100,000 | | Celts | 1,600,000 | | Basks | 700,000 | | Letts, &c. | 2,900,000 | | Armenians | 280,000 | | Gipsies | 590,000 | | Circassians | 400,000 | Included above are 4,500,000 Jews. 5 W. H. Smith, “The Mediterranean.”—Dureau de la Malle, “GÉographie Physique de la Mer Noire et de la MediterranÉe.”—BÖttger, “Das Mittelmeer.” 6 Area of the Mediterranean basin:— | Drainage of | square
miles | | Europe | 683,500 | | Asia | 232,000 | | Africa | 1,737,500 | | Mediterranean Sea | 1,153,300 | | 3,806,300 | 7 | Western basin. | Eastern basin. | Adriatic. | Archipelago. | Black Sea. | Mediterranean. | | Area | 355,200 | 502,000 | 50,200 | 60,600 | 185,300 | 1,153,300 | | Greatest depth, fathoms | 1,640 | 2,170 | 565 | 540 | 1,070 | 2,170 | | Average depth, fathoms | 640 | 960 | 110 | 320 | 320 | 640 | 8 Quantity of salt held in solution in the Atlantic, 36 parts in 1,000; in the Mediterranean (mean), 38 parts; in the Black Sea, 16 parts. 9 There are found in the Mediterranean 444 species of fish (Goodwin Austen), 850 species of molluscs (Jeffreys), and about 200 species of foraminiferÆ. 10 The production of salt on the coasts of the Mediterranean is thus distributed among its coast-lands:—Spain, 200,000 tons; France, 250,000 tons; Italy, 300,000 tons; Austria, 70,000 tons; Russia, 120,000; other countries, 200,000 tons. Total, 1,140,000 tons, valued at £480,000. 11 The annual produce of the fisheries has been estimated at £3,000,000, of the coral fisheries at £640,000, of the sponge fisheries at £40,000. Total, £3,680,000. 12 Shipping and commerce of the Mediterranean (estimated):— | COMMERCIAL MARINE. | ENTERED AND CLEARED. | VALUE OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. | | Sail-vessels. | Steamers. | Tonnage. | Tons. | £ | | Spain (Mediterranean) | 2,500 | 100 | 250,000 | 5,000,000 | 24,000,000 | | France (Mediterranean) | 4,000 | 230 | 300,000 | 6,000,000 | 80,000,000 | | Italy | 18,800 | 140 | 1,030,000 | 21,000,000 | 104,000,000 | | Austria | 3,000 | 92 | 380,000 | 8,000,000 | 18,000,000 | | Greece | 5,400 | 20 | 502,000 | 8,500,000 | 8,000,000 | | Turkey in Europe and Asia | 2,200 | 10 | 210,000 | 25,000,000 | 24,000,000 | | Rumania | — | — | — | 1,300,000 | 8,000,000 | | Russia (Mediterranean) | 500 | 50 | 50,000 | 2,000,000 | 24,000,000 | | Egypt (Mediterranean) | 100 | 25 | 15,000 | 4,000,000 | 20,000,000 | | Malta and Gibraltar | 200 | 13 | 39,000 | 12,000,000 | 23,000,000 | | Algeria | 170 | — | 10,000 | 2,000,000 | 16,000,000 | | Tunis, Tripoli, &c. | 500 | — | 10,000 | 500,000 | 4,000,000 | | 37,370 | 680 | 2,796,000 | 95,300,000 | 353,000,000 | 13 Greece within its political limits:— | Area. Sq. m. | Population
(1870). | Density. | | Continental Greece | 7,558 | 466,918 | 62 | | Peloponnesus | 8,288 | 545,389 | 66 | | Ægean Islands | 2,500 | 205,840 | 82 | | Ionian Islands | 1,007 | 218,879 | 217 | | Army, navy, and sailors | — | 20,868 | — | | Total | 19,353 | 1,457,894 | 75 | 14 Altitudes of mountains in continental Greece (in feet):— | Gerakavuni (Othrys) | 5,673 | | Velukhi (Tymphrestus) | 7,610 | | Khonia | 8,186 | | Vardusia | 8,242 | | Katavothra (Œta) | 6,560 | | Mountains of Acarnania | 5,216 | | Varassova | 3,010 | | Liakura (Parnassus) | 8,068 | | PalÆovouni (Helicon) | 5,738 | | Elatea (CithÆron) | 4,630 | | Parnes | 4,645 | | Pentelicus | 3,693 | | Hymetius | 3,400 | | Gerania (Pera Khora) | 4,482 | 15 Orchomenus, a town on the Cephissus, the capital of Northern Boeotia, destroyed by the Thebans 371 B.C. 16 Heights of the principal mountains in the Peloponnesus (in English feet):— | Cyllene (Zyria) | 8,940 | | Aroanian Mountain (Khelmos) | 7,726 | | Erymanthus (Olonos) | 7,297 | | Artemisium (Malevo) | 5,814 | | Parnon (Hagios Petros) | 6,355 | | LycÆus (Diaforti) | 4,660 | | Ithome | 2,630 | | Taygetus | 7,904 | | ArachnÆus (Argolis) | 3,935 | | Mean height of peninsula | 2,000 | 17 The isthmus is 6,496 yards wide, and rises to a height of 250 feet where it is narrowest, its mean height being 130 feet. 18 Principal altitudes of the islands of Greece:— | Feet. | | Mount Delphi, on Euboea | 5,730 | | Mount St. Elias, on Euboea | 4,840 | | Mount Kokhilas, on Scyros | 2,565 | | Mount Kovari, on Andros | 3,200 | | Mount Oxia, on Naxos | 3,290 | | Mount St. Elias, on Siphnos | 2,280 | | Mount St. Elias, on Nios | 2,410 | | Mount St. Elias, on Santorin | 1,887 | 19 Ionian Islands:— | Area.
Sq. m. | Highest
Mountains. | Feet. | Inhabitants.
