BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY TO THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1885 - '86 BY J. W. POWELL DIRECTOR

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John Wesley Powell
BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY TO THE SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1885 - '86 BY J. W. POWELL DIRECTOR

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WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1891


CONTENTS.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

Page.
Letter of transmittal XIII
Introduction XV
Field work XVI
Mound explorations XVI
Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XVIII
Explorations in stone villages XVIII
Work of Director J. W. Powell XVIII
Work of Mr. James Stevenson XXIV
Work of Messrs. Victor Mindeleff and Cosmos Mindeleff XXV
Work of Mr. E. W. Nelson XXVIII
General field studies XXVIII
Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow XXVIII
Work of Mr. James C. Pilling XXX
Work of Mr. Jeremiah Curtin XXX
Office work XXX
Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XXX
Work of Mrs. V. L. Thomas XXXI
Work of Mr. James C. Pilling XXXI
Work of Mr. Frank H. Cushing XXXI
Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith XXXI
Work of Mr. Charles C. Royce XXXII
Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow XXXII
Work of Dr. Washington Matthews XXXII
Work of Mr. W. H. Holmes XXXII
Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff XXXII
Work of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff XXXIII
Work of Mr. E. W. Nelson XXXIII
Work of Col. Garrick Mallery XXXIV
Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw XXXIV
Work of Mr. Albert S. Gatschet XXXIV
Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey XXXIV
Work of Mr. James Mooney XXXIV
Synonymy of Indian tribes XXXIV
Accompanying papers XXXVI

Linguistic families of North America

 XXXVI

The Mide´wiwin or Grand Medicine Society of the Ojibwa, by Dr. W.J. Hoffman, and The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees, by Mr. James Mooney

 XXXIX
Financial statement XLI
Index

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO,
BY J. W. POWELL.
Page.
Nomenclature of linguistic families 7

Literature relating to the classification of Indian languages

 12
Linguistic map 25
Indian tribes sedentary 30
Population 33
Tribal land 40
Village sites 40
Agricultural land 41
Hunting claims 42
Summary of deductions 44
Linguistic families 45
Adaizen family 45
Algonquian family 47
Algonquian area 47
Principal Algonquian tribes 48
Population 48
Athapascan family 51
Boundaries 52
Northern group 53
Pacific group 53
Southern group 54
Principal tribes 55
Population 55
Attacapan family 56
Beothukan family 57
Geographic distribution 58
Caddoan family 58
Northern group 60
Middle group 60
Southern group 60
Principal tribes 61
Population 62
Chimakuan family 62
Principal tribes 63
Chimarikan family 63
Principal tribes 63
Chimmesyan family 63
Principal tribes or villages 64
Population 64
Chinookan family 65
Principal tribes 66
Population 66
Chitimachan family 66
Chumashan family 67
Population 68
Coahuiltecan family 68
Principal tribes 69
Copehan family 69
Geographic distribution 69
Principal tribes 70
Costanoan family 70
Geographic distribution 71
Population 71
Eskimauan family 71
Geographic distribution 72
Principal tribes and villages 74
Population 74
Esselenian family 75
Iroquoian family 76
Geographic distribution 77
Principal tribes 79
Population 79
Kalapooian family 81
Principal tribes 82
Population 82
Karankawan family 82
Keresan family 83
Villages 83
Population 83
Kiowan family 84
Population 84
Kitunahan family 85
Tribes 85
Population 85
Koluschan family 85
Tribes 87
Population 87
Kulanapan family 87
Geographic distribution 88
Tribes 88
Kusan family 89
Tribes 89
Population 89
Lutuamian family 89
Tribes 90
Population 90
Mariposan family 90
Geographic distribution 91
Tribes 91
Population 91
Moquelumnan family 92
Geographic distribution 93
Principal tribes 93
Population 93
Muskhogean family 94
Geographic distribution 94
Principal tribes 95
Population 95
Natchesan family 95
Principal tribes 97
Population 97
Palaihnihan family 97
Geographic distribution 98
Principal tribes 98
Piman family 98
Principal tribes 99
Population 99
Pujunan family 99
Geographic distribution 100
Principal tribes 100
Quoratean family 100
Geographic distribution 101
Tribes 101
Population 101
Salinan family 101
Population 102
Salishan family 102
Geographic distribution 104
Principal tribes 104
Population 105
Sastean family 105
Geographic distribution 106
Shahaptian family 106
Geographic distribution 107
Principal tribes and population 107
Shoshonean family 108
Geographic distribution 109
Principal tribes and population 110
Siouan family 111
Geographic distribution 112
Principal tribes 114
Population 116
Skittagetan family 118
Geographic distribution 120
Principal tribes 120
Population 121
Takilman family 121
Geographic distribution 121
TaÑoan family 121
Geographic distribution 123
Population 123
Timuquanan family 123
Geographic distribution 123
Principal tribes 124
Tonikan family 125
Geographic distribution 125
Tonkawan family 125
Geographic distribution 125
Uchean family 126
Geographic distribution 126
Population 27
Waiilatpuan family 127
Geographic distribution 127
Principal tribes 127
Population 128
Wakashan family 128
Geographic distribution 130
Principal Aht tribes 130
Population 130
Principal Haeltzuk tribes 131
Population 131
Washoan family 131
Weitspekan family 131
Geographic distribution 132
Tribes 132
Wishoskan family 133
Geographic distribution 133
Tribes 133
Yokonan family 133
Geographic distribution 134
Tribes 134
Population 135
Yanan family 135
Geographic distribution 135
Yukian family 135
Geographic distribution 136
Yuman family 136
Geographic distribution 137
Principal tribes 138
Population 138
ZuÑian family 138
Geographic distribution 139
Population 139
Concluding remarks 139
THE MIDE´WIWIN OR “GRAND MEDICINE SOCIETY” OF THE OJIBWA,
BY W. J. HOFFMAN.
Introduction 149
Shamans 156
Mide´wiwin 164
Mide´wigÂn 187
First degree 189
Preparatory instruction 189
Mide´ therapeutics 197
Imploration for clear weather 207
Initiation of candidate 210
Descriptive notes 220
Second degree 224
Preparation of candidate 224
Initiation of candidate 231
Descriptive notes 236
Third degree 240
Preparation of candidate 241
Initiation of candidate 243
Descriptive notes 251
Fourth degree 255
Preparation of candidate 257
Initiation of candidate 258
Descriptive notes 274
Dzhibai´ Mide´wigÂn 278
Initiation by substitution 281
Supplementary notes 286
Pictography 286
Music 289
Dress and ornaments 298
Future of the society 299
THE SACRED FORMULAS OF THE CHEROKEES,
BY JAMES MOONEY.
Introduction 307
How the formulas were obtained 310

