Among other names rather puzzling to the cataloguer are those of persons who have no surnames in the ordinary accepted sense, and who are known and entered by their Christian or forenames, such as potentates, popes, saints, and mediÆval writers. Their names will arise more frequently for subject-entry than as authors, but the style of entry remains the same in either case.

To take the names of royal personages first, the book chosen is catalogued as

This would be a sufficiently full entry for most catalogues, yet the title-page of the first volume reads

The markings in this title denote the division into lines of the title-page, and are introduced merely to illustrate and explain such markings when seen in catalogues. They are only used in the case of rare editions and bibliographical curiosities, or where a very exact description is wanted.

This book is not allotted to the biography of sociology in the classified catalogue, but to English History—Queen Victoria, where it rightly belongs. The biographies of monarchs are rarely separable from the histories of their reigns, and these letters are regarded accordingly.

The usual references are required from the names of the editors individually, as

Benson, Arthur C. (Ed.) See Victoria, Queen.
Esher, Viscount (Ed.) See Victoria, Queen.

The next work is one of a purely literary character by the queen of a reigning monarch, viz.,

A title-entry is required for the book

This book is not placed with Roumanian literature in the classified catalogue, but with German fiction of the later 19th century, as the Queen writes in her native German.

In the remaining illustrations the royal personages come as subjects, not as authors. The principal entries are—

The first and fourth of these books come together under the same heading—

A reference is desirable

Henry of Navarre. See Henry IV., of France.

These books need further entries for subject, the first under the heading "Huguenots, The," and the other a title-entry

Presuming that the catalogue will contain no other book than that above on Prince Henry, we write a title-entry

The next book becomes

Whenever a number is used in the titles of monarchs either in the heading or in transcribing the title of a book, it is given in Roman numerals, as shown above, and not as "Henry 4th," or even as "William the Second." The last book requires a further entry under "Russia," the "Eastern neighbours" of the title, as the book bears upon German relations with Russia. It does not need an entry under "Germany," as all books dealing with a particular monarch or his reign are entered under his name, as in this instance, and covered by a reference from the name of the country, as

Germany.
See also William II.

or more comprehensively

Germany.
For the lives of monarchs and the histories of
their reigns see their names as William II.

This example affords an opportunity for explaining that in the catalogues of popular libraries the names of foreign monarchs are Anglicized, where they admit of it, as shown (William instead of Wilhelm); that all English monarchs of the same name take precedence in the order of arrangement; and that the sovereigns with the same name of a particular country are kept together, and then arranged in chronological order. The following list demonstrates this point—

William I., the Conqueror.
William II. (1087-1100).
William III.
William IV.
William I., Emperor of Germany (1861-88).
William II., Emperor of Germany.

If considered desirable, the dates of the reigns can be added, as shown in the second and fifth of these names. This adds a certain clearness to the entry, though the catalogue is not meant to serve as an historical dictionary.

The last of the above selection of books is entered

In assigning a place in the classified catalogue for this and similar books we are faced with the necessity for deciding whether they shall go in 923.1 (Biography of Sociology—Chief Rulers, Kings, Queens, etc.). By the Queen Victoria book it was shown that her letters were inseparable from the history of her reign, and the same view is taken of the biographical and other books above, as indicated by the numbers attached to the entries. If this is considered to be the better and more useful placing for a book dealing with a monarch, it is a moot point whether the lives of their consorts are not also to a large extent contributions to the histories of their periods, and warrant similar treatment, when this book would be numbered with others on the reign of Louis XVI. (944.035). A confirmation of this view is found in the Subject-Index of the London Library, where no references whatever to books on Marie-Antoinette are to be found under her name, as they are under Louis XVI., though this is no criterion for so dealing with books catalogued according to the principles laid down in these pages. In the classified catalogue the books can be entered at 944.035, and a reference given to it at 923.1.

Following out the contrary idea, the book upon Prince Henry the Navigator is not put with the Biography of Princes, but with the Biography of Travellers, Discovery.

We may take two books upon Popes at this point, though the method of treatment is virtually the same,

Contrary also to the views expressed above, but with as good reason, these two books are not classified with Religion—History of the Roman Catholic Church, but with the Biography of Religion—Popes. The subject-entries for the dictionary catalogue are

This last calls for the reference

Hildebrand. See Gregory VII., Pope.

