Revival of Socialism, 1—Extinction of Old Types, 2—Main Surviving Type, Social Democracy, 3—Its Two Varieties, Socialist and Anarchist, 4—Its Relations to Political Democracy, 4—Definition of Socialism, 5—Cairnes on Mill's Profession of Socialism, 6—Ruling Characteristic common to Old and New Socialism, 9—State Socialism, 11—Conservative Socialism, 13—The Minimum of Socialism, 14—First Rise of Social Democracy, 15—Rousseau, 16—Baboeuf, 17—Connection of Socialism with Democracy, 18—The Danger to Free Institutions, 24—Necessity and Probability of Wider Diffusion of Property, 25.
CHAPTER II.
THE PROGRESS AND PRESENT POSITION OF SOCIALISM.
National Conditions Favourable to Socialism, 31—Germany, 31—Progress of Socialist Vote, 33—Action of Socialist Party in Reichstag, 34—Party Programme, 38—Halle Congress of 1891, 40—France, 45—Anarchists, 47—Socialist Revolutionary Party, 48—Possibilists, 50—Blanquists, 53—The Socialist Group in the Chamber, 53—Austria, 54—Italy, 57—Spain, 60—Portugal, 65—Norway and Sweden, 66—Denmark, 67—Belgium, 70—Holland, 72—Switzerland, 73—United States, 77—Boston Anarchists, 77—Mr. Henry George, 78—Mr. Bellamy's Nationalism, 79—Anarchists, 80—Socialistic Labour Party, 81—Knights of Labor, 82—England, 83—Social Democrats, 84—Anarchists, 86—Christian Socialists, 87—Fabians, 88—Land Nationalization, 89—Scotland, 90—Australia, 90.
CHAPTER III.
FERDINAND LASSALLE.
German Socialists before Lassalle, 93—Favourable Conditions for Socialist Agitation in Germany, 94—Character of Lassalle, 96—The Hatzfeldt Case, 99—Theft of the Cassette, 100—Trial for Sedition, 101—Literary Activity, 102—Letter to Leipzig Working Men, 103—Foundation of General Working Men's Association, 105—Lassalle's Agitation, 105—His Death, 106—Funeral, 108—Political Views, 109—Idea and Position of the Working Class, 109—Functions of the State, 111—Economic Doctrines, 113—Anarchic Socialism of the present Industrial RÉgime, 117—Ricardo's "Iron Law" of Wages, 119—A National, not an International Socialist, 124—Internationally not Peculiar to Socialist Parties, 126—Reason of Socialist Condemnation of Patriotism, 127.
CHAPTER IV.
KARL MARX.
Reception of his Work on Capital, 128—The Young Hegelians, 130—Feuerbach's Humanism, 131—"Young Germany," 136—Weitling and Albrecht, 137—Early Socialistic Leanings of Marx, 139—Marx in Paris, 141—in Brussels, 142—The Communist League, 142—Communist Manifesto of 1847, 144—New Rhenish Gazette, 146—Marx in London, 147—The International, its Rise and Fall, 149—Tendency to Division in Revolutionary Parties, 152—"Das Capital," 155—Historical Rise of Capitalism, 156—Origin of Surplus Value, 157—Theory of Value, 160—Price, 163—Criticism of his Theory of Value, 165—Wages, 166—Normal Day of Labour, 168—Machinery, 170—Piecework, 172—Relative Over-population, 174.
CHAPTER V.
THE FEDERALISM OF CARL MARLO.
Rodbertus, 178—Professor Winkelblech (Marlo), 180—His Awakening to Social Misery, 180—Application to Economic Study for Solution, 181—View of Social Problem, 182—Heathen Idea of Right (Monopolism) to be replaced by Christian Idea of Right (Panpolism), 183—Liberalism and Communism both Utopias, 184—Federalism alone realizes Christian Idea of Right, 188—Natural Right of all to Property, 189—Right to Labour and to Fruits of Labour, 191—Necessity of Controlling Increase of Population, 192—Of Suppressing Unproductive Acquisition, 193—Collectivization of Land and Productive Capital, 193.
CHAPTER VI.
THE SOCIALISTS OF THE CHAIR.
The Name, 195—Held's Vindication of it, 196—Objections to it, 197—Founders of the Historical School, 200—Their Departure from Manchester Party, 202—Eisenach Congress, 202—The Historical Method, 204—The Historical School a Realist School, 205—An Ethical School, 209—Their Theory of the State, 211—The Social Question, 212—Von Scheel, 215—Brentano, 215.
CHAPTER VII.
THE CHRISTIAN SOCIALISTS.