(1870.) | | Corfu | 224 | Pantokratoros | 3,280 | 72,450 | | Paxos and Antipaxos | 27 | | | 3,600 | | Leucadia | 183 | Nomali | 3,870 | 21,000 | | Cephalonia | 292 | Elato | 5,310 | 67,500 | | Ithaca | 42 | Neriton | 2,640 | 10,000 | | Zante | 162 | Skopos | 1,300 | 44,500 | 20 Population of the principal towns of Greece (1870):— | Towns. | Population. | | Athens and PirÆus | 59,000 | | Patras | 26,000 | | Corfu | 24,000 | | Hermopolis, or Syra | 21,000 | | Zante | 20,500 | | Lixuri (Cephalonia) | 14,000 | | Pyrgos, or Letrini | 13,600 | | Tripolis, or Tripolitza | 11,500 | | Chalcis, in Euboea | 11,000 | | Sparta | 10,700 | | Argos | 10,600 | | Argostoli (Cephalonia) | 9,500 | | Calamata | 9,400 | | HistiÆa, in Euboea | 8,900 | | Karystos, in Euboea | 8,800 | | Ægion, or Vostitza | 8,800 | | Nauplia | 8,500 | | Spezzia | 8,400 | | Kranidhi, in Argolis | 8,400 | | Lamia | 8,300 | | Missolonghi | 7,500 | | Andros | 9,300 | 21 Commerce of Greece (1873):—Mercantile marine: 6,135 vessels of 419,350 tons; entered, 112,814 vessels of 6,336,487 tons; imports, £4,166,239; exports, £2,721,877. 22 Public income (1875), £1,404,053; expenditure, £1,409,288; debt, £15,232,202. 23 Authorities:—R. Pashley, “Travels in Crete;” Raulin, “Description Physique de l’Ile de CrÈte;” G. Perrot, “L’Ile de CrÈte;” Viquesnel, “Voyage dans la Turquie d’Europe;” Ami BouÉ, “La Turquie d’Europe;” A. Dumont, “Le Balkan et l’Adriatique;” Lejean, “Ethnographie de la Turquie d’Europe;” Von Hammer, “Konstantinopel und der Bosporus;” P. de Tchihatchef, “Le Bosphore;” Heuzey, “Voyage archÉologique en MacÉdoine;” Fanshawe Tozer, “Researches in the Highlands of Turkey;” Barth, “Reisen in der europÄischen TÜrkei;” Von Hahn, “Albanesische Studien;” Hecquard, “Histoire et Description de la Haute-Albanie;” Dora d’Istria, “NationalitÉ albanaise;” F. Maurer, “Reise durch Bosnien;” F. de Sainte-Marie, “L’HerzÉgovine;” Kanitz, “Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan;” H. Kiepert, Map of Turkey in Europe. For changes made by the Berlin treaty, see page 153. 24 We mention Palma, Vaudoncourt, Lapic, BouÉ, Viquesnel, Lejean, Kanitz, Barth, Hochstetter, and Abdullah Bey. 25 Heights of principal mountains:—Aspra Vuna (White Mountain of Leuca-Ori), 8,100 feet; Psiloriti, or Ida, 8,000 feet; Lasithi, or Dicte, 7,100 feet. Towns:—Canea, 12,000 inhabitants; Megalokastron, 12,000; Retimo, 9,000. Total population of the island, 210,000. 26 The islands of Thracia:— | Sq. m. | Inhabitants. | Highest Mountains. | Feet. | | Thasos | 74 | 10,000 | Mount Ipsario | 3,000 | | Samothrace | 66 | 200 | Mount Phengari | 5,240 | | Imbro | 85 | 4,000 | Mount St. Elias | 1,950 | | Lemnos | 170 | 22,000 | Mount Skopia | 1,410 | 27 Consul Sax (1873) estimates the population as follows:—Stamboul, 210,000; Pera, 130,000; European suburbs, 150,000; Asiatic suburbs, 110,000; total, 600,000 souls, including 200,000 Mohammedans. Dr. Yakshity, on the other hand, estimates the population of Constantinople (exclusive of its Asiatic suburbs) at 358,000 souls, of whom 193,540 are Mohammedans, 144,210 oriental Christians, and 30,000 Franks. 28 Length of the Bosphorus, 98,500 feet, or 18·6 miles; average width, 5,250 feet; average depth, 90 feet; greatest depth, 170 feet. 29 Dimensions of the Dardanelles:—Length, 42·3 miles; average width, 2·7 miles, or 13,100 feet; minimum width, 6,400 feet; average depth, 180 feet; greatest depth, 320 feet. 30 Altitudes:—Mount Pilav Tepe, 6,183 feet; Kortach, 3,893 feet; Athos, 6,786 feet. 31 Mount Olympus, 9,750 feet; Mount Ossa, 5,250 feet; Mount Pelion, 5,130 feet. 32 The following are the principal towns of the Greek provinces of Turkey, together with the number of their inhabitants:— | Adrianople (Edirneh) | 110,000 | | Saloniki (Salonica) | 80,000 | | Seres | 30,000 | | Larissa | 25,000 | | Rodosto | 20,000 | | Gallipoli (Geliboli) | 20,000 | | Trikala (Tirhala) | 11,000 | | Demotika | 10,000 | | Verria | 10,000 | | Enos | 7,000 | 33 Altitudes in Albania:— | Feet. | | Skhar | 8,200 | | Tomor | 5,413 | | Zygos (Lachmon) | 5,500 | | Smolika | 5,970 | | Kundusi | 6,270 | | Acroceraunian Mountain | 6,700 | | Lake Okhrida | 2,270 | | Lake of Yanina | 1,700 | 34 Population of the principal cities of Albania:—Prisrend, 35,000; Soutari (Shkodra), 35,000; Yanina, 25,000; Jakovitza (Yakova), 17,000; Ipek (Pech), 16,000; Elbasan, 12,000; Berat, 11,000; Prishtina, 11,000; Tirana, 10,000; Koritza, 10,000; Argyrokastro, 8,000; Prevesa, 7,000 Dulcigno, 7,000; Durazzo, 5,000. 35 Altitudes:—Mount Kom, 9,350 feet; Mount Durmitor, 8,860 feet; Glieb, 5,775 feet. 36 According to Blau (1872), Bosnia, including the Herzegovina and Rascia, has 1,150,000 inhabitants, comprising 590,000 Greek Catholics, 164,000 Roman Catholics, 378,000 Mussulmans, 12,300 gipsies, and 5,700 Jews. The same author states the population for 1855 to have amounted to 893,384 souls, including 286,000 Mussulmans. According to an English Consular Report (1873), the population is 1,084,162, including 461,048 Mussulmans; and according to Professor Yakshity, 1,357,984 souls, including 474,000 Mussulmans. 37 Principal towns of Bosnia:—Sarayevo, 50,000 inhabitants; Banyaluka, 18,000 inhabitants; Zvornik, 14,000 inhabitants; Travnik, 12,000 inhabitants; Novibazar, 9,000 inhabitants; Trebinye, 9,000 inhabitants; Mostar, 9,000 inhabitants; Tuzla, 7,000 inhabitants. 38 Altitudes in Bulgaria, according to Hochstetter, Viquesnel, BouÉ, Barth, and others:—Vitosh, 8,080 feet; Balkan, mean height, 5,600 feet; Chatal, 3,600 feet; hills of the Dobruja, 1,650 feet; Trajan’s Gate, 2,625 feet; Pass of Dubnitza, 3,560 feet; Rilo Dagh, 9,500 feet; Perim Dagh, 7,875 feet; Gornichova, or Nije, 6,560 feet; Peristeri, 7,700 feet; basin of Sofia, 1,710 feet; basin of Monastir, 1,820 feet; Lake of Ostrovo, 1,680 feet; Lake of Kastoria, 2,050 feet. 39 Cleared from Sulina (1873), 1,870 vessels of 532,000 tons. Value of cereals exported, £6,000,000. 40 The following are the principal towns of Bulgaria, with the number of their inhabitants:— | Shumna (Shumla) | 50,000 | | Rustchuk | 50,000 | | Philippopoli (Felibe) | 40,000 | | Bitolia (Monastir) | 40,000 | | Skoplie (Uskub) | 28,000 | | Kalkandelen | 22,000 | | Sofia | 20,000 | | Vidin | 20,000 | | Silistria | 20,000 | | Shishtova | 20,000 | | Varna | 20,000 | | Eski-Za’ara | 18,000 | | Bazarjik | 18,000 | | Nish | 16,000 | | Veleze (Koprili) | 15,000 | | Razgrad | 15,000 | | Turnov (Tirnova) | 12,000 | | Sliven (Slivno) | 12,000 | | Prilip | 12,000 | | Kezanlik | 10,000 | | Stanimako | 10,000 | | Florina | 10,000 | | Kurshova | 9,000 | | Sulina | 5,000 | 41 Receipts for 1874, £20,400,000; debts in 1875, £220,000,000. 