LESSON XXIII The Points of the Compass |
The four cardinal points of the compass in Chinese are expressed: Toong, nen, si, pok (?, ?, ?, ?) East, South, West, North. Thus it will be seen that they do not follow the same order as we. North East is Toong-pok (??), lit. East North. North West is Si-pok (??), lit. West North. South East is Toong-nen (??) , and South West is Si-nen (??). The word pien (?) is generally added when direction or place is indicated. Thus we have for the North Pok-pien, for the West Si-pien. Pien literally means “side,” and is a shortened form of pien-deu (??). In giving directions as to locality, the Chinese make very frequent use of the points of the compass.If you wish a person to go towards the North you say dzau pok (??) “towards the North.” VOCABULARY - To break, smash, se° ?, °tang-se° ??, or khau-se° ??.
- To beget to nourish, °yang ?, or sang °yang ??.
- To lose, to forfeit, seh ?, or seh-theh ??.
- To arrange, to attend to matters, to direct ban° ?.
- A Compradore, °ma-ban° ??.
- To consult, saung-liang ??, tsung-tsak ??.
- To point with the hand, °tien ?, or °ts-°tien ??.
- To separate, fung ?, or fung-khe ??.
- To hinder, oppose, °tsoo ?, or °tsoo-taung° ??.
- To answer, we-deu ??, or we-tah ??.
- To exchange, to barter, wen° ?, or diau° ?.
- To attend to a thing to make it right, loong° ?, or loong°-°hau ??.
- To distinguish, fung-pih ??.
- A difference, ih kuh fung-pih ????.
- Wages, koong-dien ??.
- Salary, sok-sieu ??, sing-foong° ??, or sing-°soe ??.
- Misery, °khoo-nau° ??.
- Rain, °yui ?,
- To rain, lauh °yui ??.
- Coolie, tsheh-tien° ??.
- A duck, ih tsak ah ???.
- A broom, ih °po °sau-°tseu ????.
- A snake, ih diau zo ???.
- A stick of bamboo, ih kung tsok-deu ????.
- Glass, poo-li ??.
- A glass (for the table), ih tsak poo-li pe-°ts ??????.
°Doong (?) is the classifier for casks, tubs and buckets. - A bucket of water, ih °doong °s ???.
Bing (?) is the classifier for bottles. - A bottle of medicine, ih bing yak ???.
Siang (?) is the classifier for boxes of things. - A box of dollars, ih siang yang-dien ????.
- A box of tea, ih siang dzo-yih ????.
- Tired, sa-doo ??.
- Square, faung ?.
- Round, yoen ?.
- Little (to a small extent), sau-we ??.
- Thick, °‘eu ?.
- Thin, bok ?.
- Instead of, °de-thi° ??.
- Sufficient, keu-z° ??, keu-z°-tse ???, or °yeu-tse ??.
- Together with (two persons doing a thing), da-ka ??.
- To get wet, ling-sak ??.
EXERCISES (Translate into English) - (1) Tsoong-kok tsok-deu doo° °yeu yoong°-deu, °khau-°i tsoo° lan °lau de-°ts °lau iui°-°ts °lau too-hau° meh-z°.
- (2) °Ngoo mung°-°ts yi san we, dan°-°z yi ih kyui° ’veh we-deu.
- (3) Tsoong°-dien-nyung °yang too-hau° kyi °lau ah.
- (4) °Hau-la-va°? °Hau-la zia°-zia°.
- (5) Kyung-tsau °hau-°tien va°? Zauh-ya°-deu chuh-ts yak °lau kyung-tsau sau-we °hau-°tien.
- (6) Nyih-deu toong-pien tsheh °lau si-pien lauh.
- (7) Pok-pien °lang °lau nen-pien °noen.
- (8) °Ngoo-nyi iau° da-ka saung-liang na°-nung tsoo°-deu.
- (9) Di°-kuh poo-li ’man bok kuh, yoong-yi° °tang-se°.
- (10) Khoen°-kyien° nyung iau° tsoo° ’veh °hau kuh z°-°thi meh, iung-ke °tsoo-taung° yi.
