The cataloguer's troubles do not end when the, to him, vexatious styles of names referred to in the previous pages are settled. He has to decide for himself the somewhat difficult question of entry under pseudonyms or real names when known, or under married or maiden names when both have been used by women authors.

These classes come into the same division as changed names, though the standard codes of rules make different recommendations, some to enter by the real name, others by the pseudonym, but most are in favour of the latter.

The A.L.A. and L.A. Joint-Code rule is to "enter under the pseudonym of a writer when the real name is not known," which is another way of saying "enter under the real name when known."

A great deal of attention has from time to time been paid to this subject by librarians. Some years ago the whole tendency was to hunt in all places, likely or unlikely, in the hope of discovering the real name of an author who used a pseudonym, and, when the search was successful, of getting it into print as soon as possible. A librarian thereby may have scored by being ahead of his fellows with the information, and the user of the catalogue may have acquired knowledge, though possibly he did not want it, especially if it involved looking up two references instead of one. The tendency is now somewhat in the other direction, and it may safely be said that, except for some excellent reason, the entries should be given under the pseudonym, rules or no rules. It may reasonably be contended that the better-known, whether it be the pseudonym or the real name, is the right one for the entry, as being the more reasonable and satisfactory. Should there be any doubt which is the better known, then it is "a mistake on the right side" to enter under the real name of the author.

There is a little variation in the styles of printing such entries in a catalogue. Some give them after this manner

Annunzio, Gabriele d', pseud. (i.e. Gaetano Rampagnetto).
The triumph of death.

Others print the assumed name in italics, as

Dale, Darley, pseud. (Francesca M. Steele).
Seven sons; or, the story of Malcolm and
his brothers.

while others put it shorter still, without any loss of clearness as to meaning

"France, Anatole" (A. FranÇois Thibault.) Le
livre de mon ami.

In none of these cases is it deemed necessary, at least in an average catalogue, to refer from the real name to the pseudonym, for the reason that not one person in a thousand would think of looking under the real names of these authors. In the catalogues of large and important libraries, particularly reference libraries, these references can be given, as a matter of course, according to the rules, otherwise there is the risk of the same author appearing in two places under different names. It is well, on principle, to take a rooted objection to this, though under special circumstances it is conceivable that it might be no great disadvantage. Take a modern instance

Danby, Frank. Pigs in clover.

which is by Julia Frankau, the author of two important books—one on colour prints and the other on the mezzotinto engraver, J. R. Smith—both published under her real name. These books are so far apart in character from her novels that both names might very well be used in the catalogue. In the classified catalogue the use of the two names would not matter, but in the dictionary catalogue it requires consideration. Again, there is little likelihood of these books all appearing in the same catalogue; the lending library would not have the books on prints, and the reference or other special library which might contain them would hardly have the novels. This illustration is named simply to show the consideration that can be given to a case of the kind. It does not really end here, because there is always the chance of the author writing more fiction under her real name. Remembering this, and the fact that she has already published books under her proper name, the reference becomes necessary for safety in the future. That is to say, for the novel the reference is given from Frankau to the pseudonym until the time comes to reverse the process.

There are several similar instances where the books, though widely differing in character, are none the less likely to appear in the same catalogue. The writings of the late Rev. John M. Watson may be cited as a case in point, those on religious subjects being published under his real name, and his stories under the pseudonym of "Ian Maclaren." A present-day example of the same thing is the book

which is by the same author who writes novels under the pseudonym of "George A. Birmingham." In the case of a library publishing a separate catalogue of fiction there can be no objection to following the course already recommended, by entering under the pseudonym

"Birmingham, George A." (Jas. O. Hannay).
The red hand of Ulster.

If there is no separate catalogue of fiction, the author's books must all be brought together, when it is inevitable that the real name, rather than the fictitious, be taken for all entries. Here arises the problem whether the pseudonym is to be attached to the entry for the book on monasticism or limited to the books written under the assumed name. It is helpful to mark the distinction in this way

not overlooking the essential reference

"Birmingham, George A." See Hannay, Jas. O.