42 Races and religions of Turkey in Europe (Servia, Montenegro, and Rumania excluded):— | Total. | Mussulmans. | Greek Catholics. | Roman Catholics. | Other Christians. | | Slavs | | Servians | 1,114,000 | 442,000 | 492,000 | 180,000 | — | | Bulgarians | 2,861,000 | 790,000 | 2,051,000 | 20,000 | — | | Russians, &c. | 10,000 | — | — | 2,000 | 8,000 | | Greeks | 1,176,000 | 38,000 | 1,138,000 | — | — | | Greco-Latins | | Rumanians | 50,000 | — | 50,000 | — | — | | Zinzares | 150,000 | — | 150,000 | — | — | | Albanians | | Gheges | 1,031,000 | 773,000 | 178,000 | 80,000 | — | | Tosks | | Turks | | Osmanli | 1,352,000 | 1,352,000 | — | — | — | | Tartars | 40,000 | 40,000 | — | — | — | | Semites | | Arabs | 3,000 | 3,000 | — | — | — | | Jews | 72,000 | — | — | — | — | | Armenians | 100,000 | — | — | 10,000 | — | | Circassians | 144,000 | 144,000 | — | — | — | | Tsiganes (Gipsies) | 104,000 | 52,000 | 52,000 | — | — | | Franks | 60,000 | — | — | 50,000 | 10,000 | | Total | 8,267,000 | 3,584,000 | 4,111,000 | 342,000 | 108,000 | 43 Area and population of the Turkish Empire:— | Area, Square Miles. | Population. | Mohammedans per cent. | | Constantinople (including Army, &c.) | 1,040 | 531,000 | 55 | | Vilayets:— | | Edirneh, or Adrianople (Thracia) | 26,160 | 1,307,000 | 39 | | Tuna (Danube), or Bulgaria | 34,120 | 2,303,000 | 40 | | Saloniki (Macedonia) | 12,950 | 499,000 | 50 | | Prisrend (Upper Macedonia) | 18,320 | 1,392,000 | 57 | | Shkodra, or Scutari (Upper Albania) | 5,310 | 171,000 | 48 | | Bosna Serai, or Serayevo (Bosnia) | 17,900 | 940,000 | 42 | | Herzegovina | 5,720 | 144,000 | 41 | | Yanina (Epirus and Thessaly) | 18,320 | 711,000 | 35 | | Crete, or Candia | 3,326 | 210,000 | 18 | | European Islands | 400 | 60,000 | 7 | | Turkey in Europe | 143,566 | 8,267,000 | 44 | | Turkey in Asia | 745,000 | 13,176,000 | 86 | | Tripoli, &c. | 344,000 | 1,150,000 | 99 | | Total Ottoman Empire | 1,231,566 | 22,593,000 | 71 | | Tributary States. | | Rumania | 46,710 | 5,180,000 | — | | Servia | 16,820 | 1,377,000 | — | | Egypt | 869,360 | 17,000,000 | 70 | | Tunis | 45,700 | 2,000,000 | 99 | | Total Turkish Empire | 2,210,156 | 48,150,000 | 63 | 44 Officially called Romania, and frequently spelt Roumania: in French it is Roumanie. 45 | Wallachia and Moldavia | 4,460,000 | | Austro-Hungary | 2,896,000 | | Bessarabia and other parts of Russia | 600,000 | | Servia | 155,000 | | Turkey | 200,000 | | Greece | 4,000 | | Total | 8,315,000 | 46 Mean temperature at Bucharest, 46° F.; maximum, 113° F.; minimum, -22° F.; difference, 135° F. 47 Mean volume of the Danube (according to C. Hartley), 2,000,000 gallons per second; maximum volume, 6,160,000 gallons; mean volume of Kilia mouth, 1,276,000 gallons; mean of St. George’s mouth, 572,000 gallons; mean of Sulina mouth, 176,000 gallons per second. Mean alluvial deposits of Danube, 2,119 cubic feet per annum. 48 Approximate population of Rumania in 1875, 5,232,500 souls, of whom 3,260,000 were in Wallachia, and 1,972,500 in Moldavia. There were 4,460,000 Rumanians, 90,000 Bulgarians, 40,000 Russians and other Slavs, 50,000 Magyars, 130,000 Tsigani, 400,000 Jews, 10,000 Armenians, and 52,500 foreigners (30,000 Austrians, 10,000 Greeks, 5,000 Germans, 1,500 French). 49 Of the total area of Rumania 6,000,000 acres are corn-lands, 600,000 acres produce wine, tobacco, &c., 5,000,000 consist of forests, 9,000,000 of pastures and meadows, and 8,000,000 are uncultivated. In 1874 there were 600,000 horses, 2,900,000 head of cattle, 100,000 buffaloes, 5,000,000 sheep, 1,200,000 pigs, and 500,000 goats. 50 Exports, average of 1865–75, £6,700,000; imports, £4,300,000. 51 Railroads, 1,800 miles; high-roads, 2,650 miles; telegraphs, 2,500 miles; steamers on the Danube, 29, of 7,620 tons burden. 52 Number of inhabitants of the principal towns of Rumania (official spelling; vulgar or phonetic spelling in parenthesis):— Wallachia.—Bucuresci (Bucharest), 221,800; Ploiesti (Ploeshti), 33,000; Braila, 28,270; Craiova, 22,764; Giurgiu (Jurjevo, or Giurgevo), 20,866; Buzeu (Busau), 11,100; Alecsandria, 11,000; Campulung, 9,900; Pitesci (Piteshti), 8,500; Caracalu, 8,600. Moldavia.—Jasi (Yassy), 90,000; Galati (Galatz), 80,000; Botosani, 39,900; Barladu (Byrlat), 26,600; Smeilu (Ismail), 21,000; Focsani, 20,300; Peatra, 20,000; Husi, 18,500; Roman, 16,900; Falticeni, 15,000; Bacau, 13,000; Dorohoi, 10,000; Bolgradu, 9,600; Chilie (Kilia), 8,900; Reni, 7,600. 53 Average annual expenditure, 1871–76, £3,650,000; public debt, £19,500,000, including £13,000,000 expended upon railways; estimated value of the domains, £20,000,000. 54 Authorities:—Kanitz, “Serbien;” Ubicini, “Les Serbes de Turquie;” Cyprien Robert, “Les Slaves de Turquie;” Louis LÉger, “Le Monde Slave;” Lejean, “Visite au Montenegro.” 55 Mean temperature at Belgrad, 48° F.; extremes, 106° and 3°; range, 103° F. 56 The population of Servia in 1875 was 1,377,068, of whom about 1,110,000 were Servians, 160,000 Wallachians, 20,000 Zinzares, 50,000 Bulgarians, 30,000 gipsies, &c. 57 The exports in 1874 were valued at £1,400,000, and included 34,104 head of cattle, 271,219 pigs 1,172,571 sheep and goat skins, wheat, raki, &c. 58 There are a university, a military academy, a seminary, an agricultural school, 11 superior schools, and 377 elementary schools, with 567 teachers, and about 20,000 pupils. 59 Authorities:—Zuccagni Orlandini, “Corografia fisica, storica e statistica dell’ Italia e delle sue Isole;” Marmocchi, “Descrizione d’Italia;” Amato Amati, “L’Italia sotto l’aspetto fisico, storico, artistico e statistico;” Taine, “Voyage en Italie;” Gregorovius, “Wanderjahre in Italien,” “Geschichte der Stadt Rom;” Ann. di Saluzzo, “Le Alpi che cingono l’Italia;” Cattaneo e Lombardini, “Notizie naturali e civili su la Lombardia;” Lombardini, “Pianura subapennina,” “Condizione idraulica del Po;” Martins, Gastaldi, “Terrains superficiels de la vallÉe du PÔ;” De Mortillet, “Anciens glaciers du versant mÉridional des Alpes,” “MÉmoires divers;” Bertolotti, “Liguria maritima;” Targioni Tozzetti, “Voyage en Toscane;” Salvagnoli Marchetti, “Maremme Toscane;” NoËl des Vergers, “L’Étrurie et les Étrusques;” BeulÉ, “Fouilles et dÉcouvertes;” Giordano, “Roma e suo territorio;” Ponzi, “Histoire naturelle du Latium;” De Prony, “Marais Pontins;” Works of D’AmpÈre and Stendhal, &c.; Davies, “Pilgrimage of the Tiber;” Francis Wey, “Rome;” Spallanzani, “Voyage dans les Deux-Siciles;” Smyth, “Sicily and its Islands;” Dolomieu, “Voyage aux Îles de Lipari;” De Quatrefages, “Souvenirs d’un naturaliste;” La Marmora, “Voyage en Sardaigne, Description statistique, physique et politique de l’Île;” Mantegazza, “Profili e paesaggi della Sardegna;” Von Maltzan, “Reise auf der Insel Sardinien;” Spano, “Itinerario della Sardegna;” Correnti e Maestri, “Statistica dell’ Italia.” 60 Area of the kingdom of Italy, 114,413 square miles; population in 1875, 27,482,174. 61 PiÉ di Monte, Piedmont, or Piemonte, i.e. mountain-foot. 62 Principal Alpine summits of Italy:—Monte Viso, 12,585 feet; Grand Paradis, 13,271 feet; Monte della Disgrazia, 11,840 feet; Adamello, 11,677 feet; Antelao, 10,680 feet; Brunone (Orobia range), 10,370 feet; Generoso, 5,670 feet; Monte Baldo, 7,310 feet; Monte Bolca, 3,143 feet. 63 Altitudes:—Source of the Po, 6,400 feet; Saluzzo, 1,200 feet; Turin, 755 feet; Pavia (mouth of Ticino), 330 feet; Piacenza, 217 feet; Cremona, 150 feet; Mantua, 89 feet; Ferrara, 20 feet. 64 Italian Alpine lakes having an area of more than five square miles:— | Name. | Average Area.