- (11) Khoen°-yang-nyung seh-theh-ts ih tsak yang °lau iau° chi° zing yi.
- (12) Sien-sang iau° °kyi-hau° sok-sieu? Iau° san-seh kwhe° °yang-dien ih nyoeh.
- (13) Noong°-kuh yoong°-nyung °kyi-hau° koong-dien ih nyoeh? Zeh kwhe° yang-dien ih nyoeh.
- (14) Toong-pok foong iau° lauh °yui.
- (15) Yien°-°dze la° lauh °yui, tsoong-iau° tan ih °ting san° °sang-°ts ling sak.
- (16) Zauh-nyih °ngoo °tseu-°ts san-seh °li-loo°, °soo-°i kyung-tsau ’man sa-doo.
- (17) °Ngoo °tien peh yi khoen° ih diau zo.
- (18) Di°-kuh kwen-°foo ’veh we° ban° z°-°thi.
- (19) Noong° °tau le-tse, °ngoo thih-tsung iau° tau° noong° han-deu chi°.
- (20) Di°-kuh nyung seh-theh-°ts yi-kuh sang-i °lau sang-°ts dzang-yoen kuh bing° zeh-dze °khoo-nau° tuh-juh.
- (21) Di°-tsak siang-°ts °z faung kuh, di°-tsak °doong °z yoen-kuh.
- (22) Tsheh-tien° le wo° iau° doong-dien we°-ts iau° chi° °ma ih °po °sau-°tseu °lau.
- (23) Di°-kuh °ts-deu thuh bok iau° noong° chi° wen° °‘eu-°tien kuh.
- (24) Noong° thuh sa-doo, °ngoo le °de noong° tsoo°.
- (25) Di°-sen° °mung ’veh °hau khe, chi° kyau° mok-ziang loong °hau.
- (26) Yi-kuh seh-wo° tah-ts noong°-kuh seh-wo° °yeu fung-pih.
- (27) Di°-kuh °liang kuh nyung dzang-tsaung siang-mo°, fung-khe meh °hau.
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(Translate into Chinese) - (1) Is there any answer? Yes, please wait until I write it.
- (2) The cold wind blows from the North; you ought to wear more clothes.
- (3) The scholar was unable to answer what the teacher asked him.
- (4) I want to consult with you on an important matter.
- (5) When it rains the children cannot go out to play.
- (6) I have a fan, you have a knife, I want a knife, you want a fan, let us exchange.
- (7) I killed the snake with a stick.
- (8) Tell the compradore what you want to buy and he can buy it for you.
- (9) I have lost my watch and am willing to give five dollars to the man who finds it and returns it to me.
- (10) My salary is not sufficient; I must ask you to increase it.
- (11) This coolie wipes and sweeps very clean.
- (12) I pointed out the river to him on the map.
- (13) I cannot go away until I have arranged this matter.
- (14) I could not study diligently to-day because I was too tired.
- (15) How many bottles of medicine have you taken? I have already finished three.
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Notes. - (1) Those learning to speak Chinese must be careful never to refer to the remuneration given to their teachers as koong-dien (??), but to use the polite form of speech, sok-sieu or sing-foong (??, ??). Sok-sieu means literally “dried meat,” and comes from the ancient custom of paying a teacher in kind. The teacher himself could refer to remuneration as sing° soe (??).
- (2) °Eu (?) and Bok (?) refer to things. In speaking of a person being thin we use the word seu° (?), and of being fat, the word tsaung° ?.
- (3) The fourth sentence of the First Exercise is the usual salutation meaning, “How do you do?” “Does it go well with you?” The answer is also the usual one.
- (4) In the ninth sentence of the Second Exercise Zing nyoen° (??) means “to be willing.”
- (5) In the seventh sentence of the First Exercise °Noen means “warm” (?).
- (6) In the eleventh sentence of the First Exercise Koen°-yang-nyung means “shepherd.” Literally “Look-sheep-man.”
- (7) In the twenty-fifth sentence of the First Exercise the word Loong has a very wide meaning. There is hardly anything in China that you cannot Loong-°hau, that is, “put to rights.”
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