Socialism and Christianity, 218—Views of St. Simon and Cabet, 218—Irreligious Character of Contemporary Socialism, 219—The Christian Socialists of England in 1850, 220—Those of Germany now, 223—The Catholic Group, 223—Ketteler, 224—Moufang, 230—Protestant Group, 233—StÖcker, Todt, 234—Christian Social Working Men's Party, 239—The Social Monarchical Union, 241—The Evangelical Social Congress of 1890, 241—Is there a Specific Christian Social Politics? 242—Christian Socialism in Austria, 242—In France, 243—International Catholic Social Congress of 1890 at LiÈge, 243—The Pope's Encyclical, 245.
CHAPTER VIII.
ANARCHISM.
Recent Activity of Anarchists, 247—Individualist Anarchists and Communist Anarchists, 248—Latter are Ultra-Socialist, 249—Ultra-Democratic, 250—Proudhon's Anarchic Government, 250—No Representative Institutions, 251—Prince Krapotkin's Plan for Housing the Poor, 252—The Russian Mir the Anarchist Model of Government, 252—Anarchism Atheistic, 254—Ultra-revolutionary, 255—Propaganda of Deed, 256—Disunity and Weakness of Anarchism, 257.
CHAPTER IX.
RUSSIAN NIHILISM.
Haxthausen's Opinion of Russia's Safety from Socialism, 259—Successive Phases of Nihilism, 260—Origin of Nihilism, 261—Influence of the Rural Commune on Revolutionary Thought, 262—Decabrist Conspiracy of 1825, 263—Extreme Opinions at Russian Universities in Reign of Nicholas, 264—Ascension of Alexander II., 264—Alexander Herzen, 265—Turgenieff and the word Nihilist, 266—Koscheleff and Fircks's Accounts of Nihilism, 267—Causes of it, 268—Nihilist Sunday Schools, Tchernycheffsky, 269—Effect of Emancipation of Serfs, 270—Ruined Landlords, 270—Jews, 271—Heretics, 272—Bakunin, 273—Herzen's Recantation of Revolutionism, 273—Bakunin in London, 274—His "Amorphism," 274—His Picture of the Good Revolutionist, 275—NetchaÏeff founds Branches of the International in Russia, 276—The first Attempt on the Czar, 276—Reversion to Arbitrary and Despotic Government, 276—Bakunin and Lavroff at Zurich, 278—"Going into the People," 279—Secret Societies, 280—Nihilist Arrests and Trials, 281—Terrorism, 282—Assassination of Czar, 283—Present Socialist Parties, 283—The Black Division Party, 283—Alarming Growth of a Proletariat in Russia, 284—Impoverishment of Peasantry, 286—Break up of Communistic System, 288—Dissolution of House Communities, 289—The Black Division, 292—The Labour Emancipation League, 295.
CHAPTER X.
SOCIALISM AND THE SOCIAL QUESTION.
A Social Question recognised by Contemporary Economists, 297—Mr. Cairnes on the Situation, 297—Socialist Indictment of Existing RÉgime, 299—1st, the "Iron Law of Wages," 300—Alleged Deterioration of Wage-Labourers' Position Unfounded, 301—Their Standard of Living Better, 302—Their Individual Share in the National Wealth more, 304—The "Iron Law" Misunderstood by Socialists, 305—The "Iron Law" Itself Unsound, 307—The Rate of Wages really Depends on the per capita Production, 307—Prospects of Increasing per capita Production, 312—Piecework, 314—Shorter Day of Labour, 318—2nd, Alleged Multiplication of Vicissitudes, 323—Effects of Machinery, 323—Temporary Redundancies, 324—Serious Redundancies Lessening, 324—Value of Good System of Commercial Statistics, 325—3rd, Alleged Expropriation of the Value of the Labourer's Work, 327—How Value is Constituted, 327—Justice of Interest, 329—Social Importance of Work of Capitalist Employer, 330—Public Value of Private Property, 333—Value of Freedom, 334—Laissez-faire, 336—Necessity for Opportunities of Investment, 338—Co-operative Production, 338—Advantage of Interlacing of Classes, 340—Reason of exceptionally good House Accommodation among Working Classes of Sheffield, 341.
CHAPTER XI.
STATE SOCIALISM.
