COMMERCE, STATISTICS, AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Skins.—The trade in skins possesses no small importance. Many of the statistics relating to skins are collective, and not specific; these will be grouped under the heads of the respective countries, after all accessible details have been given upon each kind of skin.

Alligator.—In the Southern United States, notably Florida, the supply of alligator-skins amounts to many thousands annually, and the "farming" of the reptiles for their skins is even spoken of. The principal market for them is Europe, but no statistics of the trade are published. The alligators often attain a length of 18-20 ft. The hides are stripped off, and the belly and sides, the only portions fit for use, are packed in barrels in a strong brine, and shipped to the Northern tanner, who keeps them under treatment for 6-8 months, when they are ready to be cut up. So far the leather has been principally used in the manufacture of boots and shoes, for which it is especially adapted.

Armadillo.—The skins of this animal were exported from Brunei (Borneo) to Singapore to the value of 121 dol. (of 4s. 2d.) in 1879.

Ass.—Hankow exported 2402¹/₂ piculs (of 133¹/₂ lb.) of asses' skins in 1878, and 1068 piculs in 1879.

Buffalo.—Manilla (Philippines), in 1878, exported 379 tons of buffalo-skins, value 12,130l., and 274 tons of cuttings, 6579l. Hankow exported 1091 piculs in 1878, and 1238 in 1879. Brunei (Borneo) sent 1362 dol. (of 4s. 2d.) worth to Singapore in 1879. The approximate London market values of buffalo-skins are:—Batavia, 4d.-7d. a lb.; Bengal, 3d.-6d.; other sorts, 2¹/₂d.-6¹/₂d.

Calf.—Hamburg exported to Great Britain of calf and other skins in 1876, 20,731 cwt.; in 1877, 27,550; in 1878, 14,583; and in 1879, 19,287 cwt. The Hawaiian Islands sent 168 pieces to Germany in 1879. Christiania shipped 31,000 kroner (of 1s. 1¹/₂d.) worth to Great Britain in 1878, and 300 kr. in 1879. The exports from Archangel (including seal) in 1878 were 335 pieces to Holland, and 23,108 to Germany: total value, 2343l. Honolulu, in 1878, exported 651 pieces, being 500 to Germany, 135 to China, and 16 to the United States. Memel, in 1879, sent landwise over the Russian frontier for German markets, 34,400 pieces, value 5450l. The approximate London market value of calf-skins is 15d.-34d. a lb.

Deer.—San JosÉ (Costa Rica) exported 12,121 lb. in 1878. Kiungchow (China) exported 17,544 pieces, value 541l., in 1879. Ciudad Bolivar (Venezuela), in 1879, sent 77,305 pieces (168,176¹/₂ lb.) to New York, and 14,695 pieces to Germany. Guatemala, in 1879, exported 2353 pieces to Germany, 693 to New York, and 100 to Belize. Panama shipped 765l. worth of deer and other skins to the United States in 1879. Costa Rica exported 82,168 lb. in the year ended April 30, 1879. Puerto Cabello (Venezuela), in 1879, shipped 2466 kilo. (of 2·2 lb.) to Great Britain, 11,619 to Germany, 6182 to the United States, and 1281 to Holland. The Commercial Society of Mozambique sold 41 deer, 391 buck, 2168 blesbok, and 3071 other antelope skins at Rotterdam in June 1876. The approximate London market values of deer-skins are: Blesbok, Cape, 6-17d. a lb.; Deer, East Indian, 22-50s. a doz.

Dog.—Dog-skin makes a nice, thin, tough leather, but most of the gloves sold as dog-skin are made of lamb-skin.

Dugong and Manatee.—The skins of these animals, more important perhaps as oil-yielders, are smooth, bluish-black in colour, and nearly 1 in. thick. They are well adapted for machine-belting. About 50 are shipped annually from Queensland.