Sq. Miles. | Average Altitude.
Feet. | Depth, Feet. | Capacity.
Millions of Galls. | | Max. | Average. | | Lake of Orta | 5·4 | 1,122 | 820(?) | 490(?) | 462,000 | | Verbano, or Lago Maggiore | 81·4 | 646 | 1,230 | 690 | 9,680,000 | | Lake of Varese | 6·2 | 771 | 85 | 33 | 35,200 | | Ceresio, or Lake of Lugano | 19·3 | 889 | 950 | 490 | 1,584,000 | | Lario, or Lake of Como | 60·2 | 663 | 1,352 | 810 | 7,700,000 | | Sebino, or Lake of Iseo | 23·0 | 646 | 980 | 490 | 1,980,000 | | Lake of Idro | 5·4 | 1,240 | 400(?) | (?) | (?) | | Benaco, or Lake of Garda | 115·8 | 226 | 960(?) | 490 | 9,900,000 | 65 Volume of Adda and Ticino at their point of egress from the Alpine lakes, according to Lombardini:— Adda.—Average 6,600, minimum 567, maximum 29,000 cubic feet per second. Ticino.—Average 11,400, minimum 1,770, maximum 77,400 cubic feet per second. 66 Principal rivers of Northern Italy:— | Length. Miles. | Area of Basin. Sq. Miles. | Volume in Cubic Feet per Second. | | Maximum. | Minimum. | Average. | | Isonzo | 80 | 1,235 | — | — | 4,240? | | Tagliamento | 105 | 800 | — | — | 5,300? | | Livenza | 72 | 795 | 25,400 | — | 1,400? | | Piave | 134 | 2,010 | — | — | 11,300 | | Sile | 37 | 540 | 1,550 | 350 | 700? | | Brenta | 105 | 1,510 | 30,000 | 137 | 1,930 | | Bacchiglione | 74 | 187 | 320 | — | 1,270 | | Adige | 246 | 8,648 | 85,000 | 70 | 16,950 | | Po | 416 | 26,799 | 182,500 | 550 | 60,700 | | Reno | 112 | 1,930 | 53,500 | 35 | 8,300 | 67 Average volume of the canals of the valley of the Po (cubic feet per second):—Muzza, 2,153; Naviglio Grande, 1,800; Canal Cavour, 1,482; Martesana, 918 cubic feet. 68 Humidity of the air at Milan, 74·5 per cent.; annual rainfall at Milan, 38·8 in.; at Turin, 31·8 in.; at Tolmezza, on the Upper Tagliamento, 82·3 in. 69 Mean annual temperature of Turin, 53·10° F.; hottest month (April), 73·13°; coldest month (January), 33·10°. Milan: mean, 14·04°; July, 74·84°; January, 23·26°. Venice: mean, 55·52° F.; July, 25·06°; January, 35·28°. 70 | Area,
Square Miles.
Dec. 31st, 1875. | Population. | Density. | | Piemont | 11,308 | 2,995,213 | 265 | | Lombardy | 9,084 | 3,553,913 | 391 | | Venice | 9,060 | 2,733,406 | 302 | | Emilia | 7,921 | 2,153,381 | 272 | | Total | 37,373 | 11,435,913 | 306 | 71 Population of the principal towns of Piemont (1871):—Turin, 192,442; Alessandria, 29,102; Novarra, 24,185; Vercelli, 20,626; Casale Monferrato, 20,436; Asti, 19,466; Novi Ligure, 12,162; Mondovi, 11,958; Cuneo, 11,859; Pinerolo, 11,832; Biella, 11,814; Saluzzo, 9,796; Savigliano, 9,544; Bra, 9,196; Alba, 9,147; Chieri, 8,986; Tortona, 8,620; Acqui, 8,332; Fossano, 7,272; Carmagnola, 3,830. 72 Population of the towns of Lombardy (1871):—Milan (Milano), 261,985; Brescia, 38,906; Bergamo, 34,555; Cremona, 30,919; Pavia, 29,618; Mantua (Mantova), 26,687; Como, 24,350; Lodi, 19,088; Monza, 17,431; Vigevano, 14,096; Busto Arsizio, 12,909; Varese, 12,605; Voghera, 11,903; Treviglio, 11,883. 73 Population of the principal towns of Emilia (1871):—Bologna, 89,104; Parma, 41,915; Piacenza, 34,908; Ferrara, 33,327; Modena, 30,854; Faenza, 23,752; Ravenna, 21,774; Reggio, 19,131; Imola, 18,189; Cesena, 17,594; Forli, 15,324; Rimini, 9,747; Lugo, 8,664; Comacchio, 7,007. 74 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared (including the coasting trade):—588,095 tons in 1865; 1,070,600 tons in 1875. Value of imports by sea (1874):—£5,960,200; of exports, £2,848,040. 75 Population of the principal towns of Venetia (1871):—Venice (Venezia), 128,901; Verona, 65,876; Padua (Padova), 52,011; Vicenza, 26,994; Udine, 22,692; Chioggia, 19,841; Treviso 18,547; Cavarzere, 12,336; Vittoria (formerly called Ceneda), 10,533; Adria, 9,834; Rovigo, 7,974; Feltre, 6,570; Belluno, 5,770; Este, 5,743. 76 Area, 2,153 square miles; population (1871), 843,250; density, 391. 77 Principal altitudes in Liguria:—Clapier de Pagarin, 10,073 feet; Col di Tenda, 6,146 feet; Monte Carsino, 8,794 feet; Col d’Altare, 1,600 feet; Col di Giovi, 1,538 feet; Monte Penna, 5,709 feet. 78 Average temperature of Genoa, 60·8° F.; days with rain, 121; rainfall, 45 inches. Average temperature of San Remo, 62·6; days with rain, 45; rainfall, 3·15 in. 79 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared (including coasting vessels):—1861, 1,936,764; 1867, 2,330,000; 1875, 3,109,796 tons. In the last-named year 3,144 sailing vessels and 970 steamers entered in the coast trade, 1,462 sailing vessels and 860 steamers from abroad. 80 Annual produce of olive oil in the province of Porto Maurizio, which includes San Remo, 778,500 gallons. 81 Population of the principal towns of Liguria (1871):—Genoa (Genova), 132,521; Savona, 24,851; Spezia, 15,636; San Pier d’Arena, 15,568; Sestri Ponente, 9,605; San Remo, 9,017; Chiavari, 8,414; Oneglia, 7,944. 82 Area of Tuscany, 9,287 square miles; population (1871), 1,983,810; density, 214. 83 Altitudes (in English feet):— Apennines.—Alps of Succiso, 6,625; Alps of Camporaghena (Garfagnana), 6,565; Monte Cimone, 7,111; Monte Falterone, or Falterona, 5,407. Passes.—Pass of Pontremoli, or La Cisa (Sarzana to Parma), 3,410; Pass of Fiumalbo (Lucca to Modena), 3,940; Pass of Futa, or Pietramala (Florence to Bologna), 3,002; Pass of Camaldoli, 3,290. Anti-Apennines.—Pisanino (Alpe Apuana), 6,608; Pietra Marina (Monte Albano), 1,886; Prato Magno, 5,183; Alpe di Catenaja, 4,595 feet. 84 134,000 tons of marble were quarried in 1873, valued at nearly £500,000 sterling. 85 In 1873 5,466 vessels of 920,626 tons entered: 5,314 vessels of 901,533 tons cleared, inclusive of coasting vessels. 86 Area, 85 square miles; population, 21,722 souls. 87 Population of the principal towns of Tuscany (in 1871):—Florence (Firenze), 167,093; Leghorn (Livorno), 89,462; Pisa, 41,796; Siena, 22,965; Lucca, 21,286; Prato, 15,924; Carrara, 10,848; Pistoja, 12,966; Arezzo, 11,151; Viareggio, 9,983; Pontedera, 7,991; San Casciano, 6,862; Fojano della Chiana, 6,127; Empoli, 5,949; Volterra, 5,796; Massa Maritima, 5,766; Porto Ferrajo, 5,779; Fucecchio, 5,755; Figline Valdarno, 5,673; Montalcino, 5,186; Pontassieve, 5,141; Pontelungo, 5,039; Buti, 5,029; Massa, 4,786; Orbetello, 4,674; Pontremoli, 4,473. 88 | Area,