There is at least one example of an author publishing works of fiction under both his real name and a pseudonym, viz., J. E. Preston Muddock, who writes some stories under his true name, and his detective stories under that of "Dick Donovan." The right course to pursue in this case is to enter all under Muddock. Unless there is strong objection to placing books by one writer in two places, there is no reason why the separate entries should not appear under both names. While introduced here to show a possible method of treatment, it must not be taken as recommended.

Muddock, J. E. P. The dead man's secret.
— The lost laird.
See also Donovan, Dick.
"Donovan, Dick" (J. E. P. Muddock). Tales of
terror.
— The sin of Preaching Jim.
See also Muddock, J. E. P.

When the name of an author is known to be, or, from its nature, is obviously a pseudonym, it is better given in inverted commas, or whatever other style is adopted to mark a pseudonym, whether the real name be known or not. Such names are "Skelton Kuppord," "Walker Miles," "Home Counties," "Daniel Chaucer." A pseudonym which consists of a phrase can rarely be regarded as a name, and it is wiser to treat the book as if it were anonymous, after the manner referred to later, bringing the phrase-pseudonym into the title-entry in this way

To enter under "One who was in it" would be useless as well as wasteful. A similar example is

The life of a prig, by One. 1886

when the entry under "One" would be equally futile and absurd. So also would be

The danger of spiritualism, by a Member of the
Society for Psychical Research. 1901

if entered under "Member." The first of these two receives a title-entry, which is a recognition of the pseudonym, as

Prig, The life of a, by One. 1886

In these examples the non-recognition of the pseudonym is due to the fact that its application is confined to a particular instance or a particular book. This recommendation for treating phrase-pseudonyms must be carefully considered in relation to the books produced by the users. Those who write regularly and publish several works under such pseudonyms must be recognised—as witness the case of "A Son of the Marshes."

At this point the arrangement of working out the foregoing entries in full may be continued. The first is

or, in the event of there being but a single work on the subject

If there is a separate fiction catalogue or class-list, the entry for the novel by the same author is

Red hand of Ulster, The. Birmingham, G. A.

When the entries are embodied in the dictionary catalogue, and the real name of the author is taken for the main-entry, the title-entry becomes

Red hand of Ulster, The. Hannay, J. O.

It must be admitted that this might puzzle a person who remembers the title of the book and could recognise it by the name of the author, but would fail to identify Hannay with Birmingham. The entry must, all the same, be given in this form to guide to the name of "Hannay," where the principal entry is to be found. The same remark equally applies to the title-entries requisite for Mr. Muddock's books, if they are all entered under "Muddock" in orthodox fashion and not divided. If divided the entries would be

Dead man's secret, The. Muddock, J. E. P.
Lost laird, The. Muddock, J. E. P.
Tales of terror. Donovan, D.
Sin, The, of Preaching Jim. Donovan, D.

The "Kruger" book comes under some such heading as

with references thereto from "Africa, South," "Transvaal, The," and "Orange Free State."

At the risk of labouring the point—an important one which will bear emphasis—the last book affords an opportunity for again demonstrating the handling of a book for specific subject-entry in the dictionary catalogue. This form of entry requires that books bearing upon the Boer Wars, the French Revolution, the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, the Gunpowder Plot, the American Revolution, or any other historical happening to which a definite name is attached, shall be entered under such specific name, not under the name of the country or countries concerned. It might be possible to evade this by giving a reference from the name of the event to the name of the country, but it is against the principles of the dictionary catalogue. The matter has to be reasoned out like this: a history of the last Boer War is not a history of South Africa, is not even a history of the Transvaal or of the Orange Free State, although it terminated the existence of the republics of those states. Similarly a history of the Crimean War is not a history of Russia, and has as much to do with Turkey, to say nothing of this country or of France; a history of the Franco-German War is neither a history of France nor of Germany, but merely a detached epoch in the history of both countries, however much it had to do with the founding of the present German Empire and the fall of the French Empire. Therefore, literal exactness requires, as already stated, that entry be made under the names whereby such events are known with See also references thereto from the names of the countries involved. It is also required that the term chosen for the heading shall be definite and not general. If the heading, say, of "Civil War" were taken in a British catalogue for books upon the great Civil War of the 17th century, it would be incorrect, because too inclusive, as books upon civil war in the abstract or on civil wars generally or in any country, as the Civil War between North and South in America, could all be grouped under it, therefore the heading must be "earmarked" in some way to show what particular civil war is meant, say, "Civil War, The Great," or "Civil War and Commonwealth," or even "Civil War, The." The addition of the definite article to the last heading serves to show that the Puritan revolution is meant, though it would not give the same meaning in an American catalogue. In this way headings to be adopted are reasoned out before being decided upon.