Fish.—Although the skins of fish are chiefly gelatinous, and easily soluble in water, some are of a firm, strong texture, and of a useful character. Up to within a few years, however, their employment for practical purposes has been rather limited, and it is only comparatively recently that attention has been more generally directed to their utilisation on an extended scale. At a Maritime Exhibition held at the Westminster Aquarium in 1876, a Norway exhibitor showed a variety of tanned fish-skins, among which were:—Tanned whale-skins; upper leather, made from the white whale, the source of the so-called porpoise hide used for laces; skins of flatfish, prepared for gloves; skins of soles, tanned and dressed for purses; skins of thornbacks, prepared as a substitute for sandpaper; and skins of eels, dressed and dyed, suitable for braces, &c. Shoes have been made at Gloucester, Mass., from the skins of the cusk or torsk (Brosmus vulgaris), the use of which has been patented, and an industry is said to be carried on at Colborn, Canada, with the skins of species of siluroids for glove making. In Egypt, fish-skins from the Red Sea are used for soles of shoes. The skin of the losh or burbot (Lota maculata) is used by the people in many parts of Russia and Siberia to trim their dresses. It is also utilised by some of the Tartar tribes as material for their summer dresses, and the bags in which they pack their animal skins. The spiny and tuberculous skins of many sharks and allied fishes are largely employed, under various trade names, for polishing woods, and for covering boxes, cases, &c. From a certain portion of the skin of the angel shark (Squalina angelus) the Turks make the most beautiful sea-green watch cases. Turners, ebonists, and carpenters in Europe use the rough skin of the blue dog-fish (Squalus glaucus), like emery paper, for smoothing their work and preparing it for polishing. This shark-skin is also made into shagreen. That most used at present appears to be the skin of the ray (Hypolophus sephen), which is very common on the Malabar coast. The house of Giraudon, Paris, makes excellent use of them for morocco and tabletterie. At the recent Paris Exhibition this establishment exhibited numerous illustrations of the ornamental application of the prepared skin in large office-table inkstands, candlesticks, boxes and caskets, paper-knives, reticules, card-cases, photograph frames, bracelets, scent bottles, &c. The fish called chat (Squalus catulus) at Marseilles is smaller than the angel fish, and furnishes a product known as peau de rousette. This skin is reddish, and without spots, and of a uniform grain, flat, and only used to make cases and other articles known as shagreen. Peau de chien de mer is another name given to some species of Squalus. That found on the French coasts is known under the names of chien marin, rousette tigrÉe, &c. Turners, cabinet makers, and carpenters use the skin for scraping and smoothing their work, and it is also used for like purposes by metal workers. This skin, when worked up with the tubercles with which it is studded, takes the name of galuchat, and is usually dyed green, to cover cases, sheaths, and boxes. Under the name of chagrin, these skins used to be much employed in Turkey, Syria, Tunis, and Tripoli—that made in Tripoli being considered the best. It was coloured black, green, white, and red. France imported 18,000 lb. of ray-skins in 1863, chiefly from Portugal.

Goat and Kid.—Our imports of undressed goat-skins in 1883 were:—From Russia 18,355, 2523l.; Sweden 1296, 229l.; Norway 19,391, 3316l.; Denmark 11,012, 1856l.; Germany 52,571, 5856l.; Holland 13,336, 1858l.; Belgium 40,518, 4632l.; France 81,798, 14,121l.; Italy, 5708, 987l.; Austrian territories 37,827, 3844l.; Turkey 38,166, 4580l.; Egypt 16,228, 933l.; British Possessions in South Africa 1,176,535, 139,632l.; Aden 39,800, 4797l.; British India: Bombay 122,242, 10,487l.; Madras 169,642, 17,895l.; Bengal 2,568,526, 203,256l.; China 93,738, 5864l.; Australasia 44,340, 5518l.; United States of America 6822, 845l.; Chile 16,756, 2553l.; Brazil 159,949, 16,189l.; Argentine Republic 12,000, 952l.; other countries 3239, 229l.; total 4,749,795, 452,952l. Ciudad Bolivar (Venezuela) sent 317 pieces (284 lb.) to New York in 1879. Tripoli exported 7000l. worth in 1879, and 3000l. in 1880. In 1880, a number of raw goat-skins were sent from the Marche and Romagna to the United States, weighing about 1¹/₂ kilo. (of 2·2 lb.) each, and to be used chiefly for ladies' shoes and pocket-books. Shanghai, in 1878, exported 164,285 pieces. Tangier, in 1879, sent 12 cwt., 60l., to Great Britain; 3637 cwt., 18,185l., to France and Algiers; 10 cwt., 50l., to Spain; total, 14,636 doz., 18,295l.; and 3046 cwt., 13,707l., in 1880. The Hawaiian Islands, in 1879, shipped 24,940 pieces to the United States (Pacific ports). In 1879, Christiania exported 65,000 kroner (of 1s. 1¹/₂d.) worth of goat and sheep skins to Great Britain. The shipments of goat and kid skins from the French East Indies fell from 5500 in 1876, to 4894 in 1877, and 300 in 1879, with none since. The shipments from the Cape to Great Britain were 794,637 in 1878, 657,509 in 1879, and 934,810 in 1880. Cadiz, in 1877, sent 404 kilo. (of 2·2 lb.) of kid skins, value 84l., to Great Britain, and 3866 kilo. 805l., to France. Puerto Cabello (Venezuela), in 1879, despatched 28,684 kilo. to Germany, 124,964 to the United States, 14,295 to France, and 18,536 to Holland. Honolulu sent 64,525 pieces to the United States in 1878. Samsoun (Turkey) exported 130,700 kilo., 6796l., to France in 1878. The Cape exports fell from 1,478,761 pieces in 1874, to 687,570 in 1879. Memel sent by sea 7 cwt., 73l., in 1879. Tientsin (China) exported 38,107 piculs (of 133¹/₃ lb.) in 1879. Mogador (Morocco) forwarded 112,974 doz., 59,243l., to Marseilles in 1878, and 8407 bales, 48,000l., in 1880; these skins are used for the manufacture of morocco leather, for which they are peculiarly suitable, owing to their fineness of grain, caused, it is said, by the rich diet, consisting of the fruits of the argan tree. The approximate London market values of goat-skins are:—East Indian, 4-15d. a lb.; best tanned, 2s. 4d.-3s. 8d.; inferior to good tanned, 9d.-2s. 5d.; Cape, best, 11-18d.; Cape, inferior to good, 8-14d. Turkey is one of the largest rearers of goats, and consequently the manufacture of morocco leather is extensively carried on in that country. Formerly, nearly all the buck-skins found their way to London, but they were displaced by Indian goat-skins; and, for a time, the exportation of Turkish buck-skins experienced a check, the result being the establishment of a large number of manufactories in Vienna and the different Austro-Hungarian provinces. These establishments have prospered and been enlarged, and get the major portion of their goat-skins from the London market. It is, however, proposed in Austria to do without the London market in future, and to institute at Trieste periodical sales of goat-skins, which will be, especially for Vienna, of great advantage from the point of view of cost of transport. Notwithstanding the exportation of buck-, goat-, and sheep-skins from Turkey, there are still sufficient remaining in the country to form the basis of a very flourishing and entirely indigenous industry. The Turk is very unskilful in the manufacture of sole leather; but the article in which he excels is morocco leather for slippers, tanned exclusively with sumach. The production of tanned buck-skins reaches yearly a total of nearly a million skins, and of sheep half a million; the best kinds are those of Philippopolis, Samakof, and Peristra. The Bulgarian skins are not so well tanned as those mentioned, although the quality of the raw skins is superior. The best at the present day are those of Sophia.