Square Miles. | Population
(1871). | Density. | | Rome | 4,552 | 836,700 | 184 | | Umbria | 3,720 | 549,600 | 148 | | Marches | 3,751 | 915,420 | 244 | | Abruzzos | 4,898 | 918,770 | 188 | | 16,921 | 3,220,490 | 190 | 89 VOLCANIC LAKES:—Bolsena: area, 42 sq. m.; height, 995 ft.; depth, 460 ft. Bracciano: area, 22 sq. m.; height, 495 ft.; depth, 820 ft. Albano: area, 2·3 sq. m.; height, 1,000 ft.; depth, 466 ft. Nemi: area, 0·8 sq. m.; height, 1,108 ft.; depth, 164 ft. SHALLOW LAKES:—Trasimeno: area, 46 sq. m.; height, 843 ft.; depth, 21 ft. Fucino (in 1860): area, 61 sq. m.; height, 2,300 ft.; depth, 92 ft. 90 Basin, 6,475 square miles; length, 260 miles, of which 60 are navigable. 91 Annual rainfall at Rome, 30·7 inches; at the foot of the Apennines, 43·3 in.; on the summits, 94·5 in. Volume of the Tiber: average 10,180 cubic ft.; maximum, 60,400 cubic ft.; minimum, 4,650 cubic ft., a second. 92 Water supply of some leading cities (in gallons):— | Per Second. | Per Day. | Per Inhabitant. | | Rome (1869) | 481 | 41,580,000 | 208 | | Paris (1875) | 904 | 78,100,000 | 44 | | London (1874) | 1,262 | 110,000,000 | 27·5 | | Glasgow (1874) | 373 | 32,482,500 | 52 | | Washington (1870) | 741 | 66,000,000 | 660 | 93 Value of exports and imports, 1863, £1,348,000; 1868, £999,660. 94 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared at the ports of Latium in 1873:—CivitÀ Vecchia, 520,000 (1875, 600,351); Fiumicino, 63,000; Porto d’Anzio, 30,900; Terracina, 335,000 tons. 95 Towns of Latium (1871):—Rome, 229,356 (1876, 264,280); Viterbo, 16,326; Velletri, 14,798; CivitÀ Vecchia, 10,484; Ferentino, 8,360; Tivoli, 7,730; Frosinone, 7,714; Subiaco, 6,990; Sezze, 6,659; Alatri, 6,393 inhabitants. 96 Population of the principal towns of Umbria (1871):—Perugia, 16,708; Rieti, 12,905; Terni, 12,419; Foligno, 8,471; Spoleto, 7,490; Orvieto, 7,423; CittÀ di Castello, 6,588; Assisi, 6,225; Gubbio, 5,343. 97 Tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared from Ancona in the coast and foreign trade; 258,292 tons in 1858, 372,877 tons in 1867, 751,689 tons in 1875. 98 Towns of the Marches having over 10,000 inhabitants:—Ancona, 35,111; Jesi, 13,472; Sinigaglia, 11,173; Ascoli-Piceno, 11,373; Fermo, 15,862; Macerata, 11,194; Pesaro, 12,375; Urbino, 10,194. Abruzzos:—Lanciano, 15,432; Chieti, 14,321; Aquila, 13,513; Campobusso, 13,345; Solmona, 12,583; Vasto, 10,093. 99 Area of San Marino, 24 square miles; population (1874), 7,816. 100 Area, exclusive of the Abruzzos, 28,002 square miles; population, 6,251,750. 101 Mean annual temperature of Naples, 62° F.; extremes, 23° and 104°; rainfall, 37 inches. 102 In 1868 69 per cent. of the men and 88 per cent. of the women married in the Campania, the most educated province of Naples, were not able to sign their names. In the Basilicata the proportions were 85 and 96 per cent.! 103 In 1873 there were 363 fishing-boats, and 90,000 lbs. of coral, valued at £92,000, were obtained. 104 In 1864 10,694 vessels, of 1,496,500 tons burden, entered and cleared the port of Naples; in 1875 11,288 vessels, of 2,923,922 tons. 105 In 1862 1,100 vessels, of 75,000 tons, entered and cleared at Brindisi; in 1875, 1,342 vessels, inclusive of 396 steamers, of 771,096 tons, in the foreign trade. 106 Towns of Naples having over 10,000 inhabitants (in 1870):—Naples (Napoli), 421,803; Bari, 49,423; Foggia, 34,181; Andria, 32,678; Reggio, 29,854; Barletta, 27,444; Molfetta, 26,516; Corato, 26,018; Trani, 24,026; Bitonto, 23,087; Taranto, 22,858; Castellamare di Stabia, 22,037; Cerignola, 21,739; Lecce, 21,081; Salerno, 20,611; Aversa, 19,734; Bisceglia, 19,007; Torre del Greco, 18,950; Catanzaro, 18,781; Potenza, 18,513; Gaeta, 18,385; Avellino, 18,260; Gerlizzi, 18,175; Maddaloni, 17,578; Afragola, 17,541; Francavilla Fontana, 17,457; Benevento, 17,370; Altamura, 17,004; Santa Maria di Capua Vetere, 16,785; San Severo, 16,545; Torre dell’ Annunziata, 15,321; Ruvo di Puglia, 15,055; Monte Sant’ Angelo, 14,902; Rossano, 14,818; San Marco in Lamis, 14,540; Cosenza, 14,522; Caserta, 14,578; Canosa di Puglia, 14,458; Ostuni, 14,422; Ariano di Puglia, 14,347; Matera, 14,262; Monopoli, 13,800; Minervino Murge, 13,630; Martina Franca, 13,440; Campobasso, 13,345; Brindisi, 13,194; Lucera, 13,064; Acerra, 12,858; Ceglia Messacapio, 12,582; Gioja del Colla, 12,442; Pagani, 12,208; Fasano, 12,190; Capua, 12,174; Cittanova, 12,137; Palo di Colla, 11,887; Mola di Bari, 11,775; Pozzuoli, 11,751; Rionera in Voltara, 11,520; Amalfi, 11,225; Resina, 11,132; Sarno, 10,933; San Giovanni del Teduccio, 10,898; Nola, 10,771; Giugliano in Campania, 10,751; Lauria, 10,609; Frattamaggiore, 10,486; Corigliano Calabro, 10,481; Nicastro, 10,418; Cairano, 10,081; Montecorvo, 10,020; Conversano, 10,012. 107 Minimum width of the Strait of Messina, 10,330 feet; maximum depth, 1,090 feet; average depth, 246 feet. 108 Area of Sicily, 11,290 square miles; population in 1870, 2,565,300 souls; density, 227. 109 Mean annual temperature at Palermo and Messina, 64° F.; at Catania and Girgenti, 68° F.; rainfall at Palermo, 26 inches. 110 The salt marshes of the province of Trapani cover an area of 2,100 acres, and yielded, in 1865, 55,000 tons of salt, valued at £24,200. 111 In 1862 27,596 vessels, of 1,825,232 tons burden, entered and cleared from Sicilian ports; in 1869 34,989 vessels, of 2,869,327 tons; in 1873 70,974 vessels, of 5,942,700 tons. In 1875 the number of vessels and tonnage which entered and cleared was—at Messina, 9,213 vessels, of 2,335,144 tons; at Palermo, 11,692 vessels, of 1,812,195 tons; at Catania, 5,137 vessels, of 529,539 tons; and at Trapani, 5,407 vessels, of 288,475 tons. 112 Towns of Sicily having more than 10,000 inhabitants (in 1871):—Palermo, 186,406; Messina, 71,921; Catania, 84,397; Marsala, 34,202; Modica, 33,169; Trapani, 28,052; Acireale, 26,692; Caltagirone, 25,978; Ragusa Superiore, 21,494; Caltanissetta, 21,464; Canicatti, 20,908; Alcamo, 20,890; Castelvetrano, 20,420; Partinico, 20,098; Syracuse (Siracusa), 20,035; Termini Imerese, 19,646; Girgenti, 19,603; Sciacca, 18,896; Piazza Armerina, 18,252; Vittoria, 17,528; Giarre, 17,414; Comiso, 16,694; Corleone, 16,150; Licata, 15,966; Favara, 15,233; Vizzini, 14,942; Terranova di Sicilia, 14,911; Paterno, 14,790; Noto, 14,767; Aderno, 14,673; Bronte, 14,589; Nicosia, 14,544; Castrogiovanni, 14,511; Barcellona or Pozzo di Gotto, 14,471; Salemi, 14,096; Palma di Montechiaro, 13,497; Monreale, 13,496; Gangi, 13,057; San Cataldo, 12,899; Biancavilla, 12,631; Partana, 12,467; Mazzara del Valle, 12,155; Leonforte, 12,010; Mazzarino, 11,951; Avola, 11,912; Agira, 11,876; Bagheria, 11,651; Riesi, 11,548; Agosta, 11,382; Castellamare del Golfo, 11,280; Mistretta, 11,218; Racalmuto, 11,012; Niscemi, 10,750; Sciecli, 10,724; Lentini, 10,578; CefalÙ, 10,194; Froina, 10,193; Grammicheli, 10,192; Pietraperzia, 10,149; Palazzolo Acreide, 10,132. 