The "Life of a prig" is already sufficiently disposed of, though it is not a story, but is more or less in the nature of a satire recounting the troubles of an Oxford man, uncertain as to whether he should belong to the Anglican or Roman Church. It is marked for the classified catalogue as a satire of the late Victorian period. This is a type of book that is the bane of the cataloguer's life, and he is not to be blamed if he summarily disposes of it under any heading or title that does not altogether relegate it to obscurity. The last is

and is the sole entry for this book.

Attention may here be directed to two points arising in connection with some of the above entries. It will be noticed that in the Hannay entry a "repetition dash" (—) has been given in lieu of the name for the second entry, as it would be for all subsequent entries under the same name. To make use of this dash for any other purpose is dangerous, and should be avoided. The old-fashioned custom of using it to save repeating words in the title-entries, led to the well-known catalogue jokes:—

Mill on Liberty.
— — the Floss.
Lead, kindly Light.
— Silver and.

and others equally ridiculous. Every word omitted was indicated by a separate dash, after this manner

Three Men in a Boat.
— — on the Bummel.
Toilers of the Field.
— — — Sea.
Told by the Colonel.
— — — Death's Head.

It is hardly necessary to say that in all the above cases no dashes were required; every word should have been given, both for the sake of understanding and appearance.

The second point relates to the recommendation, already referred to, that the word following the article in titles whereby the entries are alphabetized should have a capital letter, and also that one should be given to the first word of an alternative title. Nothing can be said against these proposals unless it is that they give certain words an undue prominence. The books of J. E. P. Muddock serve admirably as illustrations:—

Muddock, J. E. P. The Dead man's secret; or,
The valley of gold.
— The Great white hand; or, The Tiger of
Cawnpore.
— The Lost laird.
— The Man from Manchester.

This, however, resolves itself more into a question of taste than of expediency.

In the same category as pseudonyms come the women who, in changing their names by marriage, perhaps more than once, have written under all forms of their names—"aggravating ladies" as they have been called. At times they are better known by the names of their husbands, as Mrs. Mark Pattison, Mrs. Humphry Ward, Mrs. Sidney Webb. It would be injudicious to adopt a fixed rule to cover all cases of this kind. The best-known name recommendation again applies, although the rule usually laid down is to enter a married woman under whatever name she first used as an author, with references thereto from her later names. In some cases this is quite a safe and convenient rule, while in others it involves looking in two places. To state a case, people are now more familiar with the works of Mrs. Sidney Webb under that name than under her maiden name of Beatrice Potter. If entry were made under Potter it would in any case necessitate a reference to Webb for those books which she had written jointly with her husband. Therefore, it being admitted that the better-known name, also the more correct, is that of Webb, the entries are so given, with the reference from Potter, i.e.,

For order of arrangement it will be noticed that books written by Sidney Webb alone precede those written by him as a joint-author, with his name in the leading place. If the last-named book had been published as "by Beatrice and Sidney Webb" the entry would, as a matter of course, be under Mrs. Webb's name, her book on co-operation coming before it. The Workman illustration given in Chapter V. should be considered in this connection. Another, and rather different difficulty of the kind, is when a man and his wife have collaborated and published with the wife's maiden name in the leading place. If the lady has written other books before marriage and continues to use her maiden name on books written by herself, it settles the matter sufficiently to warrant entry under the maiden name, as

Fowler, Ellen Thornycroft (Mrs. Felkin). Concerning
Isabel Carnaby.
— In subjection.
— and Alfred L. Felkin. Kate of Kate Hall.

with the usual references

Felkin, Alfred L. (joint-author). See Fowler,
Ellen T.
Felkin, Ellen T. See Fowler, Ellen T.

and the customary title-entries under "Concerning," "In," and "Kate."