Horse.—Shanghai exported 458¹/₂ piculs in 1878. Rio Grande do Sul exported 10,714 pieces salted, and 601 dried, in 1879. The approximate London market values of horse-hides are:—English, 9-14d. a lb.; River Plate, 6-21s. a hide.

Kangaroo.—The skins of this animal are largely exported from Australia and Tasmania, forming some of the most pliable leather known. To prepare them for market, they should be carefully taken off, pegged out, and dried slowly in the shade.

Lamb.—The exports from Asterabad (Persia) vi Gez in 1879 were 788 bales Bokharan, 60,613l. Calamata and Messenia (Greece) produced in 1880, 137,500 lb., 2680l. Dedeagatch (Turkey), in 1878, exported 500 bales of lamb- and kid-skins, value 4000l. The exports from Ancona (Italy), including kid and rabbit, in 1878, were 609,826 kilo. (of 2·2 lb.) to Italy, 41,480 to Austria, 2714 to Germany, 2655 to Greece, 19,486 to England, 3180 to Turkey; total, 679 tons, 50,321l. Tientsin (China), in 1879, shipped 35,008 piculs (of 133¹/₃ lb.).

Llama.—The skin of the llama is growing in importance in Parisian shoemaking. It weighs on an average 6 lb., and contains 18 sq. ft. of leather, costing about 1l. The source of supply is the Peruvian Andes.

Ox and Cow.—Coquimbo (Chili) exported 4709 ox-hides in 1879. Santos (Brazil) in the year ending Sept. 30, 1879, exported 316,940 kilo. salted, valued 5800l., and 1282, 25l. The shipments from Christiania to Great Britain fell from 47,500 kroner (of 1s. 1¹/₂d.) worth in 1877, to 3500 kr. in 1879. San JosÉ (Costa Rica) despatched 449,870 lb. in 1878. The exports from the Cape, including cow, fell from 150,875 pieces in 1878, to 104,281 in 1879. Rio Grande do Sul, in 1879, shipped 455,315 pieces salted, and 499,960 dried. Of cow-hides, Hankow exported 35,265 piculs (of 133¹/₃ lb.) in 1878, and 21,063 in 1879. The Kiungchow exports (including buffalo) in 1879 were 490 piculs, 818l. From Shanghai (including buffalo) went 26,070 piculs in 1879. Chinkiang fell from 7262 piculs in 1877, to 3974 in 1878, and none in 1879. Memel, in 1879, sent away by sea, 75 cwt., 136l.; and over the Russian frontier for German markets, 3000 pieces, 3000l. The approximate London market values of ox and cow hides are:—Buenos Ayres and Monte Video, 1st dry, 9-10¹/₂d. a lb.; 2nd dry, 7-8¹/₂d.; best light, 8-9¹/₂d.; salted, 5¹/₄-7³/₄d.; Brazil, dry, 7-10¹/₂d.; dry salted, 4¹/₂-9d.; West Indies, salted, 3¹/₂-7d.; United States, salted, 3¹/₂-6¹/₂d.; East India, best, 4-13d.; 2nd, 1³/₄-11¹/₄d.; 3rd and 4th, 1¹/₄-9d.; Australian, salted, 2³/₄-6d.; Cape, wet salted, 2¹/₂-7¹/₂d.; Continental, salted, 3³/₄-5d.; English, 2³/₄-7d.

Seal.—Our imports of undressed seal-skins in 1883 were:—From Norway 112,809, 35,267l.; Denmark 866, 138l.; Germany 28,669, 8428l.; Channel Islands 1048, 305l.; France 2798, 2002l.; British Possessions in South Africa 7020, 5635l.; British India: Bombay 830, 1850l.; China 2083, 4000l.; Japan 11,943, 17,369l.; Australasia 1487, 890l.; British North America 341,778, 88,413l.; United States of America 98,566, 256,018l.; Central America 563, 563l.; Chile 1974, 1803l.; Uruguay 13,950, 4884l.; Whale Fisheries: Northern 44,474, 15,208l.; Other Countries 426, 253l. Total, 671,284, 443,026l. The exports from Christiania in 1879 were 74,090 pieces; to Great Britain, the value was 254,400 kroner (of 13¹/₂d.) in 1878, and 172,900 kr. in 1879. Our total imports from Norway rose from 29,912 pieces in 1877, to 63,540 in 1878, and receded to 54,005 in 1880. From the Cape, they were 11,065 in 1877, 15,128 in 1879, and 7731 in 1880. And from Newfoundland, 413,057 in 1879, and 253,656 in 1880. The approximate London market values of seal-skins (not fur seals) are 1s. 9d.-10s. 6d. each for Newfoundland, and 2-11s. for Greenland.