113 Area and population of the Liparic Islands:—Lipari, 12·4 square miles, 14,000 inhabitants; Vulcano, 9·7 square miles, 100 inhabitants; Panaria and neighbouring islets, 7·7 square miles, 200 inhabitants; Stromboli, 7·7 square miles, 500 inhabitants; Salina, 10·8 square miles, 4,500 inhabitants; Felicudi, 5·9 square miles, 800 inhabitants; Alicudi, 3 square miles, 300 inhabitants. Total, 57·2 square miles, 18,400 inhabitants. 114 Pantellaria, 39·7 square miles, 6,000 inhabitants; Linosa, 4·6 square miles, 900 inhabitants; Lampedusa, 3 square miles, 600 inhabitants. 115 The tonnage of vessels which enter and clear annually from foreign ports amounts to 4,300,000 tons; the value of dutiable articles imported is nearly £9,000,000 sterling, and the value of the exports about the same. 116 Area of Malta, Gozzo, and Comino, 146 square miles; population 149,084, inclusive of 7,309 military and their families. 117 Area, 9,440 square miles; population (1871), 636,500. 118 In 1873 11,256 vessels, of 1,080,000 tons, entered and cleared the five ports of the island. In 1875 2,516 vessels, of 504,756 tons, entered and cleared at Cagliari alone, the increase since 1861 having been nearly 100 per cent. 119 Population of the principal towns of Sardinia (1871):—Cagliari, 31,95; Sassari, 30,542; Alghero, 8,769; Ozieri, 7,965; Iglesias, 7,191; Oristano, 6,963; Terranova, 1,976. 120 Agricultural statistics of Italy, 1869 (according to Maestri):—Distribution of Area:—Fields, vineyards, and orchards, 27,267,360 acres; olive plantations, 1,371,400 acres; chestnut plantations, 1,445,000 acres; forests, 10,240,400 acres; meadows, 2,900,000 acres; pastures, 13,337,000 acres. Annual Produce:—Cereals, 206,300,000 bushels (value £84,000,000); potatoes, 27,500,000 bushels (£2,000,000); wines, 880,000,000 gallons (£44,000,000); raw silk, 6,889,437 lbs. in 1873, 6,305,214 lbs. in 1874; tobacco, 7,235,000 lbs.; oil, 3,747,850 lbs. (£8,800,000); chestnuts, 14,860,000 bushels. Domesticated Animals (1868):—1,196,128 horses, 3,489,125 heads of cattle, 8,674,527 sheep and goats, 1,553,582 pigs. 121 Annual mineral produce of Italy (in tons):—Iron, 85,000; copper, 13,000; lead, 32,250; zinc, 30,000; coal, 110,750; sulphur, 285,611; salt, 388,000; besides small quantities of silver, nickel, mercury, &c. 122 Occupations:—Amongst every 1,000 inhabitants there are 342 agriculturists; 163 miners and artisans; 29 commercial men; 23 artists and scientific men; 7 priests; 6 officials; 1 soldier; 31 “proprietors;” 21 domestic servants; 13 paupers; and 382 without occupation. 123 In 1874 there were 10,929 vessels (including 138 steamers), of a burden of 1,031,889 tons; 37,560 vessels, of 7,580,317 tons, entered from or cleared for foreign ports; 197,896 vessels, of 16,500,000 tons, entered and cleared in the home trade. Of every 1,000 tons engaged in the foreign commerce, 368 sailed under the Italian, 266 under the English, and 173 under the French flag. The commerce with France engaged 1,779,672 tons; that with England 1,388,300 tons; and that with Austria 998,740 tons. 124 In 1876 4,791 miles of railway had been opened for traffic, and 460 miles were building. There were also 1,858 miles of canals and navigable rivers, and 77,140 miles of public roads. 125 Public Schools (1872):—58,322 elementary and evening schools, 2,274,999 pupils; 1,082 superior schools, 64,044 pupils; 21 universities, 10,000 students; 651 professional, technical, and art schools, 33,311 students. Total, 60,076 schools, &c., with 2,382,354 pupils and students. 126 | 1861. | 1873. | 1875. | | Expenditure | £24,206,920 | £61,704,000 | £56,618,600 | | Revenue | £18,332,880 | £52,384,000 | £55,499,800 | | Deficit | £5,874,040 | £9,340,000 | £1,118,800 | | National Debt | £100,000,000 | £402,400,000 | £460,000,000 | 127 Authorities:—Marmocchi, “GÉographie de la Corse;” Gregorovius, “Corsica;” Pr. MÉrimÉe, “Voyage en Corse.” 128 Area of Corsica, 3,378 square miles; length from north to south, 114 miles; width, 52 miles; development of coast-line, 300 miles. 129 From north to south:—Monte Padro, 7,846 feet; Monte Cinto, 8,878 feet; Paglia Orba, 8,283 feet; Rotondo, 8,607 feet; Monte d’Oro, 7,890 feet; Incudine, 6,746 feet. 130 Mean annual temperature at Bastia, 66·7° F.; rainfall, 23 inches. 131 Area, 3,378 square miles; population in 1740, 120,380; in 1872, 259,861. 132 Average annual produce:—Cereals, 2,613,000 bushels; oil, 3,300,000 gallons; wine, 6,600,000 gallons. 133 Towns of Corsica (1872):—Bastia, 17,950; Ajaccio, 16,550; Corte, 5,450; SartÈne, 4,150; Bonifacio, 3,600; Bastelica, 2,950; Calenzana, 2,600; Calvi, 2,175 inhabitants. 134 Authorities:—Coello, F. de Luxan y A. Pascual, “ReseÑas GeogrÁfica, GeolÓgica y AgrÍcola de EspaÑa;” Baron Davillier et Gust. DorÉ, “Voyage en Espagne;” De Laborde, “ItinÉraire Descriptif de l’Espagne;” Bory de Saint-Vincent, “RÉsumÉ GÉographique de la PÉninsule IbÉrique;” De Verneuil et Collomb, “MÉmoires GÉologiques sur l’Espagne;” Ford, “Handbook for Travellers in Spain;” Fern. Garrido, “L’Espagne Contemporaine;” Cherbuliez, “L’Espagne Politique;” Ed. Quinet, “Mes Vacances en Espagne;” Th. Gautier, “Tras los Montes,” “Voyage en Espagne;” M. Willkomm, “Die PyrenÄische Halbinsel,” “Strand-und Steppengebiete der iberischen Halbinsel;” George Sand, “Un Hiver À Majorque;” Ludw. Salvator, “Balearen in Wort und Bild;” BladÉ, “Études GÉographiques sur la VallÉe d’Andorre;” W. von Humboldt, “Urbewohner Spaniens;” Eug. Cordier, “Organisation de la Famille chez les Basques;” Paul Broca, “MÉmoires d’Anthropologie.” 135 Area of the Iberian peninsula, exclusive of the Balearic Islands, 225,605 square miles; area of Spain, 191,104 square miles; of Portugal (without the Azores), 34,501 square miles. Average height, according to Leipoldt, 2,300 feet. 136 Contour of peninsula, 2,015 miles, of which 1,301 are on the Atlantic, and 714 on the Mediterranean. Width of the isthmus of the Pyrenees, 260 miles. 137 | Area. | Population
