| CHAPTER I |
| PAGE |
| On the Differentiation of Man from the Anthropoids | 1 |
| § 1. The Hypothesis.—That Man was differentiated from the anthropoid stock by becoming a hunter; perhaps in the Oligocene period | 1-3 |
| § 2. What the Hypothesis Explains.—World-wide range; why the earliest known men were hunters; the erect gait; specialisation of hands; reduction of arms; and of teeth and jaws; modification of skull; social co-operation; rudiments of speech; intelligence; control of fire | 4-13 |
| § 3. Minor and Secondary Consequences.—Alimentary canal; loss of seasonal marriage; naked skin; cannibalism; division into races; Nordic sub-race | 13-21 |
| § 4. Prey and Competitors.—Climate and landscape in Oligocene and Miocene; animals, herbivorous; anthropoids and their stature in late Oligocene; carnivorous contemporaries | 21-8 |
| § 5. Conclusion.—Summary | 28-9 |
| CHAPTER II |
| On the Differentiation of the Human from the Anthropoid mind | 30 |
| § 1. Heredity, Adaptation, Accommodation | 30-31 |
| § 2. The Original Stock and the Conditions of Differentiation.—Mind of the higher apes the best clue to that of the original stock. Conditions of differentiation: the hunting life; geographical diffusion; social life; imaginations concerning Magic and Animism | 31-5 |
| § 3. Primal Society.—Forms of gregariousness amongst Mammalia; the hunting-pack most likely original of human society. Other conjectures | 35-40 |
| § 4. Psychology of the Hunting-pack.—Interest in the chase and in killing; gregariousness; various modes of sympathy; aggressiveness; claim to territory; recognition of leaders, submission to the pack, emulation, precedency; strategy and persistence; struggle to share the prey; intelligence. Different mentality of the herbivorous herd | 40-49 |
| § 5. The Wolf-type of Man established by Natural Selection.—Keith’s hypothesis as to epoch of differentiation. Slow progress of culture; full adaptation to hunting life prior to Neolithic culture | 49-52 |
| § 6. Some further Consequences of the Hunting-life.—Growth of constructiveness; language; customs—marriage; property; war; sports and games; laughter and lamentation | 52-61 |
| § 7. Moralisation of the Hunters.—Character of Anthropoids; human benevolence; moral sense; effect of industry; of growing intelligence | 61-6 |
| § 8. Influence of the Imaginary Environment.—Belief in Magic and Spirits often injurious; but on the whole advantageous; especially by establishing government | 66-70 |
| CHAPTER III |
| Belief and Superstition | 71 |
| § 1. “Superstition.”—Here used merely to include Magic and Animism as imagination-beliefs | 71-2 |
| § 2. Imagination.—Various uses of the word; mental “images”; in connection with reasoning; and with literary fiction. Here means unverifiable representation | 72-6 |
| § 3. Belief.—Nature of belief; degrees of probability; tested by action; play-belief | 76-9 |
| § 4. Causes and Grounds of Belief.—Derived from perception. Evidentiary causes, or grounds, raising some probability; and non-evidentiary causes which are not grounds. Memory, testimony, inference so far as unverifiable are imagination. Influence of apperceptive masses and of methodology. Non-evidentiary causes have their own apperceptive masses—derived from bad observation, memory, testimony; influenced by emotion, desire and voluntary action; by sympathy and antipathy, and by suggestibility | § 4. Lang’s Hypothesis.—Names of animals or plants given to groups probably by other groups. Circumstances of origin having been forgotten, explanatory myths are invented with corresponding observances. Comments | 304-7 |
| § 5. Totemism and Marriage.—Exogamy, Totemism and Marriage Classes. Westermarck’s hypothesis as to Exogamy | 307-11 |
| § 6. The Clansman and his Totem—perhaps believed to have the same soul | 312-14 |
| § 7. Totemism and Magic.—Magical properties of names. Transformation. Penalties on breach of observances. Control of Totems | 314-19 |
| § 8. Totemism and Animism.—Totems in Australia give warnings; are sometimes invoked in aid; the Wollunqua. Fusion of Totem with spirit of hero in Fiji; in Polynesia. Propitiation of guardian spirits, “elder brothers,” species-gods in North and South America. Zoolatry in Africa; in Egypt | 319-25 |
| CHAPTER X |
| Magic and Science | 326 |
| § 1. Their Common Ground.—Both assume uniformity of action. Differentiated in opposite directions from common-sense | 326-8 |
| § 2. The Differentiation.—The Wizard a physician—genuine and magical drugs; a surgeon with some knowledge of Anatomy—effective remedies and the sucking-cure; of Psychology and suggestion; his Physiological Psychology. Knowledge of natural signs; Natural signs and Omens; Astronomy and Astrology. Rain-rites and Meteorology | 328-37 |
| § 3. Why Magic seems to be the Source of Science.—Conducted for ages by the same people, and develops faster | 337-340 |
| § 4. Animism and Science.—Naturally opposed as caprice to uniformity; but, indirectly, Animism is the great nurse of Science and Art. Animism and Philosophy. Conclusion | 340-42 |
| Index | 345 |