Sheep.—Our imports of undressed sheep-skins in 1883 were:—From Russia 7374, 820l.; Sweden 16,780, 1446l.; Norway 23,756, 2469l.; Denmark 80,226, 7803l.; Germany 126,867, 12,476l.; Holland 34,213, 4182l.; Belgium 94,966, 14,479l.; Channel Islands 9579, 2900l.; France 644,080, 66,510l.; Spain 147,480, 19,730l.; Italy 41,743, 3790l.; Austrian Territories 41,011, 4031l.; Turkey 244,579, 23,593l.; Egypt 8870, 517l.; British Possessions in South Africa 2,521,109, 339,374l.; Aden 29,780, 2720l.; British India 190,202, 17,745l.; Australasia 2,693,064, 267,289l.; United States of America 45,692, 4367l.; Bermudas 2342, 365l.; Peru 7220, 1692l.; Chile 3582, 681l.; Brazil 18,616, 2453l.; Uruguay 92,499, 21,303l.; Argentine Republic 985,268, 176,900l.; Falkland Islands 26,747, 3105l.; Other Countries 7086, 747l. Total, 8,145,431, 1,003,487l.

Bosnia Serai, in 1879, exported about 10 tons. Shanghai, in 1878, 50,285 pieces (including lamb). Coquimbo (Chili), in 1879, 45 tons (including goat). Bagdag, in 1878, 86,351 pieces, 4071l., to India and Europe (including lamb). Falkland Islands, 1940l. worth in 1879. Cape, 1,480,875 pieces in 1879. Hankow, 7606 pieces, 9276l., in 1879. Tientsin, 206,777 piculs (of 133¹/₃ lb.) in 1878, 8737 in 1879. Mollendo (Peru) 79 quintals (of 2 cwt,) in 1878. Mogador, in 1880, 15 bales, 80l., to Great Britain; 345, 1700l., to France; 2, 3l., to Spain. Our imports from the French East Indies have fallen from 5600 pieces in 1876, to 3762 in 1877, 410 in 1879, and none since; from Italy, from 339,973 in 1876, to 39,751 in 1880; from European Turkey, from 230,922 in 1876, to 63,236 in 1880; from Asiatic Turkey, they have risen from 93,965 in 1876, to 185,543 in 1880; from Brazil, 41,604 in 1876, 2623 in 1877, 5730 in 1880, and none in the intermediate years; from the Argentine Republic, 3,539,589 in 1876, 898,155 in 1879, 1,248,553 in 1880; from the Cape, 1,496,039 in 1877, 1,819,772 in 1880; from India, 3,927,934 in 1876, 2,911,974 in 1880; from Victoria, 1,667,330 in 1876, 1,158,686 in 1880; from New South Wales, 83,167 in 1878, 36,995 in 1880; New Zealand, 168,984 in 1878, 334,792 in 1880. The approximate London market values of sheep-skins are:—Cape, 10-34s. a doz.; fine wool, 28-59s.; superior, 40-82s.; Mogador, 14-27s.; Buenos Ayres, 4-13d. a lb.; Australian, 4-16d.; tanned East Indian, best, 2-4s.; ordinary to good, 1s.-2s. 9d.

Walrus.—Our imports of walrus skins from Christiania in 1879 were valued at 7900 kroner (of 13¹/₂d).

Unenumerated.—Our imports of unenumerated skins and hides in 1883 were as follows:—

Dressed skins, not leather.—From Russia 410, 645l.; Germany 5249, 559l.; Holland 5917, 795l.; Belgium 16,524, 2658l.; France 41,069, 2680l.; British India 2005, 218l.; Australasia 2925, 795l.; British North America 300, 313l.; United States of America 502, 225l.; Other Countries 94, 40l. Total 74,995, 8928l.

Undressed skins:—From Denmark 15,950, 2418l.; Germany 10,815, 3391l.; Holland 7700, 765l.; Belgium 10,400, 800l.; France 3162, 309l.; British Possessions in South Africa 4699, 422l.; British India 21,846, 3260l.; China 86, 410l.; Australasia 65,305, 3274l.; British North America 1698, 255l.; United States of America 3575, 1295l.; Brazil 12,853, 1097l.; Other Countries 7457, 559l. Total 165,546, 18,255l.

