Germinal Variations—Fishes and mate—hunting—Some remarkable Sexual differences displayed by the Teeth of Rays—The Double-eyed Fish—The Coloration of the Dragonet—Some curious facts about Salmon—The strange use of the kidneys in the Stickle-back—The Stickle-back and parental duties—Siamese Fighting-fish. Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Amphibia, as has already been shown, all exhibit practically the same line of conduct in regard to their mate-hunting instincts; all use like modes of expression. And this is a very significant fact. It becomes more so when we turn to the fishes, for here again we meet with the same behaviour, and here again we meet with the same rules in “secondary sexual characters.” An instance or two of the latter distinction between the sexes should suffice. As a rule, among fishes, the males are smaller than the females: commonly there is no other external distinguishing feature between them. In many cases, however, the males are more or less strikingly different, thereby showing a departure in the nature of a higher degree of complexity, or “specialization,” just as obtains among the birds. And the same Still more remarkable is the case of the Double-eyed Fish (Anableps). In this fish there is an intromittent organ in the shape of a tube which is formed by a continuation of the urinogenital ducts down the front of the anal fin. In the hinder half of this organ a bend is made either to the right or left. Out of seventeen males, this bend was to the right in eleven, to the left in six. Further, there is a small fleshy tubercle at the side of the anal fin-ray, at the middle of its length. When this prominence is on the left side, the organ bends to the right; when it is on the In the Dragonet (Callionymus lyra) the male differs conspicuously from the female in being much the larger—an exception to the rule—and in having the fin-rays enormously elongated. Further he wears a conspicuously resplendent livery, but this is strictly a “nuptial” livery, the colours waning as soon as the period of sexual activity is past. That these colours play the same part as with the birds is clear from the observations of the late Saville Kent. “The male,” he says, “resplendent in his bridal livery, swims leisurely round the female, who is reclining quietly on the sand, his opercula distended, his glittering dorsal fins erect and his every effort being concentrated upon the endeavour to attract the attention of his mate.... The female, at first indifferent, becomes at length evidently dazzled by his resplendent attire and the persistency of his wooing. She rises to meet him, the pair so—far as is practicable with fishes—rush into each other’s arms, and with their ventral areas closely applied, ascend perpendicularly towards the surface of the water.” In the course of this ascent the ova and sperms are shed, and fertilization takes place. The difficulties in the way of the study of the behaviour of fishes during the critical period of mate-hunting are many and obvious. Something may be inferred from the Comment is frequently made in works on Natural History on the fact that among fishes the males are commonly smaller, often conspicuously so, than the females. Among mammals the males are the larger; but among birds this is by no means always the case. It is somewhat surprising to find this discrepancy among the birds of prey, where, as in the case of the Sparrow-hawk, the male is little more than half the size of his mate; commonly, however, there is little or no difference. Among the fishes the differences are often much more marked, as for example in the Conger-eel, wherein the male never exceeds a length of two feet six inches or a weight of one pound; females, on the other hand, may exceed eight feet in length and attain a weight of one hundred and twenty-eight pounds, though such giantesses are rare, but specimens of fifty pounds and upwards are frequently met with. The explanation of this may lie in the fact that among fishes it is no uncommon thing to Mate-hunger among the fishes seems generally to find peaceable modes of expression, either in “display” or in consorting in vast shoals, though, so far, the factors which govern their conduct in this matter are as yet unknown. But here, as with the higher vertebrates, there are some species which adopt more violent methods. A good illustration of such conduct is furnished by the Salmon, which, during the period of sexual activity, develops a curious modification of the lower jaw, which is produced forwards and upwards to form a hook-shaped projection of fibrous tissue. When the mouth is closed this hook is received into a cavity formed within the fore-part of the roof of the mouth. It has been described as a weapon of offence. But this it can hardly be. On the other hand it has been suggested that it serves to protect the jaws when charging a rival, for the shock on such occasions is considerable. It answers, in short, like to the fibrous mass of tissue which protects the fore-part of the head in Whales like the Black Whale (Globicephalus) and the Bottle-nose Whale (Hyperoodon), serving as a battering-ram. In the Pacific Salmon (Onchorhynchus) both jaws are hooked, so that when the mouth is closed The combats of the Salmon of our own islands, however, are evidently severe, and this has long been known, for Darwin speaks of as many as three hundred, all with one exception males, being found dead in the Tyne during the month of June, killed by fighting. Such battles are fought, it is to be noticed, not so much for the possession of females—for it is a polygamous fish—as for the privilege of fertilizing the eggs as they are shed. The absence of a “display” here is a noticeable feature, and it is on this account, probably, that the reproductive period is not associated with the appearance of any form of resplendent livery. On the contrary, the marvellous silvery sheen which adorned both sexes on their arrival at the spawning ground from the sea has entirely vanished by the time that the consummation of the journey has been attained, and in its place is naught but a slimy, dingy copper-coloured hue. But no sooner has the reproductive period passed than the silver lustre makes its appearance once more. These facts are the more interesting when contrasted with what obtains among other fighting species which must woo the females. Take the case of the common freshwater Stickle-back. In this species the body is invested with an armature of bony plates and spines in place of scales, while the males are arrayed in vivid hues of red and blue. Any survey, however, of the reproductive activities of this little fish must take into account Strange as these facts are, they are not apparently without parallel among fishes, for certain of the labyrinth-gilled fish present many features in common, though as yet proof seems to be wanting. Thus the small Siamese “Fighting Fish” (Betta pugnax) is endowed with so ferocious a nature that it is kept, as the Malays keep fighting cocks, for the amusement of native sportsmen, two fish being pitted against one another and large bets being made on the result. In a state of quiescence it presents no very remarkable coloration, but if two be brought together, or if one sees its image in a looking-glass, it becomes thrown into a paroxysm of rage, the fins are raised and the whole body becomes irradiated with metallic colours of dazzling beauty. There can be no doubt but that a like play of colour occurs during moments of sexual excitement; it is highly probable that it is polygamous. Of its breeding habits, however, little or That the Reptiles, Amphibia and Fishes have much in common with one another, and with the higher vertebrates, in the manner of their love-making is indisputable. We find no evidence anywhere that the first faint throbbings of the sexual pulse in the female are quickened to fever beats after the efforts of several successive wooers, each more demonstrative than the last, to arouse this state—the conditions required by the Sexual Selection theory. But successful mating depends, in each year, on the sexual fitness of the male himself, and the mate, or mates, which for that year he has taken “for better or worse.” It is possible, of course, that a male, ambitious but impotent, will be forsaken by his mate; it is possible that a female of low sexual vitality may fail to respond to the most impassioned displays; in either case no offspring result, and thus the failures are eliminated. It is possible that here, as with the higher vertebrates, coition may by no means always be immediately preceded by display. But the “display” has done its work. It has stimulated the sexual appetite, as the sight of tempting food stimulated the bodily appetite. But both the Amphibia and the Fishes reveal a lower plane of the sexual instincts, when the sexes, dominated by some imperious instinct, gather in hordes, commingling to shed their precious germs into the surrounding water, |