The subject-entries for the foregoing books are

It would be incorrect, for the sake of economy, to omit the definite article in this, as it somewhat alters the sense. At times it can be left out without any risk of changing the meaning, as in the book on trades unions below. Some cataloguers make a feature of giving the Christian name in full in subordinate entries if the author is a woman.

A reference is needed to assist towards that coordination between the subject-entries of a catalogue serving to bring its related parts together, and is helpful by way of suggestion to the inquirer when using it.

Labour:
See also Trades Unions.

There can be no objection in the above instance, or in those of Mrs. Humphry Ward and other ladies well known and commonly spoken of by their husband's names, to giving, if desired, the entries under those names, provided the usual references are furnished.

Webb, Beatrice. See Webb, Mrs. Sidney.
Ward, Mary A. See Ward, Mrs. Humphry.

It would, however, be possible to dispense with the references altogether, if only a comparatively small number of entries under Webb or Ward appear in the catalogue.

To show the difficulty experienced by cataloguers in keeping pace with ladies who change their names by marriage, it may be mentioned that even a well-known author like the late Lady Dilke, who was Mrs. Mark Pattison, can be found in good catalogues placed accidentally under both names. On the other hand it is as well to be quite sure when following up the changed names of women authors. The London Library and some lesser catalogues have confused Anne Manning and Mrs. A. M. Rathbone, with the result that books are amalgamated erroneously under one name though written by different persons. In other catalogues of minor importance "George Eliot" has figured as Mrs. G. H. Lewes and Marie Corelli as Marion Mackay.

Although recommended by some rules, there is no real necessity for giving references from the married names of writers of the importance of "George Eliot" or Charlotte BrontË, as it is improbable that anyone would refer to "Cross" or "Nicholls" for these authors.

This treatment of women authors may be summed up by repeating the recommendation "use the best-known name in all cases"—if the lady writes under her maiden name and is mostly known thereby, that is the name to use; if by her married name, then use that.

If she has been married more than once and written under all forms of her name (of which examples are A. Mary F. Robinson, who was Madame Duclaux and then Madame Darmesteter, and Mrs. Aubrey Le Blond, nÉe Whitshed, formerly Mrs. Fred. Burnaby and Mrs. Main) then, again, the best-known (in these cases Robinson and Le Blond) are the right ones to use, not neglecting the references from the others. If a writer has consistently used a pseudonym, that, again, is the best to adopt for the entry. For example, there is a Spanish novelist, known as "Fernan Caballero," who, surviving three husbands, resumed her maiden name. In her case it is not worth while searching for or discussing which of her names should be chosen, that by which she is universally known being undoubtedly the best.

Books published anonymously—that is where the authors' names are not upon the title-pages, and no clue to them is to be found in the books—are more annoying to the cataloguer than pseudonymous works. At times a preface or a dedication in a book may bear the author's name or initials, or there may be something serving to reveal his identity in the text, and such evidence must be searched for. In the event of the book itself yielding no help, then the customary sources of information are turned to, the best for British cataloguers being Halkett and Laing's Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of Great Britain (though this is not absolutely reliable). The British Museum, London Library, or other important catalogues at command should be consulted, particularly the catalogues of the place from which the book comes, as the wanted information may be known locally. For French books Barbier's Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes is useful.