Wet hides.—From Sweden 1945 cwt., 6133l.; Norway 1561 cwt., 4197l.; Denmark 4757 cwt., 10,873l.; Germany 33,617 cwt., 86,210l.; Holland 19,006 cwt., 47,859l.; Belgium 74,288 cwt., 210,698l.; Channel Islands 2478 cwt., 4724l.; France 64,212 cwt., 178,941l.; Portugal 18,031 cwt., 52,328l.; Gibraltar 888 cwt., 2616l.; Italy 13,411 cwt., 37,431l.; Austrian Territories 940 cwt., 2260l.; British Possessions in South Africa 23,881 cwt., 66,779l.; Japan 806 cwt., 2300l.; Australasia 93,891 cwt., 209,158l.; United States of America 11,590 cwt., 31,610l.; Bermudas 923 cwt., 2257l.; British West India Islands 3329 cwt., 8105l.; Brazil 64,406 cwt., 191,051l.; Uruguay 99,391 cwt., 308,940l.; Argentine Republic 25,142 cwt., 73,518l.; Falkland Islands 1434 cwt., 4100l.; Whale Fisheries: Northern 782 cwt., 4985l.; Other Countries 2024 cwt., 4660l. Total 562,733 cwt., 1,551,733l.

Dry raw hides and pieces.—From Russia 10,829 cwt., 79,940l.; Sweden 193 cwt., 1233l.; Denmark 1641 cwt., 10,677l.; Germany 13,022 cwt., 62,248l.; Holland 10,874 cwt., 37,716l.; Belgium 3791 cwt., 15,355l.; France 3393 cwt., 12,262l.; Gibraltar 225 cwt., 1000l.; Italy 451 cwt., 1366l.; Austrian Territories 555 cwt., 2813l.; Turkey 925 cwt., 3327l.; Egypt 468 cwt., 1493l.; West Coast of Africa, not particularly designated 673 cwt., 1398l.; British Possessions in South Africa 39,501 cwt., 160,716l.; East Coast of Africa (Native States) 2990 cwt., 8808l.; Madagascar 2850 cwt., 8773l.; Mauritius 2669 cwt., 8433l.; Aden 6745 cwt., 22,282l.; British India: Bombay 33,548 cwt., 105,081l.; Madras 3860 cwt., 13,248l.; Bengal and Burmah 370,369 cwt., 1,329,822l.; Straits Settlements 51,456 cwt., 130,244l.; Ceylon 2314 cwt., 6468l.; Java 3288 cwt., 10,670l.; Cochin China, Camboja, and Tonquin 2236 cwt., 5153l.; China 18,892 cwt., 63,192l.; Australasia 7009 cwt., 15,506l.; United States of America 17,842 cwt., 56,536l.; British West India Islands 953 cwt., 3713l.; United States of Colombia 1053 cwt., 4955l.; Peru 1120 cwt., 3577l.; Chile 1118 cwt., 4089l.; Brazil 9125 cwt., 31,089l.; Uruguay 2937 cwt., 9924l.; Argentine Republic 3556 cwt., 12,426l.; Other Countries 1645 cwt., 5596l. Total 634,116 cwt., 2,251,129l..

Undressed leather.—From Germany 89,073 lb., 5563l.; Holland 86,048 lb., 6239l.; Belgium 25,650 lb., 1943l.; France 62,799 lb., 4655l.; Spain 42,773 lb., 3555l.; Aden 21,280 lb., 1853l.; British India: Bombay 3,663,452 lb., 274,625l.; Madras 17,859,652 lb., 1,375,484l.; Bengal and Burmah 1,821,925 lb., 124,193l.; Straits Settlements 3,957,651 lb., 147,962l.; China 37,923 lb., 2068l.; Australasia: West Australia 12,750 lb., 487l.; South Australia 238,249 lb., 11,283l.; Victoria 7,175,550 lb., 357,032l.; New South Wales 2,428,147 lb., 120,675l.; Queensland 11,980 lb., 621l.; Tasmania 40,863 lb., 1986l.; New Zealand 1,573,289 lb., 74,776l.; British North America 155,500 lb., 7405l.; United States of America 17,329,692 lb., 778,392l.; Other Countries 186,333 lb., 11,121l. Total 56,820,579 lb., 3,311,918l.

Dressed leather.—From Russia 1669 lb., 252l.; Germany 1,397,928 lb., 369,719l.; Holland 1,809,262 lb., 293,196l.; Belgium 260,657lb., 41,146l.; France 5,187,323 lb., 725,485l.; Turkey 6226 lb., 339l.; British Possessions in South Africa 700 lb., 250l.; British India 156,802 lb., 15,720l.; Australasia 2812 lb., 423l.; British North America 779,321 lb., 57,326l.; United States of America 7,858,956 lb., 533,419l.; Other Countries 5183 lb., 543l. Total 17,466,839 lb., 2,037,818l.

Varnished, japanned, or enamelled leather.—From Russia 44,088 lb., 9725l.; Germany 18,236 lb., 3895l.; Holland 209,707 lb., 56,667l.; Belgium 648 lb., 200l.; France 67,724 lb., 25,598l.; Turkey 190 lb., 50l.; British North America 6868 lb., 1151l.; United States of America 83,387 lb., 19,377l. Total, 430,848 lb., 116,663l.

