It is generally believed that the Arthropoda constitute a natural, monophyletic group. The data assembled in the preceding pages indicate that the other Arthropoda were derived directly or indirectly from the Trilobita because: (1) the trilobites are the oldest known arthropods; (2) the trilobites of all formations show great variation in the number of trunk segments, but with a tendency for the number to become fixed in each genus; (3) the trilobites have a constant number of segments in the head; (4) the position of the mouth is variable, so that either the Crustacea or the Arachnida could be derived from the trilobites; (5) the trilobite type of appendage is found, in vestigial form at least, throughout the Arthropoda; (6) the appendages of all other Arthropoda are of forms which could have been derived from those of trilobites; (7) the appendages of trilobites are the simplest known among the Arthropoda; (8) the trilobites show practically all known kinds of sessile arthropodan eyes, simple, compound, and aggregate; (9) the apparent specializations of trilobites, large pleural lobes and pygidia, are primitive, and both suffer reduction within the group. The ancestor of the trilobite is believed to have been a soft-bodied, free-swimming, flat, blind or nearly blind animal of few segments, because: (a) the form of both adult and embryo is of a type more adapted for floating than crawling; (b) the large pygidium is shown by ontogeny to be primitive, and the elongate worm-like form secondary; (c) the history of the trilobites shows a considerable increase in the average number of segments in successive periods from the Cambrian to the Permian; (d) the simplest trilobites are nearly or quite blind. |