The lives of popes, or any other works dealing with them as individuals, do not need references from their family names, because these names are merged when the bearers are raised to the pontificate, and it is unlikely that anyone will look under Pecci for Leo XIII. Two useful general references can be added

Roman Catholic Church.
See also Popes.
Popes.
See also the names of Popes as Gregory VII.,
Leo XIII.

These references assume that there are books in the catalogue upon the popes generally.

It will have been observed in passing that both these books, and that upon Prince Henry the Navigator, in the previous examples, belong to series, the titles of which are contained in the entries. They are usually noticed for headings in the dictionary catalogue, as it can be made to furnish a list of the volumes in a library, belonging to a series, under the name of the series. As such a list is not intended to serve as a makeshift form of subject-entry, the first word (articles excepted) of the title of the series is taken for the entry-word of the heading, as Heroes of the Nations, Public Men of To-day, Epochs of Church History, capitals being used to denote that these are special names. There are three ways of entering under a series heading, viz., (1) by the authors' names arranged in alphabetical order, as

(2) by the subject, especially in a series of a biographical or personal nature, as

and (3) by the number if the volumes in the series bear a consecutive number, as

Though allowed for by some of the codes of rules, this latter is a form not to be commended, as it often involves a search through a long list to find a particular book. The only possible advantage it has is that the latest published volumes are to be found at the end of the list, though this would not apply to new and revised editions if they had the old volume numbers. When economy of space is of some moment, as it too often is in the printed catalogues, there being a certain element of doubt as to the utility of these series entries, they can be dispensed with, upon the presumption that a person requiring a book will know either the name of the author or its subject, and the author-entry reveals if it is one of a series. Whatever likelihood there may be of a person wishing to read all the books in the Heroes of the Nations or English Men of Letters Series, it is improbable that anyone will want to read systematically from volume 1 to 74 of the International Scientific Series owing to the variety of subjects. The name of the series should be given in the author-entry even in the brief form of catalogue. A certain amount of discretion has to be exercised in giving lists of series, as many publishers' series, like the Pitt Press Series, Bohn's Libraries, Clarendon Press Series, Everyman's Library, pass unnoticed. If space can be afforded, it serves some little purpose towards indicating the character and scope of books to give the names of such series in the principal entry. There is no place in the classified catalogue for separate lists of series.

The saints and similar personages next claim our attention. The entries will be under their names, and not under "Saint." Examples of the correct form are

Only the first and fourth of these are main-entries, and neither of them really needs a subject-entry. The main-entries for the rest are

The process of canonization does not affect cataloguing so materially that all persons canonized must be entered under their Christian names, indeed, the Francis Xavier at least needs the reference

Xavier, St. Francis. See Francis Xavier.

Comparatively modern instances, as Sir Thomas More or Bishop John Fisher—now the Blessed Thomas More and Blessed John Fisher—continue to receive the usual entries under More and Fisher, though they will not be found under those names in the recently-published Catholic Encyclopedia, but under Thomas and John respectively. Whatever form of name may be adopted for the heading, it does not affect the title of the book, which must be retained as given by the writer, thus

More, Sir Thomas:
Bridgett, T. E. Wit and wisdom of Blessed
Thomas More. 1892

Friars or other ecclesiastics who drop their surnames and adopt a religious name happily are not often found among the writers of books in an average library, though the cataloguer of a theological library will have to reckon with them. One example will suffice

A reference from Loyson to Hyacinthe is necessary; indeed, in this case the British Museum Catalogue enters under Loyson with the reference the reverse way.

In the event of a friar leaving his order, and resuming his "worldly" name, entry is by that name. A modern instance of this would be

the author having been Father Antony of the Franciscans. No reference is needed here, and it would only be required in the event of his having published books under his monastic name.