Boots and Shoes.—From Germany 3766 dzn. pairs, 10,413l.; Holland 23,321 dzn. pairs, 85,585l.; Belgium 38,203 dzn. pairs, 81,253l.; Channel Islands 464 dzn. pairs, 2327l.; France 53,437 dzn. pairs, 233,038l.; Turkey 350 dzn. pairs, 149l.; Australasia: New South Wales 29 dzn. pairs, 100l.; British North America 3080 dzn. pairs, 6706l.; United States of America 331 dzn. pairs, 1400l.; Other Countries 77 dzn. pairs, 243l. Total, 123,058 dzn. pairs, 421,214l.

Gloves.—From Sweden 350 dzn. pairs, 237l.; Norway 50 dzn. pairs, 58l.; Denmark 19,320 dzn. pairs, 16,093l.; Germany 3090 dzn. pairs, 2693l.; Holland 309,416 dzn. pairs, 321,080l.; Belgium 197,444 dzn. pairs, 222,946l.; Channel Islands 10 dzn. pairs, 16l.; France 1,138,343 dzn. pairs, 1,375,988l.; Italy 232 dzn. pairs, 280l.; Australasia: Victoria 43 dzn. pairs, 96l. Total, 1,668,298 dzn. pairs, 1,939,487l.

Unenumerated leather manufactures.—From Sweden 108l.; Norway 109l.; Denmark 236l.; Germany 22,705l.; Holland 119,462l.; Belgium 35,762l.; France 48,308l.; British Possessions in South Africa 198l.; British North America 931l.; United States of America 19,388l.; Other Countries 571l. Total, 247,778l.

Our imports of hides from the undermentioned countries have fluctuated as shown:—

Abyssinia.—Undressed, 7289 cwt. in 1876, 327 in 1878, 2159 in 1879, and 324 in 1880.

Aden.—Undressed, 8190 cwt. in 1876, 113 in 1879, 8294 in 1880.

Algiers.—Raw, 2,051,701 kilo. (of 2·2 lb.) in 1879.

Argentine Republic.—Undressed, 94,479 cwt. in 1877, 32,961 in 1879, 34,905 in 1880.

Austro-Hungary.—Vienna, 24,672 metrical centners in 1878, 48,950 in 1879; Fiume, raw, 1400 kilo. in 1879.

Bahamas.—167l. worth in 1879.

Barbados.—363l. worth in 1877, 913l. in 1878.

Belgium.—Undressed, 51,069 cwt. in 1877, 82,021 in 1878, 68,123 in 1880. Dressed, 176,635 lb. in 1878, 418,906 in 1880.

Brazil.—Undressed, 137,351 cwt. in 1878, 115,137 in 1880. Pernambuco in 1878-9 exported, dried, 31,717 kilo. to Great Britain, 28,077 France, 25,606 Portugal, total value, 3002l.; salted, 383,691 kilo. Great Britain, 937,976 United States, 585,868 France, 40,770 Spain, 463,269 Portugal, total value 75,523l.; in 1880, 61 tons, 2267l. Maceio exported in 1877, 4728 pieces (average 28 lb. each) to Great Britain, 1440 New York and Lisbon; in 1879, 36,775; in 1880, 11,405. Bahia exported 1,432,864 kilo. in 1877-8, and 1,773,965 in 1878-9, principally to the United States and Germany. Santos exported 397,000 kilo. in 1879. Ceara exported in 1878, 372,808 kilo. to England, 31,966 Havre, 775,863 Hamburg, 7800 New York.

British India.—Undressed, 281,198 cwt. in 1876, 463,764 in 1880; dressed, 14,835,979 lb. in 1878, 6,178,370 in 1880.

Bulgaria.—Rustchuk, in 1879, exported 254,196 kilo. (250 tons) to Austria.

Canada.—Dressed, 939,759 lb. in 1876, 372,359 in 1879, 1,066,043 in 1880.

Cape.—Undressed, 15,370 cwt. in 1876, 44,503 in 1878, 29,442 in 1880.

Central America.—Undressed, 72 cwt. in 1876, 1113 in 1878, 356 in 1880.

Chili.—Undressed, 318 cwt. in 1876, 17,042 in 1879, 1566 in 1880; dressed, 33,026 lb. in 1876, 3929 in 1877, 199,965 in 1878, 224 in 1879, 2930 in 1880.

China.—Undressed, 5671 cwt. in 1876, 60,871 in 1878, 2705 in 1880. Hankow exported in 1879, 7797 pieces, 1656l.; Kiungchow, 490 piculs (of 133¹/₃ lb.), 818l.; Newchwang, 17,665 pieces; Tientsin, 4354 piculs; Canton, in 1878, 653 pieces of skins, 873³/₄ piculs of hides.

Costa Rica.—San JosÉ exported 308,794 lb. in 1879.

Denmark.—Undressed, 20,806 cwt. in 1877, 5632 in 1880; Copenhagen exported 1,166,172 lb. to Great Britain in 1878.

Ecuador.—Undressed, 680 cwt. in 1876, 18 in 1877, 115 in 1879, 89 in 1880. Guayaquil exported in 1878, 5711 quintals raw, 17,133l., to the United States, and 12,504 halves tanned, 8752l., to South America; and in 1880, 8859 quintals raw, 22,148l., and 4861 tanned, 2916l. Manabi, in 1878, exported 1321 quintals, 3963l.

Egypt.—Undressed, 1250 cwt. in 1877, 718 in 1878, 1286 in 1880. In 1879, the values were 620l. to Austria, 380l. France, 1950l. Great Britain, 45,500l. Greece, 280l. Italy, 62,500l. Turkey.