The A'yÛnini (Swimmer) manuscript

 310
The Gatigwanasti (Belt) manuscript 312
The Gahuni manuscript 313
The InÂli (Black Fox) manuscript 314
Other manuscripts 316

The KanÂhe´ta Ani-Tsa´lagi Eti or Ancient Cherokee Formulas

 317

Character of the formulas— the Cherokee religion

 318

Myth of the origin of disease and medicine

 319

Theory of disease— animals, ghosts, witches

 332
Selected list of plants used 324

Medical practice— theory of resemblances— fasting— tabu— seclusion— women

 328

Illustration of the gaktÛnta or tabu

 331
Neglect of sanitary regulations 332

The sweat bath— bleeding— rubbing— bathing

 333

Opposition of shamans to white physicians

 336
Medicine dances 337
Description of symptoms 337
The ugista´'ti or pay of the shaman 337

Ceremonies for gathering plants and preparing medicine

 339

The Cherokee gods and their abiding places

 340
Color symbolism 342
Importance attached to names 343
Language of the formulas 343
Specimen formulas 344
Medicine 345
To treat the crippler (rheumatism)— from Gahuni 345
Second formula for the crippler— from Gahuni 349
Song and prescription for snake bites— from Gahuni 351
When something is causing something to eat them— Gahuni 353
Second formula for the same disease— A'wanita 355
For moving pains in the teeth (neuralgia?)— Gatigwanasti 356
Song and prayer for the great chill— A'yÛnini 359
To make children jump down (child birth)— A'yÛnini 363
Second formula for child birth— Takwatihi 364
Song and prayer for the black yellowness (biliousness)— A'yÛnini 365
To treat for ordeal diseases (witchcraft)— A'yÛnini 366
Hunting 369
Concerning hunting— A'yÛnini 369
For hunting birds— A'yÛnini 371
To shoot dwellers in the wilderness— A'wanita 372
Bear song— A'yÛnini 373
For catching large fish— A'yÛnini 374
Love 375
Concerning living humanity— Gatigwanasti 376
For going to water— Gatigwanasti 378
YÛnwehi song for painting— Gatigwanasti 379
Song and prayer to fix the affections— A'yÛnini 380
To separate lovers— A'yÛnini 381
Song and prayer to fix the affections— Gatigwanasti 382
Miscellaneous 384
To shorten a night-goer on this side— A'yÛnini 384
To find lost articles— Gatigwanasti 386
To frighten away a storm— A'yÛnini 387
To help warriors— A'wanita 388
To destroy life (ceremony with beads)— A'yÛnini 391
To take to water for the ball play— A'yÛnini 395

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.
PlateI.