1. State Socialism and English Economics.
M. LÉon Say on State Socialism, 345—State Property and State Industries in Germany, 345—Mr. Goschen and others on Change in English Opinion regarding State Intervention, 346—Their Views Exaggerated and undiscriminating, 347—Little done in England in Nationalizing Industries, 348—Much done in enlarging Popular Rights, 349—English Thinkers never Believers in Laissez-faire, 351—Except Mr. H. Spencer, 352—Adam Smith's "Simple and Obvious System of Natural Liberty," 353—His Theory of Social Politics, 356—Ricardo's Views, 359—McCulloch's, 360—On the Manufacturing System, 362—On Crises, 363—On Irish Pauper Labour, 364—On Factory Legislation, 366—On Housing the Poor, 366—On the Poor Law, 368—The So-called Manchester School, 372—The English Theory of Social Politics, 373.
2. The Nature and Principle of State Socialism.
Different Definitions of Socialism, 374—Origin and Meaning of State Socialism, 379—The Social Monarchists, 380—Rodbertus, 380—His Theory of Social Politics, 381—M. de Laveleye and Establishment of Equality of Conditions, 384—Alleged Disinheritance of the People from the Primitive Economic Rights, 385—Mr. Chamberlain's Doctrine of "Ransom," 386—Professor A. Wagner's State Socialism, 387.
3. State Socialism and Social Reform.
Cobden's Praise of the Prussian Government for its Social Work, 393—Property, a Requisite of Progress, not of Freedom, 394—Limits of Legitimate Intervention, 395—Short Definition of State Socialism, 399—Error of Plea for State Socialism as Extinguisher of Chance, 399—As Saving the Waste from Competition, 400—Wastefulness of Socialism, 401—As shown in Samoa, 401—In England under Old Poor Law, 402—In Brook Farm, 402—Idleness the Destroyer of the American Owenite and Fourierist Communities, 403—Idleness, the Great Difficulty in the Shaker and Rappist Communities, 405—"Old Slug," 406—Contentment with Squalid Conditions, 407—Special Liability to Mismanagement, 408.
4. State Socialism and State Management.
Natural Qualities and Defects of State as Industrial Manager, 409—Post Office, 410—Dockyards, 410—Forestry, 412—Mint and other Forms of Attesting, 412—Monopolies, 413—Municipal Management of Gas and Water Supply, 413—Land Nationalization, 414—State Railways, 415—State Insurance in New Zealand, 417—Results of Joint-Stock Management and Private Management in Massachusetts, 417.
5. State Socialism and Popular Right.
Why Impracticable Legislation is Socialistic, 418—Rule of Intervention for Realizing Rights, 419—Right to Existence, 421—Right to Superannuation, 421—Right to Labour, 423—Problem of the Unemployed, 425—Free Education, Libraries, Parks, 427—Where Stop? 427—Legal Fixing of Prices, as in Fares and Rates, 428—Of Fair Rent, 429—Of Fair Wages, 430—Compulsory Arbitration, 430—Legal Minimum Wages, 431—Sweating System and Starvation Wages, 432—International Compulsory Eight Hours Day, 434.
CHAPTER XII.
THE AGRARIAN SOCIALISM OF HENRY GEORGE.
Mr. George Predicts that his Book would find Apostles, 441—Fulfilment of the Prediction, 441—Sisyphism, 442—Loses His Religious Belief through Perception of Poverty, 443—Recovers it again, 445—1st, His Problem, 445—Its unverified Assumption, 445—Evidence of Facts against it, 448—Average Scale of Living has Risen, 449—Proportion of Paupers, unable to obtain it, has Declined, 449—Special Decline of Able-bodied Pauperism, 450—Increase of Length of Life, 452—Mr. George Changes his Problem from one of Quantity to one of Proportion, 453—Rent really no larger Proportion of National Wealth or even of Agricultural Produce than before, 454—Wages no Smaller Proportion, 456—Indications of Increasing Distribution of Wealth, 457—2nd, Mr. George's Explanation, 461—Alleged Tendency of Wages to a Minimum that gives but a Bare Living, 462—The Wages Fund and Population Theories, 464—Mr. George's New Population Theory, 465—His New Wages Fund Theory, 468—His Explanation of the Distribution of Wealth without taking Profits into Account, 474—Views on Rent, 476—on Interest, 483—Wages, 484—Margin of Cultivation, 484—Absurdities of his Explanation, 485—3rd, Mr. George's Remedy, 487—Land Nationalization Movement in England, 488—Futility of Mr. George's Remedy, 489—Confiscation, 490—Difference of Mr. George's Proposal from Mr. Mill's, 491—Agricultural Land as truly the Fruit of Labour as other Commodities, 492—Real Distinction between Land and other Property, 494—Social Claim on all Property, 495—Is Private Property the best Guarantee for the most Productive use of Land? 496—Land Nationalization no Assistance to the Reforms that are Needed, 498.