Falklands.—Undressed, 4315 cwt. in 1878, 2679 in 1880. The value of the exports was 5020l. in 1879.

France.—Undressed, 26,866 cwt. in 1876, 57,305 in 1880; dressed, 2,727,190 lb. in 1876, 4,338,485 in 1880. Calais in 1878 sent 2188 kilo. prepared to Great Britain, and 76,811 kilo. in 1879.

French East Indies.—Dressed, 24,600 lb. in 1876, 12,713 in 1877, none since.

Gambia.—Exported 15,380 pieces in 1878.

Germany.—Undressed, 45,002 cwt. in 1876, 21,143 in 1878, 44,383 in 1880; dressed, 1,269,143 lb. in 1876, 954,578 in 1878, 1,318,659 in 1880. Hamburg sent to Great Britain, 33,458 cwt. dry and salted in 1877, 13,972 in 1879. KÖnigsberg exported 1535 cwt. raw in 1878, 424 in 1879.

Greece.—Dressed: Syra in 1877 sent 60,217l. worth to Turkey, 23,259l. to the Danubian Principalities, 2748l. to Austria; in 1879, 492l. Turkey, 251l. Austria, 200l. Russia.

Guatemala.—Exports in 1877, 62,343 dol. worth; in 1878, 844¹/₂ quintals to England, 1293 France, 2476 Germany, 822 New York, 149 California; 1879, 412,605 Germany, 12,360 New York.

Hawaiian Islands.—Exports 1880, 24,885 pieces.

Holland.—Undressed, 55,705 cwt. in 1876, 53,568 in 1880; dressed, 941,372 lb. in 1876, 896,734 in 1880.

Java.—Exports 1878-9, 357,353 pieces and 1240 piculs to Holland, 7212 pieces to the Channel for orders, 1200 pieces to France, 7369 pieces to Italy, 5695 pieces and 872 piculs to Singapore.

Madagascar.—Undressed, 252 cwt. in 1877, 3088 in 1879, none since.

Mauritius.—Undressed, 5341 cwt. in 1876, 2945 in 1880.

Morocco.—Undressed, 0 in 1877, 5445 cwt. in 1878, 1014 in 1880. Tangiers exported in 1879, 2727 cwt., 6000l., to Great Britain; 1818 cwt., 4365l., France; 21 cwt., 42l., Spain. Mogador, in 1880, sent 44 bales, 150l., to Great Britain; 667, 2250l., France; 243, 770l., Portugal.

Natal.—Undressed, 32,555 cwt. in 1876, 17,496 in 1878, 23,908 in 1880.

New Granada.—Undressed, 12,217 cwt. in 1878, 574 in 1879, 6059 in 1880.

New South Wales.—Undressed, 9386 cwt. in 1878, 79,972 in 1880; dressed, 2,257,041 lb. in 1877, 1,694,015 in 1880.

New Zealand.—Undressed, 39 cwt. in 1878, 6335 in 1880; dressed, 140,448 lb. in 1878, 446,102 in 1880.

Persia.—Bushire exported in 1879, 4000 rupees' worth to England, 5000 r. India; Lingah, 2800 r. India, 1950 r. Persian coast; Bahrein, 6000 r. Koweit, Bussora, and Bagdad.

Peru.—Undressed, 2859 cwt. in 1876, 622 in 1878, 1235 in 1880. Mollendo exported 538 quintals in 1878, and 1307 q. dry in 1879.

Philippines.—Undressed, 1024 cwt. in 1876, 102 in 1880. Manilla, in 1879, exported 7976 piculs, 12,761l., to China and Japan.

Portugal.—Undressed, 17,456 cwt. in 1877, 10,983 in 1880.

Queensland.—Undressed, 1315 cwt. in 1879, 5019 in 1880.

Roumania.—Galatz exported 341 bales in 1879.

Russia.—Undressed, 482 cwt. in 1876, 6020 in 1880; dressed, 88,225 lb. in 1876, 46,694 in 1880. Riga shipped 14,839 poods (of 36 lb.) in 1877, 11,311 in 1879. Poti, in 1877-8, sent away 5654 poods, and 2149 from Persia.

Saigon.—Exports in 1879, 10,582 piculs.

San Domingo.—Exports in 1878, 630 pieces to Great Britain, 490 France, 3100 Italy, 3980 Spain, 460 United States, 560 West Indies; in 1880, 1340 Italy, 2541 Spain, 7142 United States, 97 West Indies.

South Australia.—Dressed, 38,108 lb. in 1878, 303,143 in 1880.

Spanish West Indies.—Puerto Rico exported in 1878, 167 quintals United States, 5673 Spain, 637 Germany.

Straits Settlements.—Undressed, 28,444 cwt. in 1876, 48,213 in 1880; dressed, 603,389 lb. in 1876, 2,778,159 in 1880.

Surinam.—Exports in 1878, 9221 kilo.

Sweden and Norway.—Christiania exported 95,200 kroner worth in 1875, 4200 kr. in 1878. Gothenburg exported 10,960 cwt. in 1879.

Tasmania.—Dressed, 65,803 lb. in 1878, 38,141 in 1880.