The method of cataloguing an anonymous book may be shown here. The title-page of that chosen reads

The preface opens with a statement that the writer has adopted anonymity though quite aware that it is the thinnest of screens if there is any wish to pierce behind it, and he goes on to say that a twenty-eight years' acquaintance with India, etc., suggests some knowledge of the matter he discusses, thus showing that "Twenty-eight years in India" is not the title of another book, but a species of pseudonym. If this "thinnest of screens" cannot be penetrated, and the mere suggestion that it can should serve to put the cataloguer on his mettle, then there are two ways of entering the book regarding it as strictly anonymous. One is to enter uniformly by the first word of the title not an article as

Failure, The, of Lord Curzon: a study in "imperialism,"
by "Twenty-eight years in
India." 1903

The better way to enter anonymous books when concerned with particular persons or places is under the names of such persons or places, provided they are named on the title-pages, as

Curzon of Kedleston, Lord. The failure of
Lord Curzon: a study in "imperialism," by
"Twenty-eight years in India." 1903

This is a sufficient entry, as any person wanting the book could not fail to remember that it related to Lord Curzon unless he thought of Indian administration, which would be the subject-entry for it. Another method, much the same in principle, is to enter under the first substantive in the title.

If the name of the author is ascertained later and with certainty, as this was, the entry must be altered accordingly

O'Donnell, C. J. The failure of Lord Curzon:
a study in "imperialism," by "Twenty-eight
years in India." 1903 354.54

When literal exactness is the custom of the library the author's name as above would be enclosed in brackets to show that it is an addition made by the cataloguer under the rule previously alluded to. If that is the method decided upon for entering anonymous books, the first-word entry is still retained, with the author's name added.

Failure, The, of Lord Curzon: a study in
"imperialism," by "Twenty-eight years in
India" [C. J. O'Donnell.] 1903 354.54

With the author's name revealed the entry under Lord Curzon becomes a subject-entry

The author's name was obtained from a newspaper paragraph some months after the publication of the book, and verified before use. If the paragraph had been of the speculative nature of the following, it would have been wiser to ignore it, and wait for something more definite

Paragraphs of this kind always appeal to the careful cataloguer, and keep his mind on the alert until the point is settled one way or other. One so obviously inspired as the following is authoritative enough for use

There is another method of cataloguing anonymous books sometimes seen, viz., bringing them all together under a heading "Anon." It has nothing to commend it unless it be the apparent advantage of having all anonymous books in one place. This is somewhat akin to the practice of grouping all thin books under the comprehensive heading "Pamphlets"—comprehensive because if the idea is carried out logically only two headings are required, "Pamphlets" and "Books."

Another class of anonymous books is that in which they are stated to be "By the Author of" some other book which is named. These are dealt with in the same way as any other anonymous books, except that it is convenient to furnish a list of the books that a library possesses written by such an author, this list being given under the title of the best-known book, if such can be distinguished—if not, the one most frequently named on the title-pages of the rest of the books is taken, when references can be given from the others. Examples are

Laddie.
— Miss Toosey's mission.
— Tip cat.
Miss Toosey's mission, by the Author of
"Laddie."
See also Laddie.

If italics are preferred to quotation marks, the style will be instead

Tip cat, by the Author of Laddie.
See also Laddie.

Instead of grouping the books under "Laddie," a covering note can be appended to each book by the author as

Laddie.
Other books by the same author are Lil, Miss
Toosey's mission, Tip cat.

or the style, if preferred, may be

Miss Toosey's mission.
Other books by the same author are Laddie,
Lil, Tip cat.

It is all the more necessary to follow out this method of entry in the case of sequels to such books. For example there is a book

Lady of the decoration, The.

and its sequel

Lady married, The, by the Author of "The lady
of the decoration."

when the books can be entered together and in order of reading as

Lady of the decoration, The.
— Lady married, The, by the [same author.]

Other and better-known instances are the books "by the Author of 'Elizabeth and her German Garden.'" Here, however, the identity of the author has been ascertained, and the books are all brought together in the ordinary way under her name (Countess von Arnim), and are not put under "Elizabeth and her German Garden," the entry for which book would disclose the name of the author and direct to the main-entry (Arnim), where all her books are to be found.