(1870). | Density. | | Basin of the Duero (Leon and Old Castile, exclusive of LogroÑo and Santander) | 36,593sq.m. | 2,550,000 | 69 | | Basins of the Tajo and the Guadiana | 44,719sq.m. | 2,276,000 | 51 | 138 Average rainfall at Madrid, 10·7 inches; evaporation, 72·6 inches. 139 Mean annual temperature, 57·9°; extremes, 104° and 14° F. 140 Population of the principal towns of the Castiles (1870):—Old Castile: Valladolid, 60,000; Burgos, 14,000; Salamanca, 13,500; Palencia, 13,000; Zamora, 9,000; Segovia, 7,000; Leon, 7,000; Ávila, 6,000. New Castile: Madrid, 332,000; Toledo, 17,500; Almagro, 14,000; Daimiel, 13,000; Ciudad Real, 12,000; Val de PeÑas, 11,000; Almaden, 9,000; Manzanares, 9,000; Cuenca, 7,000; Talavera de la Reyna, 7,500; Guadalajara, 6,000. Estremadura: Badajoz, 22,000; Don Benito, 15,000; CÁceres, 12,000; Villanueva de la Serena, 8,000; Plasencia, 6,000; MÉrida, 6,000. 141 Area of the basin of the Guadalquivir, 21,000 square miles; area of Andalusia, 28,370 square miles; population (1870), 2,749,629; density, 91. 142 | Mean Annual
Temp.,
°F. | Rainfall.
Year,
in. | Rainfall.
Oct.–March,
in. | Rainfall.
April–Sept.,
in. | | Granada | 66 | 48·5 | 40·3 | 8·2 | | Seville | 68 | 26·1 | 23·1 | 3·0 | | Gibraltar | 70 | 28·9 | 20·3 | 8·6 | 143 Export of wine from CÁdiz and Santa MarÍa:—1858, 3,597,000 gallons; 1862, 5,115,000 gallons; 1873, 10,446,480 gallons, valued at £2,937,000. 144 In 1873 600,000 tons of pyrites were exported from the district of Huelva, of which 340,000 tons came from the mine of Tharsis. 145 In 1874 3,639 vessels, of 616,060 tons burden, entered; the imports had a value of £633,700, the exports (consisting for the most part of wine) of £3,116,000. 146 Approximate population of the principal towns of Andalusia:— CÁdiz, 62,000; Jerez, 35,000; Chiclana, 22,000; Puerto de Santa MarÍa, 18,000; San Fernando, 18,000; SanlÚcar de Barrameda, 17,000; Puerto Real, 14,000; Arcos de la Frontera, 12,000; Algeciras, 18,000; Medina Sidonia, 10,500. Huelva, 10,000. Seville (Sevilla), 80,000; Ecija, 24,000; Carmona, 18,000; Osuna, 16,000; Utrera, 14,000; Lebrija, 12,000; Marchena, 12,000. CÓrdova, 45,000; Lucena, 16,000; Montilla, 15,500; Montoro, 12,000; Aguilar, 12,000; Baena, 14,500; Cabra, 11,500. Jaen, 18,000; Linares, 40,000; Ubeda, 15,000; Baeza, 15,000; AlcalÁ la Real, 11,500; AndÚjar, 9,500. Granada, 65,000; Loja, 15,000; Motril, 13,500; Baza, 13,500. MÁlaga, 92,000; Antequera, 30,000; Velez MÁlaga, 15,000; Ronda, 14,000. AlmerÍa, 27,000; Velez RÚbio, 13,000. 147 Gibraltar in 1871 had 16,454 inhabitants, exclusive of the military: its annual revenue exceeds £40,000, and the burden of the vessels which enter and clear annually amounts to 3,500,000 tons. 148 | Murcia | 10,450 | square miles. | 660,040 | inhabitants, or | 63 to a sq. m. | | Valencia | 8,896 | square miles. | 1,401,833 | inhabitants, or | 158 to a sq. m. | 149 82,000 tons of esparto grass are estimated to have been collected in 1873, of which 67,000 tons were exported to England. 150 Value of exports and imports in 1867, £2,707,000. 151 Population of the principal towns of the Mediterranean slope between Cabo de Gata and the Ebro:—Valencia, 108,000; Murcia, 55,000; Lorca, 40,000; Alicante, 31,000; Cartagena, 25,000; Orihuela, 21,000; Castellon de la Plana, 20,000; Alcoy, 16,000; Albacete, 15,000; JÁtiva, 13,000; Alcira, 13,000; Almansa, 9,000. 152 Towns of Majorca:—Palma, 40,000; Manacor, 15,000; Felanitx, 10,500; Lluchmayor, 8,800; Pollenza, 8,000; Inca, 8,000; Soller, 8,000; SantaÑia, 8,000. 153 Catalonia, 12,483 square miles, 1,778,408 inhabitants; Aragon, 17,676 square miles, 928,718 inhabitants. 154 Area of the basin of the Ebro, 25,100 square miles; discharge during floods, 175,000 cubic feet, average, 7,100 cubic feet; during summer, 1,750 cubic feet; annual rainfall, 18 inches; surface drainage, 1·4 inches; proportion between the two, 13:1. 155 Zaragoza:—Mean temperature, 61°; extremes, 106° and 21°; difference, 85°; rainfall, 13·6 inches. Barcelona:—Mean temperature, 63°; extremes, 88° and 32°; difference, 56°; rainfall, 15·7 inches. 156 In 1873 there were 700 cotton-mills, with 104,000 hands and 1,400,000 spindles, consuming 67,200,000 lbs. of cotton. 157 Value of exports and imports in 1867, £10,691,000. 158 Population of the principal towns:—Aragon: Zaragoza, 56,000; Calatayud, 12,000; Huesca, 10,000; Teruel, 7,000. Catalonia (CataluÑa): Barcelona, 180,000; Reus, 25,000; Tortosa, 22,000; MatarÓ, 17,000; Sabadell, 15,000; Manresa, 14,000; Tarragona, 13,000; LÉrida, 12,000; Vich, 12,000; Badalona, 11,000; Igualada, 10,500; Olot, 10,000; Tarrasa, 9,000; Gerona, 8,000; Figueras, 8,000. 159 Navarra and Basque provinces, 6,828 square miles, 790,676 inhabitants; LogroÑo, 1,945 square miles, 182,941 inhabitants. 160 In 1875 Basque was spoken by 556,000 individuals, viz. by 116,000 in France, by 340,000 in the three Basque provinces of Spain, and by 100,000 in Navarra. 161 Population of principal towns (approximately):—Biscay (Vizcaya): Bilbao, 30,000. GuipÚzcoa St. Sebastian, 15,000; Tolosa, 8,000. Alava: Vitoria, 12,500. Navarra: Pamplona, 22,000; Estella, 6,000. LogroÑo: LogroÑo, 12,000; Calahorra, 7,000. 162 | Santander | 2,113 | sq. m. | 241,581 | inhabitants | 114 | to a sq. m. | | Asturias | 4,091 | sq. m. | 610,883 | inhabitants | 152 | to a sq. m. | | Galicia | 11,344 | sq. m. | 1,989,281 | inhabitants | 176 | to a sq. m. | 163 Climate in 1858:—Oviedo: 750 feet above the sea-level, mean temperature, 49·46° F.; extremes, 23·9° and 82°; rainfall, 81·3 inches. Santiago: 720 feet above sea-level, mean temperature, 59·07°; extremes, 28° and 95°; rainfall, 42·7 inches. 164 | Area of
Catchment Basin.