Tripoli.—Bengazi, in 1878, sent 50,000 pieces, 4000l., to Malta. The value of the exports was 2000l. in 1879, and 4500l. in 1880.

Turkey.—Aleppo exported in 1878, 181 tons, 10,824l., to France; 5, 320l., Italy; 11, 704l., Austria; 52, 3328l., Turkey; 12, 768l., Egypt. Thessaly exported 15,000l. worth in 1880. Samos sent 19,300l. worth tanned to Turkey and Egypt in 1879. Van exported 1500l. worth in 1879. Kerasund shipped by steamer in 1879, 557 bales, 3899l. Trebizond in 1879 sent 940 bales (of 12 and 60 pieces), 6580l., to Turkey; 1567, 10,969l., France; 501, 3507l., Russia; 80, 560l., Greece. Dedeagatch, in 1879, exported 1300 bales, 40,000l. Alexandretta, in 1879, sent 280 tons, 16,800l., to France; 3, 180l., Austria; 10, 600l., Russia; 96, 6720l., Turkey; 29, 2030l., Egypt. Adana, in 1879, sent 250 tons, 7500l., to France; 140, 4200l., Turkey; 27, 810l., Greece. Jaffa exported 18,000 okes (49,500 lb.), 666l., for Turkey in 1879.

United States.—Undressed, 115,767 cwt. in 1876, 7888 in 1879; 14,358 in 1880; dressed, 16,716,711 lb. in 1879, 22,543,033 in 1880. Savannah exported 8758 bundles in 1880. Galveston exported in 1879-80, 9878 bales and 7510 single, dry; and 6905 bundles wet-salted. Texas State in 1878-9 exported 28,104,065 lb., 562,081l.

Uruguay.—Undressed, 116,738 cwt. in 1876, 65,846 in 1879, 104,691 in 1880.

Venezuela.—Puerto Cabello exported in 1879, 10,126 kilo. to Great Britain, 8817 Germany, 75,794 United States, 5756 France, 696 Holland, 1023 Spain. Ciudad Bolivar sent 35,562 pieces, 762,234 lb., to New York in 1879.

Victoria.—Undressed, 0 in 1878, 2710 in 1879, 8705 in 1880; dressed, 3,506,562 lb. in 1876, 5,096,696 in 1880. The values of the exports in 1878 were 9417l. hides, and 19,706l. skins and pelts.

Tanning Materials.—Our imports of bark in 1883 were:—From Sweden 6410 cwt., 1281l.; Norway 8858 cwt., 1687l.; Holland 12,855 cwt., 3246l.; Belgium 59,936 cwt., 15,987l.; France 3323 cwt., 2138l.; Algeria 46,052 cwt., 19,577l.; British East Indies 4605 cwt., 3321l.; Australasia 183,777 cwt., 119,292l.; United States of America 36,203 cwt., 12,368l.; Other Countries 3087 cwt., 1852l. Total, 365,106 cwt., 180,749l.

Our imports of cutch and gambier in 1883 were:—From British India: Bombay 277 tons, 7682l.; Bengal and Burmah 8115 tons, 221,651l.; Straits Settlements 17,477 tons, 453,804l.; Philippine Islands 47 tons, 1227l.; United States of America 877 tons, 25,149l.; Other Countries 44 tons, 1208l. Total, 26,837 tons, 710,721l.

Our imports of myrobalans in 1883 were:—From Germany 1133 cwt., 503l.; British India:—Bombay 349,275 cwt., 184,983l.; Madras 120,262 cwt., 54,997l.; Bengal 23,579 cwt., 9663l.; Straits Settlements 214 cwt., 107l.; Ceylon 1105 cwt., 483l.; Japan 306 cwt., 146l. Total, 495,874 cwt., 250,882l.

Our imports of extracts in 1883 were:—From Denmark 2773l.; Germany 36,638l.; Holland 54,600l.; Belgium 7353l.; France 261,690l.; Spain 1000l.; Italy 4571l.; British North America 33,311l., United States of America 66,114l.; Mexico 3937l.; Other Countries 1625l. Total, 473,612l.

Our imports of galls in 1883 were:—From Austrian Territories 474 cwt., 1022l.; Turkey 9056 cwt., 23,388l.; Egypt 2435 cwt., 6210l.; Persia 269 cwt., 770l.; British India 1572 cwt., 1062l.; China 22,625 cwt., 66,731l.; Japan 2936 cwt., 9276l.; Other Countries 185 cwt., 486l. Total, 39,552 cwt., 108,945l.

Our imports of valonia in 1883 were:—From Holland 100 tons, 1600l.; France 59 tons, 947l.; Austrian Territories 178 tons, 2732l.; Greece 3101 tons, 46,526l.; Turkey 27,030 tons, 432,423l. Total, 30,468 tons, 484,228l.

Our imports of sumach in 1883 were:—From France 688 tons, 8979l.; Spain 54 tons, 616l.; Italy 12,395 tons, 184,152l.; Austrian Territories 1707 tons, 21,121l.; Other Countries 32 tons, 430l. Total, 14,876 tons, 215,298l.

Literature.

The chief works relating to the tanning, currying, and dressing of leather, and the tanning materials employed, are as follows:—