Map. Linguistic stocks of America north of Mexico

 Inpocket.
II.

Map showing present distribution of Ojibwa

 150
III. Bed Lake and Leech Lake records 166
IV. Sikas´sige’s record 170
V. Origin of ÂnÍshin´beg 172
VI. Facial decoration 174
VII. Facial decoration 178
VIII. Ojibwa’s record 182
IX. Mnemonic songs 192
X. Mnemonic songs 202
XI. Sacred objects 220
XII. Invitation sticks 226
XIII. Mnemonic songs 228
XIV. Mnemonic songs 238
XV. Sacred posts 240
XVI. Mnemonic songs 244
XVII. Mnemonic songs 266
XVIII. Jes´sakkid´ removing disease 278
XIX. Birch-bark records 286
XX. Sacred bark scroll and contents 288
XXI. Mide´ relics from Leech Lake 290
XXII. Mnemonic songs 292
XXIII. Mide´ dancing garters 298
XXIV.

Portrait of A'yÛnini (Swimmer)

 306
XXV.

Facsimile of A'yÛnini manuscript—Formula for DalÂni Ûnagei

 310
XXVI.

Facsimile of Gatigwanasti manuscript—YÛnwehi formula

 312
XXVII.

Facsimile of Grahuni manuscript—Formula for DidÛnleski

 314
Fig.1.

Herbalist preparing medicine and treating patient

 159
2.

Sikas´sige’s combined charts, showing descent of Mi´nabo´zho

 174
3. Origin of ginseng 175
4. Peep-hole post 178
5. Migration of ÂnÍshin´beg 179
6. Birch-bark record, from White Earth 185
7. Birch-bark record, from Red Lake 186
8. Birch-bark record, from Red Lake 186
9. Eshgibo´ga 187
10.

Diagram of Mide´wigÂn of the first degree

 188
11. Interior of Mide´wigÂn 188
12. Ojibwa drums 190
13. Mide´ rattle 191
14. Mide´ rattle 191
15. Shooting the Migis 192
16. Wooden beads 205
17. Wooden effigy 205
18. Wooden effigy 205
19. Hawk-leg fetish 220
20. Hunter’s medicine 222
21. Hunter’s medicine 222
22. WÂbeno´ drum 223
23.

Diagram of Mide´wigÂn of the second degree

 224
34. Mide´ destroying an enemy 238
25.

Diagram of Mide´wigÂn of the third degree

 240
26. Jes’sakkÂn´, or juggler’s lodge 252
27. Jes’sakkÂn´, or juggler’s lodge 252
28. Jes’sakkÂn´, or juggler’s lodge 252
29. Jes’sakkÂn´, or juggler’s lodge 252
30. Jes’sakkÂn´, or juggler’s lodge 252
31. Jes’sakkid´ curing woman 255
32. Jes’sakkid´ curing man 255
33.

Diagram of Mide´wigÂn of the fourth degree

 255
34. General view of Mide´wigÂn 256
35. Indian diagram of ghost lodge 279
36. Leech Lake Mide´ song 295
37. Leech Lake Mide´ song 296
38. Leech Lake Mide´ song 297
39. Leech Lake Mide´ song 297

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Smithsonian Institution, Bureau Of Ethnology,

Washington, D.C., October 1, 1886.

Sir: I have the honor to submit my Seventh Annual Report as Director of the Bureau of Ethnology.

The first part consists of an explanation of the plan and operations of the Bureau; the second part consists of a series of papers on anthropologic subjects, prepared to illustrate the methods and results of the work of the Bureau.

I desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise counsel relating to the work under my charge. Iam, with respect, your obedient servant,

signature of J. W. Powell

Prof. Spencer F. Baird,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

THE

SACRED FORMULAS OF THE CHEROKEES.

BY

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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