Sq. m. per sec. | Length of
Main Branch.
Miles. | Average
Rainfall.
Inches. | Average
Discharge.
Cub. ft. | Surface Drainage
in Proportion to Rainfall.
Per cent. | | MiÑo (and Sil) | 9,650 | 190 | 47 | 17,700 | 50 | | Duero | 38,610 | 507 | 20 | 22,950 | 40 | | Tajo (Tagus) | 28,960 | 556 | 16 | 11,600 | 33 | | Guadiana (and ZÁncara) | 23,170 | 553 | 14 | 5,680 | 25 | | Guadalquivir | 21,240 | 348 | 19 | 9,220 | 30 | | Segura | 8,500 | 217 | 12 | 710 | 10 | | JÚcar | 5,800 | 318 | 13 | 880 | 15 | | Ebro | 25,100 | 466 | 18 | 7,100 | 20 | | Total | 161,030 | | 16 | 75,810 | 33 | 165 Imports (1873), £2,348,720; exports, £2,341,360. 166 Imports (1873), £310,227; exports, £210,532. 167 Imports (1873), £873,286; exports, £381,636. 168 Population of towns:—Santander, 21,000; Oviedo, 9,000; Gijon, 6,000; Santiago de Compostela, 29,000; La CoruÑa, 20,000; Ferrol, 17,000; Lugo, 8,000; Vigo, 6,000; Orense, 5,000; Pontevedra, 4,200. 169 Of the total area 26·1 per cent. consists of arable land, 2·8 of vineyards, 1·7 of olive plantation, 13·7 of meadows and pasture, 16·3 per cent. of woods: 39·4 per cent. are uncultivated. The total value of agricultural produce is estimated at £80,000,000. The produce of the mines in 1871 represented a value of £6,271,000. In 1865 there were enumerated 680,373 horses, 1,020,512 mules, 1,298,334 asses, 2,967,303 heads of horned cattle, 22,468,969 sheep, 4,531,736 goats, 4,531,228 pigs, and 3,104 camels. The products of manufactures are estimated by Garrido at £63,480,000. Imports (1871), £22,780,000, (1874) £15,280,000; exports (1871), £17,688,000, (1874) £16,120,000. Commercial marine (1874), 2,836 sea-going vessels (inclusive of 212 steamers), of 625,184 tons, besides 6,498 lighters (26,000 tons) and 12,000 fishing-boats. Railways, 3,602 miles in 1876. 170 Educational statistics (1870):— | Men. | Women. | Total. | | Able to read and write | 2,414,000 | 716,000 | 3,130,000 | | Able to read only | 317,000 | 389,000 | 706,000 | | Illiterate | 5,035,000 | 6,803,000 | 11,838,000 | 171 Revenue (1876–7), £26,300,069; estimated expenditure, £26,251,518, of which more than half is for army and navy; national debt, £420,322,000. 172 Link und Hoffmannsegg, “Voyage en Portugal;” Minutoli, “Portugal und seine Kolonien;” Vogel, “Le Portugal et ses Colonies;” Lady Jackson, “Fair Lusitania;” Latouche, “Travels in Portugal.” 173 Temperature of Coimbra (according to Coello):—Year, 61·1°; winter, 52·2; spring, 63; summer, 68·9, autumn, 62·3; coldest month (January), 50·2; hottest month (July), 69·4; difference, 19·2 F. Temperature of Oporto (according to De Luiz, mean of eight years):—Year, 60·2; winter, 51·1; spring, 58·6; summer, 69·8; autumn, 61·2; coldest month (January), 50·2; hottest month (August), 70·3; difference, 20·1 F. 174 Production of wine in Portugal before the appearance of oidium, in 1853, 105,600,000 gallons. Average annual produce of the vineyards of Alto-Douro (Oporto) in 1848, 11,726,000; in 1870, 11,374,000 gallons. Exports to England, 3,718,000 gallons; Brazil, 994,000 gallons. In 1874 Oporto alone exported 6,623,000 gallons, or more than ever before. 175 Imports and exports about £4,000,000. 176 Towns of over 5,000 inhabitants in Northern Portugal (1864):—Entre Douro e Minho: Oporto, 86,257; Braga, 19,512; Pavoa de Varzim, 10,110; GuimarÃes, 7,865; Villanova de Gaia, 7,517; Vianna do Castello, 6,049; Mattozinhos, 5,089. Traz os Montes: Chaves, 6,382; BraganÇa, 5,111; Villa Real, 5,097. Beira: Coimbra, 18,147; Ovar, 10,374; CovilhÃ, 9,022; Lamego, 8,638; Ilhavo, 8,215; Murtoza, 7,666; Vizeu, 6,815; Castello Branco, 6,583; AvÉiro, 6,557; Mira, 6,014; Soure, 5,855; Lavos, 5,837; Miranda do Corvo, 5,261; PaiÃo, 5,097. 177 In 1874 Lisbon exported 5,900 tons of potatoes, 447,450 gallons of olive oil, 4,400,000 gallons of wine, 157,200 bushels of salt, 200,000 tons of copper ore, figs, almonds, oranges, &c.: 4,092 vessels entered the harbour. 178 Mean temperature of July, 90·6° F.; extremes of temperature, 27·5° and 102° F.; cloudless days, 150. 179 In 1870 Portugal produced 320,000 tons of salt, of which 184,000 tons were from SetÚbal. 180 Towns of Estremadura having over 5,000 inhabitants (1864):—Lisbon, 224,063; SetÚbal, 13,134; Santarem, 7,820; Torres Novas, 6,878; Caparica, 6,311; Palmella, 6,260; Cezimbra, 5,797; Abrantes, 5,590; Cartaxo, 5,218; LouriÇal, 5,182. 181 Towns of Southern Portugal having over 5,000 inhabitants (1864):—Alemtejo: Evora, 11,965; Elvas, 11,086; Estremoz, 7,274; Beja, 7,060; Portalegre, 6,731; Serpa, 5,595; MÓura, 5,489; Castello de Vido, 5,285; Campo Maior, 5,277. Algarve: LoulÉ, 12,156; Tavira, 10,903; Faro, 8,361; Lagos, 7,771; OlhÃo, 7,025; Alportel, 6,043; Villanova de PortimÃo, 5,531; SÃo Bartholomeu de Messires, 5,318; Monchique, 5,251; Silves, 5,103. 182 For a list of Portuguese colonies see p. 500. 183 In 1874 there were 2,649 elementary and middle-class schools, attended by 122,004 pupils, besides a university and nine special schools, with 4,300 students. 184 In 1875, 2,237 miles of royal high-roads, 600 miles of railroads. 185 Value of exports and imports in 1840, £4,016,320; in 1856, £8,127,400; 1875, £12,916,020. The commercial marine consisted in 1875 of 433 vessels (inclusive of 23 steamers), measuring 111,260 tons.
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