Further troublesome books are those in which the authors' names are veiled by initials which may be given on the title-pages or at the end of the prefaces. The method of entry is much the same as that for books altogether anonymous, except that either an entry or a reference is given from the last initial (from the first also if thought to be required) to the entry word adopted. The full title of the book taken in illustration reads:

The editor tells us that the author died before the work was in print, and the author requested him to publish it without revealing the authorship. Even if the author had lived the book would have appeared anonymously or under a pseudonym. We may presume that the initials are those of the author's name, when we have choice of entry as if the initials were not given, as

with references from the initials and the Editor as

G., E. E. See Makers of Hellas.
Jevons, Frank B. (Ed.) See Makers of Hellas.

or, more conveniently and just as usefully, with an entry instead of a reference under the initials

the reference from the Editor then being changed to

Jevons, Frank B. (Ed.) See G., E. E.

or, under the circumstances, an entry might be given

when the first entry that under "Makers" can be dispensed with. The subject-entry is

and a reference, hardly wanted, but better given

Hellas. See Greece, Ancient.

An entry of the above character with a bare initial takes precedence of all the G's in the alphabetical arrangement, and therefore is not placed as Gee but before Gaa, because the letters following the initial are an unknown quantity (G——).

In the event, likely enough, of the name covered by the initials being ascertained, the entry should then be given under the name. Instances of these are

when the authors being known the entries are

Falls, Alice M. On the banks of the Seine. 1900

or more particularly exact

F[alls], A[lice] M. On the banks of the Seine.
1900
B[oyle], E. V. Days and hours in a garden.
1884

with the essential references in such cases

F., A.M. See Falls, Alice M.
B., E.V. See Boyle, E. V.

These books may serve to illustrate more than the one point. The first does not need a title-entry under "On," and certainly none under "Banks" or "Seine," as the title is a fanciful one, which is hardly likely to be remembered in any connection apart from its author and subject. If a contrary view were taken, the most that could be given would be this entry:

Seine, On the banks of the. Falls, A. M. 1900

which is altogether misleading, as the book has nothing to do with the river, but is a series of sketches of French historical events occurring in Paris. The correct entry therefore is

In contradistinction the second book is most likely to be remembered by its title as

Days and hours in a garden. Boyle, E. V. 1884

This is one of the forerunners of a long series of books of garden diaries or essays, containing notes upon flowers, birds, and other things connected with gardens, and the thoughts they suggest upon a variety of subjects, and is, by no means, a practical book for the working gardener. Such books, while inevitably coming under a heading "Gardens and Gardening," need to be grouped together apart from the practical books under a sub-division, "Literary Miscellany," or some other suitable term.

There are books, too, with initials in the place of the authors' names which obviously do not stand for a name as

The Athanasian Creed, by LL.D. 1861

or the last initial is clearly not part of the name, as

A sermon preached at the funeral of Lady Mary
Armyne, by J. D., M.A. 1676

The first book is better regarded as entirely anonymous, which it virtually is, as

and the second upon the lines previously indicated as

or, even better still, as

with the reference, if considered necessary,

D., J., M.A. See Armyne, Lady Mary.

The initials may at times cover a pseudonym when, if this happens to be unknown, the method of entry would as a matter of course be similar to that outlined above. If it is known that the initials represent a pseudonym or phrase-pseudonym, of which A.L.O.E., meaning "A Lady of England," is a well-known example, then the entry is given under the first letter and not the last, thus

"A.L.O.E." (Charlotte M. Tucker). House
Beautiful; or, the Bible museum. 1868

and following the customary procedure for pseudonym the reference is given from the real name

Tucker, Charlotte M. See A.L.O.E.

Here again it is recommended to alphabetize as if the first initial (A) stood alone, and at the beginning of the alphabet rather than as Aloe. This may not be a matter of much moment, but it is one of those apparently trivial details which in the aggregate make the catalogue more accurate, more convenient, and more useful.