The first book takes two subject-entries, one under "Roman Catholic Church" (or "Roman Catholicism"), and the other under "Church of England," as

The subject-entry for the other book is

There are yet others who are entered by their Christian names, for lack of another; mostly mediÆval writers, who are, however, usually distinguished by means of their place, or office, or occupation. It will suffice to name a few as examples of the type without adding book-titles to them, viz., Mathew of Paris (Parisiensis); Mathew of Westminster; Paulus Diaconus; Reginald, Monk of Durham; Thomas À Kempis; Walter of Henley; William of Malmesbury.

Among the books set for cataloguing by library assistants and students at a recent examination was one, the title-page of which read

The results, as worked out, were surprising, and proved the great difficulty experienced by most in interpreting a title-page. Among the renderings were these, with others equally incorrect:—

Stubbs, William, editor. HistoriÆ novellÆ libri
tres. Vol. 1. Lond. 1887

This had a further entry under "HistoriÆ NovellÆ," William of Malmesbury being ignored altogether. The punctuation and markings for the printer are copied as given, and are here printed accordingly.

Willelmi Malmesbiriensis, Monachi de Gestis
Regum Anglorum Libri Quinque HistoriÆ
NouvellÆ Libri Tres. ed. by William Stubbs,
(Bp.) vol. 1. 1887

with a further entry in all particulars the same under

"Stubbs, William (Bp. Ed.)."
Stubbs, William (Bp. of Chester afterwards
Truro) (ed.) Willelmi Malmesbiriensis
Monachi De Gestis Regum Anglorum
Libri Quinque; HistoriÆ NovellÆ Libri
Tres. v. 1. London, H.M. Stationery
Office, 1887

with references from Chester and Truro in this manner

Truro, William, Bp. of. See Stubbs, William.

As the students were not permitted to use books of reference, the mistake of placing Bishop Stubbs at Truro instead of Oxford was pardonable, if not commendable, because it proved that the student had the knowledge that Chester was not the last bishopric held by Stubbs, and that, under ordinary circumstances, the correct see would have been named.

Malmsbury (William) Duke. HistoriÆ novellÆ
libri tres; ed. from manuscripts by William
Stubbs. vol. 1.

with a reference equal to the full entry, in this manner

Stubbs (William) ed. See also Malmsbury
(William) Duke. HistoriÆ novellÆ libri tres.
vol. 1.

One gave the main-entry under "Malmesbirienses," with references from "Stubbs" and "Malmesbury, William," and apparently tripping over the word "libri" added a subject-entry under "Libraries, Monastic." Another translated the title and marked it for printing in this style

William (of Malmesbury). Story of the reigns of
the Kings of England. Ed. by William
Stubbs (Bishop of Chester) vol 1 8vo
London 1887.

This punctuation, or want of it, as well as the indifferent use of a parenthesis and bracket, are characteristic of the work of many young cataloguers. If the "copy" were sent to press without revision and followed by the printer, the result would be peculiar, to say the least.

The correct form of entry upon the lines so far laid down is

The requisite additional entries being

If it is considered desirable, fuller references may be given

Stubbs, William, Bp. of Oxford (Ed.) See
William of Malmesbury.
England.
History.
See also Chronicles and Memorials.

provided this style is generally adopted throughout the catalogue. As an allowance for all possible needs, a reference can be added

History of England. See England (History).

In arranging the order of names of the description shown in this chapter it is customary to place them (a) apostles, (b) saints, (c) monarchs, (d) mediÆval names, (e) friars, (f) surnames as usual. To put this into concrete form it becomes

James, St., the Apostle.
James, St.
James I., King.
James Edward, Prince.
James, Archbp. of Bulgaria.
James of Huntingdon.
James, Brother.
James, Abraham.
James, G. P. R.

There are other personages who have first-name entries for whom no definite rule can be laid down other than that which common knowledge or custom dictates. Certain of the great artists are so entered, Michael Angelo (sometimes given as Michel Angelo and Michelangelo) as Michael, and not Buonarotti, Raphael not Santi, Rembrandt not Rhijn. Others are known and always referred to by a sobriquet, or nickname, which may be the best name for entry, but reference to a good dictionary of artists, like Bryan's, settles any doubt that may arise.

There are also mediÆval writers of the later period who have what may be termed special names, by which they are more generally known, but these names are, as a rule, in such common use that they are unlikely to present any special difficulty. Erasmus, Grotius, Melancthon are examples of this class.